The Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis) is a leopard subspecies native to

the Primorye region of southeastern Russia and the JilinProvince of northeast China. It is classified
as Critically Endangered since 1996 by IUCN. In 2007, only 1926 wild Amur leopards were
estimated to survive.[1] Census data published in February 2015 indicate that the population has
increased to at least 57 Amur leopards in Russia, and up to 12 Amur leopards in adjacent areas of
China.[2]
The Amur leopard is also known as the Far Eastern leopard.[
Amur leopards differ from other subspecies by a thick coat of spot covered fur. They show the
strongest and most consistent divergence in pattern. Leopards from the Amur river basin, the
mountains of north-eastern China and the Korean peninsula have pale cream-colored coats,
particularly in winter. Rosettes on the flanks are 5 cm 5 cm (2.0 in 2.0 in) and widely spaced, up
to 2.5 cm (0.98 in), with thick, unbroken rings and darkened centers.[4][5]
Their coat is fairly soft with long and dense hair. The length of hair on the back is 2025 mm (0.79
0.98 in) in summer and 50 mm (2.0 in) in winter. The winter coat varies from fairly light yellow to
dense yellowish-red with a golden tinge or rusty-reddish-yellow. The summer pelage is brighter with
more vivid coloration pattern. Compared with other leopard subspecies, they are rather small in size,
with males bigger than females. Males measure from 107 to 136 cm (42 to 54 in) with a 82 to 90 cm
(32 to 35 in) long tail, a shoulder height of 64 to 78 cm (25 to 31 in) and a weight of 32.248 kg (71
106 lb). Females weigh from 2542.5 kg (5594 lb)
Amur leopards are extremely conservative in their choice of territory. An individual's territory is
usually located in a river basin which generally extends to the natural topographicalborders of the
area. The territory of two individuals may sometimes overlap, but only slightly. Depending on sex,
age, and family size, the size of an individual's territory can vary from 5,00030,000 ha (19
116 sq mi). They may use the same hunting trails, routes of constant migration, and even places for
extended rest constantly over the course of many years.[11] At places where wild animals are
abundant, leopards live permanently or perform only vertical migrations, trailing herds
of ungulates and avoiding snow. In the Ussuri region the main prey of leopards are roe and sika
deer, Manchurian wapiti, musk deer, moose, and wild pig. More rarely they catch hare, badger, fowl,
and mice. In Kedrovaya Pad Nature Reserve roe deer is their main prey year-round, but they also
prey on young Eurasian black bears less than two years old.[6]

Amur Leopard At the Audubon Zoo in New Orleans

When density of ungulates is low, leopards have large home ranges that can be up to
100 km2 (39 sq mi).[12]
During a study of radio-collared Amur leopards in the early 1990s, a territorial dispute between two
males at a deer farm was documented, suggesting that deer farms are favoured habitats. [13] Female
leopards with cubs are relatively often found in the proximity of deer farms. The large number of
domestic deer is a reliable food source that may help to survive difficult times. [9]
The Amur Leopard and Tiger Alliance (ALTA) is an initiative of Russian and western conservation
organisations to conserve the Amur leopard and Amur tiger, and secure a future for both species in
the Russian Far East and Northeast China. ALTA operates across Northeast Asia under the guiding
principle that only co-operative, co-ordinated conservation actions from all interested parties can
save these endangered species from extinction. ALTA works in close co-operation with local,
regional, and federal governmental and non-governmental organisations to protect the region's
biological wealth through conservation, sustainable development and local community involvement.
The Phoenix Fund and the Wildlife Conservation Society provide a local framework for implementing
ALTA projects, working closely with many Russian and Chinese agencies. In regards to conservation
of Amur leopards ALTA aims at retaining a leopard population of 35 adult females (100 total) in
south-west Primorye and the Jilin-Heilongjiang border region; and creating a second population of
20 adult females (60 total) in the former range of the Amur leopards.