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    An Introduction to HTML

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    29 Ansichten19 Seiten

    An Introduction To HTML

    Hochgeladen von

    feezy1
    aaa

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Als DOCX, PDF, TXT herunterladen oder online auf Scribd lesen
    Markieren Sie unangemessene Inhalte
    von 19

    An Introduction to Web Design

    The World Wide Web


    The World Wide Web (the Web, for short) is
    Hypertext spanning the Internet.
    Hypertext is a special kind of computer
    document in which certain words act as links (or
    hyperlinks) that take you from one part of the
    document to another.
    The World Wide Web is like an extended kind
    of hypertext because when you click on a
    hyperlink, it may take you
    (a) to another point in the same document or
    file; (b) to another document/file on the same

    computer; or (c) to a document on another


    computer!
    The WWW consists of machines on the
    Internet called servers and clients. Special
    workstations on the Internet called Web servers
    provide information to any machine on the
    Internet that requests it (this machine is known
    as the client).
    The requested information is returned by the
    server (to the client) in a format known as
    HTML.
    The clients browser is the software that makes
    the request to the server, and the browser on the
    client machine displays the HTML that is
    returned.

    The Hypertext Transfer Protocol


    The protocol (or language) used by Web servers
    to communicate is called the HyperText
    Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
    HTTP is the way in which two machines on the
    Internet can communicate in sending Web pages
    back and forth.
    Another way of looking at a Web server and a
    Web client is that both are special machines
    running the HTTP software.

    The HTTP protocol incorporates in it the ability


    to understand and run applications based on
    other protocols:

    telnet (Access to other machines on the

    Internet)
    ftp

    (File transfer)

    nntp

    (Usenet news)

    smtp

    (Email)

    gopher

    (Gopher servers

    Web browsers
    Browsers are software that are used to
    view

    web

    content,

    Many

    different

    browsers can be used to access the


    Web.

    Uniform Resource Locators


    A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a way of
    specifying some information that is to be loaded
    into a web browser.
    It can be thought of as an extension to the notion
    of a filename, in that you can specify a file not
    just on a particular machine, but on any machine
    in a network.
    To

    quote the URL primer: If its out there, we

    can point at it.

    Each time you start up a web browser, you

    need to specify a URL which gives you your


    home page.

    What is HTML?
    HTML stands for HyperText Markup
    Language.
    HTML is a specific instance of a
    markup language based on a standard
    known

    as

    Standard

    Generalized

    Markup Language (SGML).


    HTML documents are ASCII text files
    that

    can

    be

    edited

    using

    simple

    editors such as notepad and textpad.


    HTML allows you to specify the document
    specification separate from the formatting rules.

    HTML is used for the document specification,


    that is, it is used to specify the logical structure
    of the document.
    For example, we can mark some text as being a
    section header without any specification of what
    the header looks like.
    Format

    information is provided separately.

    For example, we can provide a format

    specification for a section header, specifying


    that it should appear as a 14 pt. font in boldface,
    left-justified.
    The basic idea is that a presentation program
    (Netscape is an example of such a program)
    takes the HTML specification and a format
    specification and creates the actual document.

    HTML Rules
    An HTML document is built upon ASCII text
    that has been marked up with tags looking like:
    <TAGNAME>

    and
    </TAGNAME>

    The purpose of these tags is to specify an


    device-free .For example, first level headers
    would be marked as:
    <H1>ThisisaFirstLevelHeader</H1>

    Overall structure of an HTML file

    The overall structure of an HTML file is shown


    below.
    It

    consists of a header part and a body part.

    <HTML>
    <HEAD>
    <TITLE>AbasicHTMLfile</TITLE>
    </HEAD>
    <BODY>
    <P>Thisisasampleparagraph.</P>
    </BODY>
    </HTML>
    Note the indentation: each beginning tag is indented the
    same number of spaces as the corresponding ending tag.
    This is not required, but helps the reader of the HTML.

