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Perforation problems.
Failure o
Reservoir Problems:-
Fluid Problems:-
Gas Coning
Water Coning.
Water blocks.
Derigging.
Rig Building.
Remove X / Mas tree and T/H and Install of BOP and testing of BOP.
Release of Packer and circulate the brine. Start initial P/O of the string.
Connect the well to GGS line and carry out details testing.
Well Servicing.
Zone Transfer.
Sand control.
Inter location Movements:It is the process in which Rig and its equipments are transported from old point to
new point
Rig Building:It is a process in which rig and its equipments are set at different
Place at new point to carry out work over operations at new point.
Placing of brine and water tanks, connect to pump and collect Brine and
water.
Place all other equipments in proper place to carry out easy operations.
Well Killing/Sub-due: Circulation rather than bull heading (pumping in with no returns) is the preferable
way to kill / Sub-due conventional completions. An adjustable choke should be
used on the tubing/casing outlet to hold a stable backpressure on the formation
when killing a well. The main principal involved in all well killing / sub-due
methods is to keep bottom hole pressure constant.
Drillers method.
Concurrent Method.
Volumetric Method.
First three methods are circulating methods in which influx is circulated out by
fresh Brine / Mud. Keeping the bottom hole pressure constant.
Well Data:
Casing Data
Size: PPF
Grade:
Brust Pressure:
M. Depth
T.V.Depth:
Pump Displacement
Slow Pump rate:
Dynamic Pr. loss
Pre-Volume Data:
Tubing Data:
Size:
PPF
Depth
Brust Pressure
SPM
Tubing
Drill pipe
Drill Collar
String volume
DC x Casing
DP/TP x Casing
Annulus Volume: -
x Dynamic Pr.loss
After killing/Sub-due the well, well keep open under observation for HR if
NO activities then remove X/Mas tree and T/H and Install BOP on well. Make
all line connection BOP to Accumulator and carry out Functional and Pressure
test of BOP. If OK Rig is ready for initial operation of Draw works.
Release the packer by straight pull/ rotation and straight pull. Some time
reciprocating is required . After releasing the packer, circulate the well one
cycle and observe the well for hr, if no activities start p/o of the string
( initial) .
Activation of well:
After the well becomes activate with oil and gas ( knocking and water
completely from the well) flow the well to pit for hr. connect well to GGS
for stabilization them carry out details testing of true
Different type of work over jobs well servicing:Well servicing means the servicing of the down hole equipments and removal of
bottom hole deposits from well bore
Sometime drilling is released after hermetical testing of true casing . So the work
over rig is deployed to carry out the layer wise testing of the well to reduce the
cost of drilling rigs testing time .
Zone transfer:It is the shifting of zone only. This is done due to non-availability of oil and gas
from the zone. This is done by first isolate the zone by cement squeeze / plug or
putting Bridge plug, then transfer to other zone.
Fishing:
It is a process in which the broken or stuck equipment or all of anything from a
part of all down hole equipments, string or any material accidentally dropped into
the well bore is recovered from the well bore.
Evaluating the fishing problems:For evaluating fishing the following informations are required. It is extremely
important that complete and accurate data is recorded.
Well data.
String Data
Well Condition.
recovery
the string .
String shot : The string shot is a prima cod explosion into the well to the desired depth
opposite a tubing coupling or tool joint as indicated by the collar locator.
Applying left hand torque to the string completes back of and holding while the
shot is exploded. If the correct torque is applied, the jar of the explosion will
cause the threaded connection to unscrew .
Controlled back off : After locating the free point the pipe is backed off immediately above the stuck
point inside the casing.
Back off Method:- 1. Before a back off. Free point.
Blind back off:The Blind Back off refers to backing off a stuck string with out the use of a free
point. In practice the book load is either increased or decreased to equal the
weight of the string to the desired back off depth. Left hand torque is applied in
increment. The string is worked up and down after each increment in an attempt
to make the applied torque reach the desired point of back off is not
recommended.
