Materials System Specification

02-SAMSS-005
Butt Welding Pipe Fittings

20 February 2012

Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Table of Contents
1

Scope............................................................. 2

Conflicts and Deviations................................. 2

References..................................................... 3

Purchase Order Information........................... 5

Design............................................................ 5

Materials......................................................... 7

Welding.......................................................... 9

Heat Treatment.............................................. 9

Inspection and Testing................................. 12

10

Product Marking, Coating,

Packing and Documentation................. 14

Previous Issue: 19 December 2011 Next Planned Update: 19 December 2016

Revised paragraphs are indicated in the right margin
Primary contact: Niemeyer, Dennis Charles on 966-3-8809534
CopyrightSaudi Aramco 2012. All rights reserved.

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Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee

Issue Date: 20 February 2012
Next Planned Update: 19 December 2016

02-SAMSS-005
Butt Welding Pipe Fittings

Scope
1.1

This Specification is applicable to carbon steel and low temperature carbon steel
pipe fittings manufactured in accordance with ASTM A234 Grade WPB, ASTM
A420 and MSS SP-75 for high strength fittings. This standard only applies to
fittings that are purchased loose. This Specification does not apply to fittings
installed on equipment that is engineered, manufactured, and tested prior to
delivery to Saudi Aramco unless specifically invoked in the Purchase Order.

1.2

Cast fittings, stainless steel and corrosion-resistant alloy pipe fittings, and pipe
bends with a radius greater than three times the diameter (3D) are excluded from
the scope of this specification. Induction bends that have a radius 3D and larger
and are not under ASME B16.9 are not under by this standard. They are
addressed in 01-SAMSS-039.

1.3

This standard applies to fittings meeting the requirements of ASME B16.9 and
special designed fittings such as self-reinforced branch connections. Selfreinforced branch connection may be made from ASTM A105 or ASTM A350
LF2 forged material. ASTM A350 may be Class 1 or Class 2 in accordance
with the P.O. requirements.

1.4

Socket-welding and threaded fittings per ASME B16.11 are excluded from this
specification.

1.3

Fittings purchased to this specification are suitable for use in accordance with
ASME B31.3, B31.4 or B31.8.

Conflicts and Deviations

2.1

Any conflicts between this specification and other applicable Saudi Aramco
Materials System Specifications (SAMSSs), Engineering Standards (SAESs),
Standard Drawings (SASDs), or industry standards, codes, and forms shall be
resolved in writing by the Company or Buyer Representative through the
Manager, Consulting Services Department of Saudi Aramco, Dhahran.

2.2

Direct all requests to deviate from this specification in writing to the Company or
Buyer Representative, who shall follow internal company procedure SAEP-302
and forward such requests to the Manager, Consulting Services Department of
Saudi Aramco, Dhahran.

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Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee

Issue Date: 20 February 2012
Next Planned Update: 19 December 2016

02-SAMSS-005
Butt Welding Pipe Fittings

References
The selection of material and equipment, and the design, construction, maintenance, and
repair of equipment and facilities covered by this specification shall comply with the
latest edition of the references listed below, unless otherwise noted.
3.1

Saudi Aramco References

Saudi Aramco Engineering Procedure
SAEP-302

Instructions for Obtaining a Waiver of a Mandatory

Saudi Aramco Engineering Requirement

Saudi Aramco Engineering Standard

SAES-L-133

Corrosion Protection Requirements for Pipelines,

Piping and Process Equipment

Saudi Aramco Materials System Specifications

01-SAMSS-035

API Line Pipe

01-SAMSS-016

Qualification of Storage Tanks and Pressured

Equipment for Resistance to Hydrogen-Induced
Cracking

01-SAMSS-039

Induction Pipe Bends

01-SAMSS-043

Carbon Steel Pipes for On-Plot Piping

02-SAMSS-011

Forged Steel Weld Neck Flanges for Low and

Intermediate Temperature Service

Saudi Aramco Inspection Requirements

3.2

Form 175-026100

Butt Welding Pipe Fittings

Form 175-023400

Pipe Components: Low Temperature Service

Industry Codes and Standards

American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASME B16.9

Factory-made Wrought Steel Butt Welding Fittings

ASME B16.25

Butt Welding Ends

ASME B31.3

Process Piping

ASME B31.4

Liquid Petroleum Transportation Piping Systems

ASME B31.8

Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems

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Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee

