Topic 2 Enzymology Essential

Chapter 5 The Working Cell

PowerPoint Lectures for

Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Seventh Edition

Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey

2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Lecture
edited
by Harttini
N.
Lecture
by Edward
J. Zalisko

Learning outcome
1. Explain how energy is transformed during life
processes
2. Explain how a chemical reaction can either
release energy or store energy
3. Describe ATP and explain why it is considered to
be the energy currency of a cell
4. Define enzyme and explain how enzymes cause
a chemical reaction to speed up
5. Discuss the specificity of enzymes
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ENERGY AND THE CELL

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5.11 Chemical reactions either release or store

energy
___________________is a chemical reaction that
release energy.
These reactions release energy in covalent bonds of the
reactants.
Burning wood releases energy in glucose as heat and
light.
Cellular respiration releases energy slowly and uses
some of the released energy to produce ATP.

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Potential energy of molecules

Reactants
Amount of
energy
released
Energy
Products

Exergonic reaction, energy released

5.11 Chemical reactions either release or store

energy
An ______________________ requires an input of energy
and yields products rich in potential energy.
Endergonic reactions
begin with reactant molecules that contain relatively little potential
energy
end with products that contain more chemical energy.
Eg. photosynthesis that produced energy-rich sugar molecules
from energy in sunlight.

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Potential energy of molecules

Products

Energy
Reactants

Endergonic reaction, energy required

Amount of
energy
required

5.11 Chemical reactions either release or store

energy
A living organism carries out thousands of
endergonic and exergonic chemical reactions.
The total of an organisms chemical reactions =
___________________.
A _________________a series of chemical
reactions that either
builds a complex molecule
breaks down a complex molecule into simpler
compounds.
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5.11 Chemical reactions either release or store

energy
_______________ uses energy released from
exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions
usually using the energy stored in ATP molecules.

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5.12 ATP drives cellular work by coupling

exergonic and endergonic reactions
______, adenosine triphosphate consists of
nitrogenous base adenine
five-carbon sugar ribose
three phosphate groups

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5.12 ATP drives cellular work by coupling

exergonic and endergonic reactions
Hydrolysis of ATP releases energy by transferring
its third phosphate from ATP to some other
molecule in a process called _________________.
Most cellular work depends on ATP energizing
molecules by phosphorylating them.

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ATP:

Adenosine Triphosphate
Phosphate
group
P

Adenine
Ribose
Hydrolysis

P
ADP:

H2O

Hydrolysis of ATP
releases energy by
transferring its third
phosphate from ATP to
other molecule in
phosphorylation

Energy

Adenosine DiphosphateThe structure and hydrolysis of ATP

5.12 ATP drives cellular work by coupling

exergonic and endergonic reactions
3 main types of cellular work driven by ATP:
1. chemical
2. mechanical
3. transport

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Chemical work

Mechanical work

Transport work

ATP

ATP

ATP

Solute
P

Motor
protein

P
P

Reactants

Membrane protein

P
P
P

Product
Molecule formed

ADP

Protein filament moved

ADP
P
How ATP powers cellular work

Solute transported

ADP

5.12 ATP drives cellular work by coupling

exergonic and endergonic reactions
ATP is a renewable source of energy for the cell.
In the ATP cycle, energy released in an exergonic
reaction, such as the breakdown of glucose,is used
in an endergonic reaction to generate ATP.
ATP

Energy from
exergonic
reactions

ADP P
The ATP cycle

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Energy for
endergonic
reactions

Gp. Disc.: ATP

ATP can be broken down or synthesized

Does AMP ADP require or release energy? *Why?
Is ADP ATP an exergonic or endergonic reaction? *Why?

Which can be
represented by the
graph:
ADP ATP?
OR
ADP AMP?

Which can be
represented by the
graph:
ADP ATP?
OR
ADP AMP?

 E.g., Glycolysis
Is energy is used up
or released when a
phosphate group is
removed from a
molecule?

ADP ATP: energy

is used up or
released?

Glycolysis (Later)

Is energy is used up or
released when ATP is
broken down to ADP?

Is energy is used up or
released to transfer
phosphate to glucose?