Back off method:Before a Back Off, first determine the depth of free point.
Make up string to a maximum of 80% of the tensional limit.
Put the neutral point on a level with the joint to back off. The weight indicator
tension is given by
T = P + Ph x S
1000
Where, T= Weight Indicator tension in 103 daN
P= weight in mud off the free length of string + T /B
Assembling in 103 daN .
Ph = hydrostatic pressure at the back off point in bar
S = Area of malting surface of joint .
Apply left hand twist amounting to 60 to 80 % of the rightward twist used to
make up string.
Circulating overshot : It is the strongest tool available to externally engage, pack and the pull a Fish. It
has a Top Sub, Bowl, Grapple, inner seal, Mill control, outer seal and guide.
Releasing spear
It is simple, rugged, dependable, internal Catch fishing tools. It has Mandrel,
Grapple, Releasing Ring and Nut.
Junk basket
It is rugged Junk Fishing device, using either a Mill Shoe or Flat Bottom Shoe,
used for retrieve all types of small Junk Objects in the well bore.
Magnet
It is used to retrieve all types of small objects having magnetic attraction from
well bore.
Rotary shoe
It is used to mill the annular of the junk / flat junk Or Struck Metal Object
Abandoning of the well: When the hydrocarbon is not produced from the well bore due to reservoir
depletion or water flooded of layers.
Abandoning is carried out .
First isolate the layer by putting the cement plug of 100 M/ 150M above
internals or setting a bridge plug above the intervals. It is called first
isolation for abandoning and a 200 M below the ground level. Remove the
Well Head and Cap the well by placing one M.S. Plate/Flange.
Well control in Abnormal situation:Kick:It is defined as an influx or flow of formation fluid into the well bore and can
occur any time the formation pressure is greater then the hydrostatic pressure
in the well.
Blow out:
It is an uncontrolled flow of formation fluid at the surface or sub surface from
the well bore.
Primary Well Control:The maintenance of sufficient hydrostatic head exerted by subdue fluid to
hold back the formation fluid pressure is termed as primary well control.
Secondary Well Control:If due to any reason hydrostatic pressure in the well bore falls below the
formation pressure, formation fluid may enter in the well bore and if so
happens the primary control may be temporarily lost and proper use of BOP
and kill procedures will provide secondary well control .
Hydrostatic Pressure
It is the pressure exerted by a static column of fluid by virtue of its density. It
depends on the vertical height (TVD) of the column and the density of the fluid.
0.052
Pressure gradient:When pressure of fluid of a given density is measure over a given unit depth
the term is known as pressure gradient.
For example:-
Fresh water has a density 8.33 PPG and 1 ft column of it shall exert a pressure
of = 8.33 * 1*0.052= 0.433 PSI
Therefore pressure gradient of fresh water is 0.433 psi / ft .
Formation Pressure:
Formation / Pore pressure is the pressure exerted by the fluid trapped in the
Pores of the formation. Formation pressures are two types
1. Normal formation pressure.
2. Abnormal formation pressure.
Normal formation Pressure:When the pressure gradient is up to 0.465 psi / ft , it is normal formation
\pressure
2 1/16
7/8 x 6
24
2 9/16
27
3 1/8
1 1/8x 7
35
7 1/16
1 5/8x 10
46
11
54
x 6
x 15
Bore
2 1/16
2 9/16
3 1/16
7 1/16
11
ring
3/4 x 5
7/8 x 6
1 x 6
1 x 11
1 x 15
Bx 152
Bx 153
Bx 154
Bx 156
Bx - 158
20
23
26
7
17-23
26
29-32
35
38
9 5/8
29.3-36
40-43.5
47
53.5
4
2 3/8 Reg.