Issue Date: 20 February 2012
Next Planned Update: 19 December 2016

02-SAMSS-005
Butt Welding Pipe Fittings

ASME SEC II Part C

Specification for Welding Rods, Electrodes, and

Filler Metals

ASME SEC VIII

Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels

ASME SEC IX

Qualification Standard for Welding and Brazing

Procedures, Welders, Brazers, and Welding and
Brazing Operators

American Society for Testing and Materials

ASTM A234/A234M

Standard Specification for Piping Fittings of

Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for
Moderate and Elevated Temperatures

ASTM A370

Standard Test Methods and Definitions for

Mechanical Testing of Steel Products

ASTM A420

Standard Specification for Piping Fittings of

Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for LowTemperature Service

ASTM A860/A860M

Standard Specification for High-Strength ButtWelding Fittings of Wrought High-Strength, LowAlloy Steel

ASTM A960

Standard Specification for Common Requirements

for Wrought Steel Piping Fittings

ASTM E165

Standard Test Method for Liquid Penetrant

Examination

ASTM E92

Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic

Materials

ASTM E709

Standard Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing

ASTM A833

Practice for Indentation Hardness of Metallic

Materials by Comparison Hardness Testers

American Welding Society

AWS A5.01

Filler Metal Procurement Guidelines

AWS A5.XX

Specifications for Welding Filler Metals (Series of

Specifications)

Compressed Gas Association

CGA G6.2

Specification for Carbon Dioxide

CGA G11.1

Specification for Argon

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Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee

Issue Date: 20 February 2012
Next Planned Update: 19 December 2016

02-SAMSS-005
Butt Welding Pipe Fittings

International Organization for Standardization

NACE MR0175/
ISO 15156

Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries Materials

for Use in H2S-Containing Environments in Oil
and Gas Production

Manufacturers Standardization Society

MSS SP-75

Specification for High Test Wrought Butt-Welding

Fittings

Purchase Order Information

The following information shall be included in the Purchase Order:

a)

Type of fitting

b)

Nominal size of fitting

c)

Grade or specified minimum yield strength of fitting material

d)

Nominal size, wall thickness or schedule and end details of pipe to be matched

e)

Sour Service, if applicable

f)

Material specification of matching pipe

g)

Wall thickness of lap-joint stubs; if applicable

h)

Additional material and testing requirements; if applicable

i)

Charpy impact testing requirements, if applicable

j)

Export packing, marking, and shipping details

Design
5.1

Pressure Rating
5.1.1

Design and pressure rating of ASTM A234 and ASTM A420 fittings
shall be established by proof testing per ASME B16.9 Section 9 or by
mathematical stress analysis per ASME B31.3 Section 304.

5.1.2

Design and pressure rating of MSS SP-75 fittings shall be established by

proof testing per MSS SP-75 or by mathematical stress analysis per
ASME B31.3 Section 304. No portion of elbows shall be thinner that the
minimum wall thickness of the mating pipe.

5.13

A drawing will be prepared for all fittings showing the overall

dimensions including the required thicknesses in all areas. This drawing

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Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee

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Butt Welding Pipe Fittings

will be available to the Saudi Aramco inspector. Design calculations and

proof testing data shall be available on request.
5.2

Main Dimensions
The pipe fittings covered by this specification shall have dimensions as specified
in ASME B16.9 or MSS SP-75 as applicable. Pressure rating of fittings not
meeting the standards dimensions shall be established per the requirements of
Section 5.
Any exceptions shall be indicated in the Purchase Order.

5.3

Circumferential Welds
Circumferential welds are not allowed except to attach extensions such as those
mentioned in Paragraph 5.4 and straight tangent ends that are specified in the
purchase order. Circumferential welds are never allowed in the crotch area of
fittings unless specifically approved by the chairman of this committee.

