26.

Generalized transduction requires that:

A) the phage be temperate
B) the prophage integrates into the host
genome
C) a piece of host genome is packaged
into a phage particleCORRECT
D) the F plasmid integrates into the host
chromosome
E) the F plasmid excises from the
chromosome with a piece of host genome
attached
27. A one day old infant experiences high
fever and a bulging fontanelle. A lumbar
puncture reveals PMNs, low glucose and
elevated protein. Which of the following is
LEAST LIKELY to be observed in a Gram
stain of the CSF?
A) encapsulated gram-negative rods
B) gram positive rods
C) gram-positive cocci
D) gram-negative diplococciCORRECT
28. The major causes of blood in stool are:
A) ischemia and tissue invasion by
pathogens.CORRECT
B) production of enterotoxins and viruses.
C) dehydration and oxidative stress.
D) ingestion of preformed toxins and
constipation.
E) electrolyte imbalance and defensins.
29. What is the relationship between the
genetics of virulence of Enterohemorrhagic
E. coli (EHEC) and antibiotic treatment?
A) antibiotics that result in DNA damage
also induce Shiga-like toxin production
from a lysogenic phage.CORRECT
B) protein synthesis inhibitors increase copy
number of a plasmid encoding the cellular
invasion system
C) beta-lactam antibiotics release
chromosomally encoded beta-galactosidase
that helps the bacteria grow in the intestines
D) folic acid inhibitors cause the bacteria to
stop replicating, hence transposon-encoded
antibiotic resistances are not passed among
bacteria
E) None of the above

30. Why are antibiotics not indicated for

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli disease?
A) They can stimulate production of toxin
and cause hemolytic uremic syndrome
CORRECT
B) Lysing the bacteria in the vasculature can
precipitate endotoxic shock.
C) The bacteria are resistant to most
antibiotics, so they would be useless.
D) Clearing the normal flora of the gut leads
to hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic
syndrome.
E) None of the above - antibiotics should
always be used to treat EHEC.
31. Which of the following has the LEAST
similar reservoirs?
A) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium
and Campylobacter jejuni
B) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and
Shigella flexneri
C) Enterohemorrhagic E. coli and
Staphylococcus aureus..CORRECT
D) Bacillus cereus and Clostridium
botulinum
E) Enterotoxinogenic E. coli and
Enteraggregative E. coli
32. Enterotoxinogenic E. coli (ETEC) and
Vibrio cholerae diseases are similar in the
following ways EXCEPT:
A) both should be treated with antibiotics.
B) neither is endemic in the United States.
C) both can cause severe, watery diarrhea.
D) neither infection is invasive.
E) both involve toxins that are encoded on
bacteriophagecorrect
33. Foul smelling odor of sputum is usually
indicative of:
A) tuberculosis
B) diphtheria
C) fungal infection
D) spore-forming infection
E) anaerobic infectioncorrect

34. Helicobacter pylori is associated with:

A) hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS).
B) severe vomiting disease.
C) dysentery.
D) peptic ulcers.
E) colon cancer.

B) the bacteria are resistant to all known

antibiotics.
C) a cell-mediated immune response is
required to eliminate the bacteria during
infection.
D) there is no vaccine against the bacteria.
E) NONE of the above are true.

35. What is the mechanism of resistance of

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus?

38. Which of the following would most likely

be used to grow a fastidious bacterium?

A) It possesses an R plasmid with betalactamase.

B) It acquired resistant penicillin binding
proteins in the pastCORRECT
C) It is accumulating point mutations as
patients fail to complete their courses of
treatment.
D) Methicillin is too large to fit through the
porins.
E) The bacteria pump the antibiotic out of
the cell before it can be active.

A) glucose and salts

B) tissue culture cells such as macrophages
C) blood agar platecorrect
D) MacConkey agar plate
E) NONE of the above - fastidious bacteria
cannot be grown under any conditions in
vitro

36. What is the relationship between E. coli

and the different diseases it causes?
A) The bacteria are the same, it is the
immune status of the host that differs.
B) The bacteria are the same, it is the route
of entry that differs.
C) The bacteria possess different sets of
virulence genesCORRECT
D) The same bacteria express different sets
of virulence genes depending on
environmental conditions of the host.
E) None of the above - E. coli is normal
flora, hence cannot cause disease by
definition.
37. Bacillus anthracis has most likely been
used as an agent of bioterrorism because:
A) the spores are very stable in the
environment and constitute the
infectious form of the bacteria
CORRECT

39. Protein A (an Fc binding protein) of

Staphylococcus aureus allows the bacteria
to cover themselves with antibodies and
therefore:
A) results in killing of the bacteria.
B) protects the bacteria..correct
C) is an example of antigenic variation.
D) is an example of antigenic mimicry.
E) stimulates complement binding.
40. A unique feature of the interaction
between Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC,
O157:H7) and host cells of the intestinal
tract is:
A) the bacteria kill the host cells before
attachment
B) the bacteria inject a receptor and then
bind to itcorrect
C) the bacteria directly inject a cytotoxin into
endothelial cells
D) the bacteria colonize the intestinal tract
without adhering to host cells
E) the bacteria invade the host cells to
cause dysentery