HOW ENZYMES FUNCTION

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5.13 Enzymes speed up the cells chemical

reactions by lowering energy barriers
Although biological molecules possess much potential
energy, it is not released spontaneously.
An energy barrier must be overcome before a chemical reaction
can begin.
This energy is called ________________________.

Reactant

Enzyme

Energy

Energy

Activation
energy barrier

Reactant

Products
Without enzyme

The effect of an enzyme in lowering EA

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Activation
energy
barrier
reduced by
enzyme

Products
With enzyme

5.13 Enzymes speed up the cells chemical

reactions by lowering energy barriers
Enzymes
function as biological catalysts by lowering the EA
needed for a reaction to begin
increase the rate of a reaction without being consumed
by the reaction
are usually proteins, although some RNA molecules can
function as enzymes

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Animation: How Enzymes Work

Right click on animation / Click play
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The graph illustrate the course of a reaction with and without an enzyme.
1. Which curve represents the enzyme-catalyzed reaction?
2. What energy changes are represented by the lines a, b and c?

Energy

a
b
Reactants

Products
Progress of the reaction

5.14 A specific enzyme catalyzes each cellular

reaction
An enzyme
is very selective in the reaction it catalyzes
has a shape that determines the enzymes specificity.

The specific reactant that an enzyme acts on is

called the enzymes ____________.
A substrate fits into a region of the enzyme called
the ______________.
Enzymes are specific because their active site fits
only specific substrate molecules.
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Enzyme available
with empty active
site
Active site

1. Sucrase starts with an

empty active site
Enzyme
(sucrase)

The catalytic cycle of an enzyme

Enzyme available
with empty active
site
Active site

Substrate
(sucrose)
2

Substrate binds
to enzyme with
induced fit

Enzyme
(sucrase)

2. Sucrose enters the active site.

The active site changes shape
slightly to embrace substrate
more snugly (induced fit)
The catalytic cycle of an enzyme

Enzyme available
with empty active
site
Active site

Substrate
(sucrose)
2

Substrate binds
to enzyme with
induced fit

Enzyme
(sucrase)

3. The strained bonds react

with water, and the substrate
is converted to products

H2O

Substrate is
converted to
products

The catalytic cycle of an enzyme

4. The enzyme
releases the
products and
emerges
unchanged

Enzyme available
with empty active
site
Active site

Substrate
(sucrose)
2

Glucose

Substrate binds
to enzyme with
induced fit

Enzyme
(sucrase)

Fructose
H2O
4

Products are
released
3

Substrate is
converted to
products

5.14 A specific enzyme catalyzes each cellular

reaction
For every enzyme, there are optimal conditions
under which it is most effective.
Temperature affects molecular motion.
An enzymes optimal temperature produces the highest
rate of contact between reactants and enzymes active
site.
Most human enzymes work best at 3540C.

Optimal pH for most enzymes is near neutrality.

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Temperature

Increasing temperature causes molecules to ___________________

Weak bonds break first: H-bonds, hydrophobic interactions

Stronger bond break later: ionic bonds

Structure and surface configurations (including active site) are altered

Enzyme losses its catalytic functions

Enzyme is said to be denatured

When the structure of the enzyme is fully destroyed, no catalysis

takes place

1. Every enzyme has an optimum temperature that usually

reflects the environment where the enzyme is naturally
found
2. Reaction rate is highest at the optimal temperature

pH

Changes in pH changes the concentration of _______in the medium

As [H+] changes, charges on the R groups change

This causes the ____________between charged R groups to break

as the charges are _____________________

The 3-dimensional structure is then destroyed

The enzyme loses all catalytic activities and is completely denatured.

Every enzyme has an optimum pH that usually reflects the

environment where the enzyme is naturally found
Maximum rate
Maximum rate of
of reaction
reaction pepsin
trypsin

Rate of reaction

trypsin
pepsin

Optimum pH
(pepsin)

4
pH

Optimum pH
(trypsin)

10

c.
b.

a.

d.

f.

e.

You should now be able to

1. Explain how energy is transformed during life
processes
2. Explain how a chemical reaction can either
release energy or store energy
3. Describe ATP and explain why it is considered to
be the energy currency of a cell
4. Define enzyme and explain how enzymes cause
a chemical reaction to speed up
5. Discuss the specificity of enzymes
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.