5.4

Tees and Reducing Tees

The branch outlet of tees shall be extruded or forged to the run and shall have a
smoothly curved transition between run and branch. Welded-on branch
connections (set-on or stub-in) are prohibited. However, lengthening of an
extruded outlet by means of a circumferential weld in the cylindrical part of the
branch will be permitted.
When tees are fabricated from plate, the weld seams shall be parallel to the axes
of the run and the branch.

5.5

Reducers
Concentric and eccentric reducers shall have smoothly curved wrought
transitions and parallel ends (ASME shape) unless a conical shape has been
specified in the Purchase Order.
Reducers shall have a nominal wall thickness which is at least equal to the
specified nominal wall thickness of the matching pipe (of equal specified
minimum yield strength) at the large end.
ASME shape reducers not listed in ASME B16.9 or MSS SP-75 shall be
designed in accordance with ASME B31.3, paragraph 304.6 for a design
pressure permitted by the matching pipe.
Conical reducers are only permitted when so specified in the Purchase Order.
The included angle shall not exceed 12 degrees.
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Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee

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Next Planned Update: 19 December 2016

02-SAMSS-005
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Exception:
An included angle of maximum 15 degrees is allowed when the reducer is
concentric, has two cylindrical ends with a minimum length of 50 mm, and
smoothly finished circumferential welds.

5.6

Lap-Joint Flange Stub Ends

The wall thickness of stub ends for lap-joint flanges shall be as specified in the
Purchase Order and the welding end prepared by internal taper boring to match
the specified pipe. Lap-joint flange stub ends (weld ends) for sizes larger than
NPS 24 are covered by 02-SAMSS-011 and related standard drawings.

5.7

Special Designs
Special designs, such as nonstandard shapes and dimensions, will be considered
when the Vendor can prove that similar fittings have been successfully tested by
means of an actual proof test in accordance with ASME B16.9 or MSS SP-75.
The design shall be approved in writing by the Saudi Aramco Consulting Services
Department.

5.8

Butt Welding Ends

Unless otherwise specified in the Purchase Order, the butt welding ends shall be
in accordance with the requirements of ASME B16.25 and match the beveled
end of the pipe specified in the Purchase Order.

Materials
6.1

General
Boron content shall be shown in the heat analysis or product analysis and shall
not exceed 0.0005%.

6.2

ASTM A234 and ASTM A420 Fittings

6.2.1

Material shall conform to the requirements of ASTM A234/A234M

Grade WPB or ASTM A420 Grade WPL 3 or Grade WPL 6, including
ASTM A960 Supplementary Requirements S50 Product Analysis, S51
Tension Test and S57 Hardness Test. The hardness for ASTM A420
Grade WPL6 shall not exceed 197 BHN.
Note:
For Supplementary Requirement S50, a heat analysis may be substituted
for the product analysis except for welding material.

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Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee

Issue Date: 20 February 2012
Next Planned Update: 19 December 2016

Butt Welding Pipe Fittings

6.2.2

High strength fittings shall not be substituted for carbon steel fittings
without prior, written permission from the Materials and Corrosion
Control Standards Committee. High strength starting stock shall not be
used for Grade WPB fittings without prior, written permission from the
Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee. In no case shall
the actual yield strength of the finished carbon steel fittings exceed
440 MPa (63,817 psi). All other requirements for WPB fittings shall be
met.

6.2.3

The carbon equivalent shall not exceed 0.42% when calculated according
to the formula:

CE (IIW) = C
6.3

02-SAMSS-005

Mn Cr Mo V Ni Cu

6
5
15

(1)

High Strength Fittings ( 42,000 psi specified minimum yield strength)

6.3.1

With the exception of the chemical composition requirements in

paragraph 6.3.2 below, the high strength material shall conform to the
requirements of MSS SP-75, including Supplementary Requirements
SR-4 (hardness and nickel content limitations, except parent metal nickel
shall be limited per paragraph 6.3.2 below), SR-5 (actual yield strength
limitation), and SR-10 (more restrictive chemical requirements and
carbon equivalent).