4 3/8
6
3 Reg.
6 1/8
5 7/8
8
4 Reg.
8 5/8
8
8 3/8
17
2 7/8
7.939
20
2 7/8
7.380
23
2 7/8
6.863
26
2 7/8
15.772
29
2 7/8
15.191
32
2 7/8
14.631
35
2 7/8
14.090
26
13.753
29
17.172
32
12.612
35
--------
D/ID Volume
139.7
17
124.26
121.08
12.13
139.7
20
121.30
118.19
11.57
139.7
23
118.60
115.44
11.05
177.8
26
159.42
156.23
19.96
177.8
29
157.00
153.90
19.38
177.8
35
152.50
150.24
18.27
9 5/8
244.4
43.5 222.3
--------
38.85
9 5/8
244.4
47.0 220.4
--------
38.19
D/ID Volume
2 3/8
60.325
5.95
47.42
45.03
--------
2 3/8
60.325
4.70
5-.67
48.29
--------
2 7/8
73.000
6.4/6.5 62.00
59.61
3.02
2 7/8
73.000
8.7
54.99
2.586
88.900
57.38
9.2/9.3 76.00
72.83
4.540
J-55
GREEN
K-55
TWO GREEN
C-75
BLUE
L-80
N-80
RED
C-95
BROWN
P-105
WHITE
Mt.
120Kg/cm2 1400
Mt.
130Kg/cm2 1500
Mt.
140Kg/cm2 1700
Mt.
150Kg/cm2 1900
Mt.
160Kg/cm2 2000
Mt.
170Kg/cm2 2200
Mt.
180Kg/cm2 2300
Mt.
190Kg/cm2 2500
Mt.
200Kg/cm2 2700
Mt.
210Kg/cm2 2800
Mt.
220Kg/cm2 2900
Mt.
230Kg/cm2 3100
Mt.
240Kg/cm2 3300
Mt.
250Kg/cm2 3500
Mt.
260Kg/cm2 3600
Mt.
Useful formulae:1.Top of the influx= depth of the empty at casing at which liquid
surfaced - depth of the empty at casing at which liquid
Surfaced x tubing volume / tubing volume +annular volume
2. Influx Height = balancing height after releasing top of the influx.
3. Buoyancy factor = 1- Sp.gr. Of killing fluid / sp.gr. Of steel (7.85)
4. Weight of the string in the air(Kg) = 1.488 x PPF x Depth of the string in
Mt.
5. Weight of the string in the air(Pound) = PPF x Depth of the string in Ft.
6. Weight of the string in Kill fluid (Kg) =
in regular lay the wires are twisted in one direction and the strands in
the opposite direction.
Land Lay:
in land lay the wires and the strands are twisted in same direction.
Anti rotating rope: When the load is handle with one or two lines/ it is better to use anti
Rotating wire ropes.
In anti rotating wire ropes the layers are twisted in the opposite
direction,
Show that the resulting torque will be as small as possible.
Use of anti rotating wire rope: When string up with only one or two ropes.
The sheave diameter factor D/d must be 40. (Never less than 35)
It must always be under tension. Even when idle.
It must never be untwisted or over twisted to avoid kinking or bird
casing.
Do not use bull dog clips, thimbles. Use only socket sealed with zinc.
The length of the spooling drum must be large enough to have only one
layer of wire rope on it.
95%
- 1 1/8 85%
1 -1 80%
8cm
------
3/16
10cm
------
1/4
12cm
15 Ft-lb
5/16
13cm
30 Ft-lb
3/8
17cm
45 Ft-lb
7/16
18cm
65 Ft-lb
29cm
65 Ft-lb
9/16
30cm
95 Ft-lb
5/8
30cm
95 Ft-lb
46cm
130 Ft-lb
7/8
48cm
225 Ft-lb
66cm
225 Ft-lb
- 20 - 22 - 24 - 26 - 28
(12)
(11)
18.2
16.2
(17)
16
(14)
16.5
(12)
19.6
18.5
18
18.4
18.4
14
12
11
20.2
19
17
(11)
18.2
10
19.7
9
19
9
Rig Selection Is One Of Picking A Rig Capable Of Doing The Particular Work Over Or
Service Job For The Lowest Over All Cost. It Depends Upon The Following Points .1. Death
Or Load Capacity . 2. Braking Capacity3.Derrick Capacity .4. Draw Work Is Capacity.5.