    HTML tags

    Most HTML tags come in pairs, an opening tag


    and a closing tag.
    For example, <H1> and </H1> are used to
    enclose text that is tagged as heading level one.
    Some HTML tags appear by themselves.
    For example, <BR> is a break tag; it indicates
    that a line break should occur at that point.
    Some HTML tags can be written either way.
    For example, a paragraph tag <P> can be used
    by itself or in opening and closing fashion:
    <P>...</P>The

    most basic structure of a simple

    HTML file is a series of section headers of


    varying levels with paragraphs in
    between.

    Headings are denoted as <H1>, <H2>, up to

    <H6>.

    The are followed by sequences of paragraphs

    (denoted by <P>and </P>.

    Italicized words are created using surround it

    by <I> and </I>; boldface by using <B> and


    </B>.

    Here are some standard HTML tags:


    <UL>foranunnumberedlist.
    <LI>foraniteminalist.
    <OL>fornumberedlists.
    <PRE> for preformatted text (fixed

    widthfontsareused).
    <TT>typewritertext(fixedwidth).

    Hypertext

    The HTML commands that we have seen so far


    do nothing more that allow for media-indepent
    formatting of text. We want to add links into our
    HTML document that will allow us to turn the
    document into a hypertext document.

    A simple hypertext document is one where

    clicking on a special highlighted word (called a


    hypertext link) will take us to another part of the
    document).

    An example of simple hypertext is the on-line

    help that you get with Microsoft Windows or


    Microsoft Office.
    HTML extends hypertext so that it spans the
    Internet

    HTML hypertext links are implemented through


    anchor tags: <A...>and </A>.

    Anchor tags are an example of a new kind of

    tag that
    we have not seen: tags wit Anchors are special
    tags that create a hypertext link, for example:
    <AHREF=OtherDoc.html>Subject<A/>

    The HREF specification is used to give another


    URL.

    HTML hypertext
    There are three kinds of targets for an anchor
    HREF.
    Another

    location within the same HTML file.

    Another

    HTML file on the current machine.

    A URL link

    to:

    An

    HTTP server

    A FTP server
    A Gopher

    server

    Links
    The most basic facility of HTML (and Web
    browsing) is the ability to cause words, images,
    icons, etc. to become links to other locations;
    these locations can be:
    Other locations within the same HTML
    document.
    Other locations within the same http server
    as the one on which the Web page for the
    current link appears.

    Other locations on the Web (other Web


    servers).

    Linking to another location in a


    document
    To link to another point in the same document
    do:
    ...
    <body>
    ...
    <ul>
    <li><ahref="#Intro">Introduction.</a>
    <li><ahref="#Staff">Thestaff.</a>
    <li><ahref="#Public">Public</a>
    </ul>
    ...

    <aname=Intro>Introduction</a>
    ...
    </body>

    Linking to another file


    To link to another file do:
    ...
    <body>
    ...
    <ahref=file.html>Pressheretogo.</a>
    ...
    </body>

    Linking to another site

    To create a link that takes you to any other Web


    server, you give a complete URL:
    ...
    <body>
    ...
    <ahref=http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu>
    PressheretogotohoohooatNCSA.
    </a>
    ...
    </body>

    Other HTML tags


    Other tags include:
    Definition

    lists: (<DL>, <DT>and <DD>)

    Blockquote: (<BLOCKQUOTE>)
    Citation: (<CITE>)
    Program

    code: (<CODE>)

    Horizontal

    rule (produces thin line): <HR>

    Comments: <!putanythinghere>

    Working with images


    Images can, of course, be loaded into a Web
    page using HTML commands; there are several
    uses for images.

    Pictures: the image is there only as a piece of

    art with no other functionality.

    Buttons: when the image is clicked on, some

    action occurs (it may be a link to another site).

    Image maps: image maps are images that are

    broken up in logical areas each of which acts


    like a seperate button (anchor).
    You can include images into your HTML
    documents using the <IMG>tag.
    In

    your Web page do a:

    <IMGSRC=file.gif>

    A standard source for some basic icons is in:


    ServerRoot/icons
    Note

    that many different graphics files formats

    are understood: gif, tiff, jpeg, etc.

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