6.3.2

Chemical composition shall be in accordance with the requirements of

ASTM A860/A860M, Paragraph 7.

6.4

The vendor shall provide a certified material test report listing the actual results
of the chemical analysis, mechanical properties, notch toughness properties, heat
treatment, nondestructive examination, and any special tests required by the
Purchase Order.

6.5

For Sour service, as defined in SAES-L-133, the following additional

requirements are applicable to the plate and welded pipe materials. Seamless
pipe materials are not required to be HIC tested in accordance with 6.5.3 if
procured from a Saudi Aramco approved source.
6.5.1

The fitting shall be 100% UT examined for laminations in accordance

with ASTM A578. The acceptance level is C. The edges of the fitting
shall be free of laminations for a width of 50 mm.

6.5.2

Plates shall be HIC tested in accordance with 01-SAMSS-016.

6.5.3

Pipe shall be HIC tested in accordance with 01-SAMSS-035 or

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Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee

Issue Date: 20 February 2012
Next Planned Update: 19 December 2016

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Butt Welding Pipe Fittings

01-SAMSS-043 as applicable.
6.5.4

Piping components shall comply with the requirements of NACE MR0175

/ ISO 15156.

Welding
7.1

7.2

General
7.1.1

Complete Welding Procedure Specifications (WPS's) and Procedure

Qualification Records (PQR's) shall be made available for review by the
Saudi Aramco inspector.

7.1.2

All Welding Procedure Specifications (WPS's) and Procedure

Qualification Records (PQR's) shall be written in English and conform to
the applicable Code.

7.1.3

Welding procedures shall be written and qualified in accordance

ASME SEC IX or other comparable international code.

7.1.4

Welders and welding operators will be qualified in accordance with

ASME SEC IX or other comparable international code.

Processes
7.2.1

7.2.2
7.3

The following processes are approved for use:

Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)

Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW)

Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)

Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) - Short Circuiting transfer shall

not be used.

Flux Core Arc Welding (FCAW) - Shall not be used for the root pass
on single sided groove welds.

Welding without the addition of filler material is not permitted.

Welding Consumables
7.3.1

Electrodes, filler wires, and fluxes shall conform to the requirements of

the BPV, ASME SEC II, Part C, identical to the AWS A5.XX
specification series. Other consumables may be used only with the
specific approval of Saudi Aramco.
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Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee

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7.4

02-SAMSS-005
Butt Welding Pipe Fittings

7.3.2

Properly conditioned low-hydrogen electrodes shall be used for all

fittings when the wall thickness exceeds 13 mm.

7.3.3

A change in filler metal deposit chemistry from A-No. 1 of BPV,

ASME SEC IX to A-No. 2 and vice-versa is not permitted without
requalification.

7.3.4

Active Submerged Arc Welding fluxes shall not be used.

7.3.5

Shielding gases shall conform to the appropriate Compressed Gas

Association (CGA) specification(s).

Welding Procedure Qualifications

7.4.1

General
For SAW flux, the specific brand and type shall be the same as used for
the PQR. For FCAW electrodes the specific brand, type and maximum
size shall be the same as used for the PQR. The brand name and type of
flux FCAW electrode shall be specified on both the WPS and PQR.

7.4.2

Hardness Testing
Hardness traverses conducted in accordance with ASTM E92 shall be
made on a full-thickness, transverse cross-section of the weld that has
been mounted, polished to metallographic quality, and etched. Two
traverses shall be made. One shall be within 1.0 mm from the O.D.
surface and one within 1.0 mm from the I.D. surface. Each traverse shall
consist of at least two hardness indentations in each of the following
locations:
a)

Weld metal

b)

Heat affected zone on each side of the weld and

c)

Parent metal on each side of the weld.

Only Vickers 5 kg or 10 kg hardness testers shall be used. Hardness of

base metal, HAZ, and weld metal shall not exceed 207 HV for Grade B
fittings and 250 HV for high strength fittings.
7.5

Repairs
7.5.1

Cracks, other than crater cracks, shall be repaired only if approved by the
Saudi Aramco inspector. The repair procedure shall be approved by the
Consulting Services Department.