Operational Efficiency.
Depth Or Load Capacity
Rig Capacity Is Commonly Depended Upon The Depth Or The Well And Rating With
A Particular Size Off Tubing Usually 27/8 Tubing .
Braking Capacity
It Is Also Depended Upon The Depth Of The Well. Braking Capacity Is A Prime
Consideration In Rig Selection. The Energy Is Developed In Lowering Pipe The Well. The
Energy Converted To Heat By The Braking System, Must Be Effectively Dissipated Braking
Effort Is A Function Of The Area Of Friction Blocks Forced Against The Rim Thus Effective
Brake Area Is An Important Factor For selection Of Rig. Lowering A 50,000 Lbs Tubing String
In The Well At The Rate Of One Double In 10 Seconds Develops About 545 Hp Or 4000 BTU
Of Heat.
Derrick Capacity
Two Types Of Masts Are Used In Work Over Rigs. Both Signal And Double Pole Masts
Are Used with double pole type it is Possible To Install A Rocking Board. And Hang Sucker
Rods Where As With Signal Pole Type, Rods And tubing Must Be Laid Down. The Double
Pole Is More Popular.
Draw Works Hp
Draw Works Horse Power Determines The Speed At Which Pipe Can Be Pulled From
The Well. Loaded Hook Speed Must Be Compromised With The Cost And Weight Of The
Engine, Transmission, And Draw Works Required To Develop The Power And Translate That
Power Into Line Pull And Line Speed. Rig Designers Must Balance Engine Horse Power, Gear
Ratio Etc. To Produce A Workable Rig, Normally An Empty Block Should Run About 5 To 7
Ft/Sec. Signal Line Pull Should Be About 35000 LBS With A 1,40,000 LBS Hook Load
Capacity Mast Having Four Lines Strung To The Traveling Block. A Fully Loaded Block
Should Run About 1 Ft/ Sec.
Operational Efficiency
Operational Efficiency Is Speed Per Unit Of Over All Cost With Which The Required
Operations Can Be Performed. Personnel Capability, Training & Motivation Are Primary
Factors Affecting, Operational Efficiency In Addition To The Design And Application Of
The Mechanical Equipment. Proper Choice Of Accessories Maximizes Operational Efficiency.
Rigs Items:
Rig Carrier.
Power Pack.
Draw Works.
Mast.
Sub. Structure.
Crown- Block.
Traveling Block.
Rotary Table.
Swivel.
Kelly.
Safety System.
Pneumatic System.
Hydraulic System.
Rig Instruments.
Mast Anchoring System.]
Fluide Circulating System.
Other Accessories
Brine Tank.
Water Tank
Drilling Tank.
Trip Tank.
Cat Walk
Pipe Ramp.
Pipe Racks.
Bop
Accumulator
Electrical Pan
16. POL Store
17. Store
18. Fire Fighting Equipments.
19. Handling Equipments.
Elevator
Rotary Slip
Spider (Pneumatic)
Hydraulic Tong.
Elevator
Rotary Slip
Spider (Pneumatic)
Quick Shut Off Valve.
Hydraulic Tong.
Manual Rotary Tongs.
Mud Motor.
Casing Scraper.
Come Along
It Is A Frame Of Welded Alloy Steel With A One Man Cab . It Is Equipped With Different
Types Of Axles . It Is Self Propelled Unit . Power Pack Is Mounted On It And Transsmission
Is Equipped With Drop Box For Drive To Rear Wheel Or Drawworks .
Power Pack :
It Is A Die Seal Engine Which Is The Main Source Of Power To Carry Out Different
Types Of Operations At The Rig. It Provides Power For Roading. Hoisting And Rotary
Operations . Power Drive Is Though Forque Converter / Transmission Has An Automatic Back
Op For Maximum Efficiency.
