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Collecting and analyzing data for the purpose for making generalizations and decisions
From :
(d) Listing the five possible samples of four officials from this population of five officials. A
simple random sampling procedure, such as picking four slips of paper out of a box, gives
each of these samples a 1 in 5 chance of being the one selected.
{(G, L, S, A), (G, L, S, T), (G, L, A, T), (G, S, A, T), (L, S, A, T)}
Random-number Table to obtain random numbers, P.15, A5.
1.4 Other Sampling Designs ()
Why do we need other sampling designs?
Simple random sampling is relatively labouring, time-consuming, costly and sometimes
impractical. With limited resources, it is necessary to look for some other sampling designs.
The thumb rule is the sample obtained has to be closest as possible to the simple random
sample.
Systematic Random Sampling (/)
S1. Divide the population size by the sample size and round the result down to the nearest whole number, m.
S2. Use a random-number table or a similar device to obtain a number, between 1 and m.
S3. Select for the sample those members of the population that are numbered k, k+m, k+2m,
Cluster Sampling ()
S1. Divide the population into groups (clusters).
S2. Obtain a simple random sample of the clusters.
S3. Use all the members of the clusters obtained in step 2 as the sample.
Stratified Sampling (/)
S1. Divide the population into subpopulations (strata).
S2. From each stratum, obtain a simple random sample of size proportional to the size of the
stratum; that is the sample size for a stratum equals the total sample size times the stratum
size divided by the population size.
S3. Use all the members obtained in S2 as the sample.
Multistage sampling ()
Most large-scale surveys combine one or more of simple random sampling, systematic
random sampling, cluster sampling and stratified sampling.
Review Problems
Under standing the Concepts and Skills
4. Serious Energy Situation. In a USA TODAY/CNN Gallup Poll, 94% of those surveyed
said that the United States faced a serious energy situation, but, by 47% to 35%, they
preferred an emphasis on conservation rather than on more production. Is this study
descriptive or inferential? Explain answer.
5. British Backpacker Tourists. Research by Gustav Visser Charles Barker in "A Geography
of British Backpacker tourists in South Africa" (Geography, Vol. 89, No. 3, pp. 226reflects on the impact of British backpacker tourists visiting. South Africa. A sample of
British backpackers was interviewed. The information obtained from the sample was used
to construct the following table for the age distribution of all British backpackers. Classify
this study as descriptive or inferential, and explain your answer.
Age (yrs)
Percentage
Less than 21
21-25
26-30
31-35
36-40
Over 40
9%
46%
27%
10%
4%
4%
6. Teen Drug Abuse. In an article dated April 24,200-5, USA TODAY reported on the 17th
annual study on teen drug abuse, conducted by the Partnership for a Drug-Free America.
According to the survey of 7300 teens, the most popular prescription drug abused by teens
was Vicodin, with 18% or about 4.3 million youths reporting that they had used it to
get high. OxyContin and drugs for attention deficit disorder, such as Ritalin/Adderall,
followed with one in 10 teens reporting that they had tried them. Answer the following
questions and explain your answers.
a. Is the statement about 18% of youths abusing Vicodin inferential or descriptive?
b. Is the statement about 4.3 million youths abusing Vicodin inferential or descriptive?
7. Regarding observational studies and designed experiments:
a. Describe each type of statistical study.
b. With respect to possible conclusions, what important difference exists between these
two types of statistical studies?
8. Persistent Poverty and IQ. An article appearing in an issue of The Arizona Republic
reported on a study conducted by Greg Duncan of the University of Michigan. According
to the report, "Persistent poverty during the first 5 years of life leaves children with IQs 9.1
points lower at age 5 than children who suffer no poverty during that period...." Is this
statistical study an observational study or is it a designed experiment? Explain your
answer.
9. Wasp Hierarchical Status. In the February 2005 issue of Discover (Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 1011), Jesse Netting describes the research of Elizabeth Tibbetts of the University of Arizona in
the article, "The Kind of Face Only a Wasp Could Trust." Tibbetts found that wasps signal
their strength and status with the number of black splotches on their yellow faces, with more
splotches denoting higher status. Tibbetts decided to see if she could cheat the system. She
painted some of the insects' faces to make their status appear higher or lower than it really
was. She then placed the painted wasps with a group of female wasps to see if painting the
faces altered their hierarchical status. Was this investigation an observational study or a
designed experiment? Justify your answer.
10. Before planning and conducting a study to obtain information, what should be done?
* * * * * End of Chapter 1 * * * * *