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Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee

Issue Date: 20 February 2012
Next Planned Update: 19 December 2016

7.5.2

02-SAMSS-005
Butt Welding Pipe Fittings

Unsuccessful weld repairs after the second attempt shall be completely

cut out and replaced.

Heat Treatment
Heat treatment after all forming and welding processes are completed is required for all
fittings.
8.1

All grade WPB fittings supplied in accordance with this specification shall be
normalized as defined in ASTM A234 unless approved by the Materials and
Corrosion Control Standards Committee. A heat treatment above the critical
temperature is required for all fittings after forming except as permitted in 8.2.
Stress relief heat treatments are not acceptable, even if permitted in ASTM
A234/A234M, ASTM A420 or in MSS SP-75. A stress relief heat treatment is
only permitted after the weld assembly of heat treated components under A234.
(Commentary)
Fittings will be formed, welded and heat treated following one of the following
three schedules: A, B or C.
A.1

Hot or cold forming

A.2

Heat treatment above critical temperature except as permitted in 8.2

B.1

Hot or cold forming

B.2

Heat treatment above critical temperature

B.3

Weld assembly

B.4

Heat treatment above critical temperature except stress relief is permitted

for ASTM A234

C.1

Hot or cold forming

C.2

Weld assembly

C.3

Heat treatment above critical temperature

8.2

Seamless ASTM A234 Grade WPB fittings for which the final forming
operation is completed at a temperature above 620C and below 980C need not
be subsequently heat treated provided they are cooled in still air.

8.3

Hot formed high strength fittings shall be cooled below the lower critical
temperature prior to heat treatment.

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Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee

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Next Planned Update: 19 December 2016

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Butt Welding Pipe Fittings

Inspection and Testing

9.1

General
The fittings are subject to inspection by the Saudi Aramco Inspection
Representative per Saudi Aramco Inspection Requirement Form 175-026100
attached to the Purchase Order.

9.2

Visual Examination and Dimensional Check

General appearance, workmanship and fit-up shall be acceptable in accordance
with ASME B31.3 Paragraph 344.2. Weld surfaces shall show a smooth
contour. Dimensions of the fitting shall be checked against ASME B16.9,
MSS SP-75 or approved Vendor's Drawings.

9.3

Dye Penetrant or Magnetic Particle Testing

All butt weld ends shall be tested using one of the following methods:

9.4

Dye penetrant (color contrast penetrant) in accordance with ASTM E165.

Acceptance criteria shall be per Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code,
ASME SEC VIII D1, Appendix 8.

Magnetic particle tested in accordance with ASME SEC VIII D1, Appendix 6.

Radiography
All welds in fabricated fittings shall be 100 percent radiographed in accordance
with Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, ASME SEC VIII D1, paragraph UW-51.

9.5

Production Hardness Tests

9.5.1

Hardness tests shall be conducted on a minimum of 20% of seamless

fittings forged at temperatures above 620C and 100% of seamless
fittings forged at 620C or lower. Hardness tests shall be conducted on
100% of all welded construction fittings regardless of forging
temperature.

9.5.2

Hardness testing shall be conducted using either a bench-top hardness

tester calibrated to ASTM standard hardness test blocks or a portable
hardness tester in accordance with ASTM A833.

9.5.3

A minimum of three hardness indentations shall be made on the parent

metal of each fitting, with the test locations spaced evenly across the
piece being tested. (For fittings 2-inch and smaller, only two
indentations are required.) For welded fittings, an additional three
hardness indentations shall be made evenly spaced, along the weld.
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Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee

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Butt Welding Pipe Fittings

Where accessible, the weld metal hardness should be measured on the

I.D. surface of the fittings.

9.6

9.5.3.1

If any single indentation exceeds the allowable hardness limit,

two additional hardness indentations shall be taken within
25 mm of it, and the three hardness values shall be averaged.
If the average exceeds the allowable limit, the fitting shall be
rejected, and all the other fittings from the same heat shall be
100% hardness tested, even if not otherwise required in
paragraph 9.5.1.