Draw Works:It Is Lifting / Lowering Unit With The Help Of Rotary Motion. It Has Two Drum.
Main Drum.
Sand Drum.
Main Function Of Draw Works Is R/I Or P/O Of The String From The Well. There Is Lebus
Grooving On Long Main Drum Barrel For Placing Of Casing Line. Main Drum Brakes Are
Circulating Water Coded With Full Wrap. Single Point Adjusted Fully Equalized Brake Bands
To Deliver Extra Self Energizing Effort. An Assist Brake Is Provided To Handle The Lowering
Speed Of The String Saftey.
Mast:It Is A Structural Pole Which Carries The Hook Loads Of The String During Operations.
Two Types Of Mast Are Used In Work Over Rig.
It Is Specified By 1) Total Loading Bearing Capacity I.E. Hook Load+ Set Back Load.
2) Rotary Clearence Height.
Crown Block:It Is A Part Of Tracking/Hoisting System In The Rig. It Consist Of Different Types Of Pulleys.
Place Are Top Of The Mast For Hoisting The String.
One Sets Pulleys Are Used For Main Drum And One Pulley Is Used For Sand Drum Only.
Traveling Block:-
It Is Also A Part Of Hoisting System In The Rig. It Consist Of Series Of Pulleys And
Kook To Accommodate The Elevator Assembly For Tacking Hook Load Of The String.
Rotary Table:It Is A Table Where The String Load Is Resting During Operation. Main Function Of Table To
1) Taking Hook Load Of String.
2) Supply Rotary Motion To String During Drilling, Milling, Fishing.
It Is Specified By
Swivel:It Is An Essential Equipment Which Helps To Inter Connect The Circulation, Rotary Drilling
Hose And Kelly.
It Is Specified By
Depth Range.
Dead Load.
Hook Clearance.
Working Pressure.
Kelly : -
It Is A Heavy Duty Square Hexagonal Pipe Used For Supplying Rotary Motion And
Liner Motion To The String During Drilling/ Milling / Fishing Operations.
It Is Specified By .
Type Of Cross Section
Load Bearing Capacity .
Length Of Liner Movement
It Is The Rig S Air System In Which The Air Is Supplied To Control The Controlling
Panel Of The Operations.
Hydraulic System
It Is The Rig Hydraulic Line In Which The Different Equipment Are Operated With
The Help Of Rig S Hydraulic System.
Rig Safety Equipments :
Engine Instrument Panel Taco Meter , Water Temperature Meter/Oil Pressure Meter Etc
: -
Transmission Panel
Working Panel , Air System .
Drill-O-Meter .
Mud Pressure Gauge Pump
B . O . P :-
It Is Safety Equipment, When Primary Well Control Has Been Lost , It Become
Necessary To Seal The Well To Prevent And Uncontrolled Flow Of Formation Fluid From
Annulus Space Of The Casing And String. It Is Specified By .
B O P Control System : -
The Primary Function Of The Accumulator Unit Is To Provide The Hydraulic Fluid
Supply The Pump And Storage Of The High Pressure Operating Fluid For Control Of The B O
P Stack. It Includes Accumulators , Reservoir , Accumulator Piping. Diesel Engine Operated
Pump And Hydraulic Control Manifold .
Accumulators :-
Accumulators Are Pressure Vessel For Storage Of High Pressure Fluid . These
Accumulators Are Available In A Variety Of Sizes, Types Capacity And Pressure Ratings.
There Are Two Basic Types Of Cylinder Available.
This Piping Connect The High Pressure Discharge Lines Of The Pump To The
Accumulators And The Hydraulic Manifold. It Is Comprised Of 1/ Schedule 80 Pipe , Isolator
Valves And A 3500 Psi Relief Valve To Protect The Accumulators From Being Over
Pressured.
Hydraulic Control Manifold :-