9.5.3.2

The difference between the highest and lowest hardness

readings in the parent metal shall not exceed 20 HB.
In addition, for welded fittings, the difference between the
highest and lowest hardness readings in the weld metal shall
not exceed 20 HB. If the difference exceeds 20 HB for either
the parent metal or the weld metal hardness values, the fittings
shall be rejected, and all other fittings from the same heat shall
be 100% hardness tested, even if not otherwise required in
paragraph 9.5.1. For the purpose of determining the spread of
HB readings, a set of three indentations at the same location
may be substituted for any single reading and the average of
the three used instead of the single reading.

9.5.3.3

At the manufacturer's option, all fittings that have failed the

hardness test requirements in paragraphs 9.5.3.1 and/or 9.5.3.2
can be re-normalized and hardness tested again. Fittings that
pass the hardness test requirements and the strength
requirements after re-normalizing may be accepted. Fittings
that fail a second time shall be permanently rejected.

9.5.3.4

The hardness limit for ASTM A420 is 197 BHN.

Charpy Impact Testing

9.6.1

Charpy impact testing requirements for fittings in Grades WPHY-42 and

higher strength are given in MSS SP-75. Grade ASTM A234 Grade
WPB fittings do not require impact testing unless specified in the
Purchase Order.

9.6.2

For welded fittings, testing shall be performed on the base metal, heataffected zone, and the weld metal. The weld metal and heat-affected
zone impact test specimens shall be transverse to the weld axis.

Grade WPL 3 materials shall be tested as specified in ASTM A420.

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Butt Welding Pipe Fittings

Grade WPL 6 materials shall be tested as specified in ASTM A420

except that the required Charpy V-notch impact values shall be 34/27
J (25/20 ft-lbs) for standard 10 mm by 10 mm specimens.

Commentary Notes:
In the notation of required Charpy Values such as 25/20, the first number
is the average energy of three specimens while the second number is the
minimum for any one specimen.
The provisions in ASTM A350 Paragraph 7.2.4 for subsize specimens
and test temperature reduction are the same as in ASME B31.3
Paragraph 323.3.

10

9.6.3

Impact test procedures and apparatus shall conform to the applicable

paragraphs of ASTM A370.

9.6.4

The test temperature and the minimum Charpy energy requirements shall
be specified in the Purchase Order if different from the requirements in
Paragraph 9.6.1.

Product Marking, Coating, Packing and Documentation

10.1

Fittings per ASTM A234 and A420 shall be marked in accordance with
ASME B16.9, paragraph 4.

10.2

Fittings per MSS SP-75 shall be marked per MSS SP-75, paragraph 17.
In addition, the carbon equivalent shall also be marked on the O.D. of the fitting.

10.3

Fittings manufactured for sour service shall be marked with S.

10.4

After inspection by Saudi Aramco's Inspection Representative, unless otherwise

specified in the Purchase Order, fittings shall be supplied with a protective
coating that does not hide markings or surface defects. This temporary coating,
combined with appropriate packing, must protect against corrosion during ocean
shipment. The coating shall be hard and dry. It can be either a clear coating or a
thin opaque coating. Except for clear coatings, the maximum dry film thickness
shall be 76 micron. The fitting's normal stamped markings must be readable.

10.5

All fittings must be protected from mechanical damage. Welding ends must be
protected with suitable wood, plastic, rubber or metal covers. Fittings must be
packaged in steel-banded wooden crates or secured to skids.
Note:
If fittings up through 6-inch size are securely packaged in the wooden crates so
that they cannot shift during shipment and damage the welding bevels, the
separate covers are not required.
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Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee

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10.6

Butt Welding Pipe Fittings

Documentation shall be in accordance with EN10204 type 3.1. The results of

all tests required in this Specification shall be reported. The reporting
documentation shall be in the English language and three copies shall be
provided.

20 December 2011
20 February 2012

02-SAMSS-005

Revision Summary
Major revision as low temperature carbon steel fittings have been included. HIC testing
has been included for sour service. Heat treatment requirements have been clarified.
Editorial revision (paragraph 6.5.6 referenced in Section 6 should be changed to 6.5.3).

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