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Material and Energy Balances for Engineers and Environmentalists Downloaded from www.worldscientific.
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epiLO&ue
With apologies to:
"Ozymandias" by Percy Bysshe Shelley, 1792-1822
I met a traveller from a Northern land

who said: Four vast and cabless rims of chrome
stand in the desert... Near them, on the sand
half sunk, some rusted metal lies, whose frame,
and sparking tip, and gears of cast compound
tell that its owner well those fashions led
which yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things,
by glossy ad extolled and iso-octane fed.
And on the engine block these words appear:
"My name is Suv-Humongous, King of Kings:
Look on my power, ye mighty, and despair!"
Nothing beside remains.

Round the decay of that colossal wreck,
boundless and bare
the lone and level sands stretch
faraway...
Material and Energy Balances for Engineers and Environmentalists Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com
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IND6X
A
Absolute pressure and temperature 31-34
Accumulation
energy balance 160
example calculation
population 10,239
recycle material balance 134,136
unsteady-state
energy balance 240,244
material balance 239,243
M&E balance 241,245,247
water in reservoir 9
general balance equation 6,13
material balance 98
non-process elements 131
recycle loops 131
unsteady-state processes 236
Activity 42,55
Adiabatic
batch equilibrium reactor 214
flame temperature 184
example calculation 206
flash separation
process
energy balance 176
pump, heat, decompose water 170
silver-zinc battery 165
simultaneous M&E balance 225
work (power) in compression/expansion 175
Adsorption isotherm 49
Albedo 248
Amagat'slaw 34
Ammonia production 225

Ammonium nitrate production 91
Antibiotic production 87,142
Antoine equation 44,48
Antoine constants (table) 45
example calculation
bubble point and dew point 49
Raoult'slaw 46
vapour pressure of water 36
Atmosphere
example calculation
Earth, carbon balance 103,149
global warming 247
pressure equivalents (table) 31
Atom/element balance 9,16,99
combustion reaction 180
example calculation
biochemical process 142
combustion process 152
direct methanol fuel cell 18
environmental process 149
thermal power generation 204,205
general balance equation 9
B
Batch process 14,100,236,239
Batch reactor
example calculation
energy balance, electric battery 165
equilibrium vs. actual conversion 57
material balance 100
unsteady-state M&E balance 241
258
Material and Energy Balances for Engineers and Environmentalists
Battery 165,175,176
example calculation, energy balance 165
Bernoulli equation 169
Biochemical process 1
example calculation
M&E balance 198
Biological system 236
Biomass
example calculation
material balance, ethanol 149
M&E balance, global warming 247
heat of combustion 180
Blower 89
Bubble-point (and dew-point) 47,48
C
Capital cost 92,93
Carbon dioxide
carbon cycle
ethanolfrombiomass 149
global warming 247
material balance
atmosphere of Earth 103,149,249
internal combustion engine 11
space station 102
Chemical equation 51
Chemical process 1,2,170,171,207,208,236
Chemical reaction 51,90
conversion, extent, selectivity, yield 53,117
energy balance 174,183,195
equilibrium constant 55
equilibrium vs. actual conversion 56,57
homogeneous vs. heterogeneous 69
reaction rate (kinetics) 56,57,117
stoichiometry, limiting reactant 51
Circular reference (spreadsheet) 138

Clausius-Clapeyron equation 44
Climate change 1,216
greenhouse effect 246
water vapourfromjet engine 19
Closed system 14,100,239
example calculation
energy balance 163,164,165,240
M&E balance 241
simultaneous M&E balance 213,214
Closure 118
example calculation 131,134
iteration of recycle balance 131,138,184
mass balance 118,131
Combustion 180,181
dew point, product gas 48
energy balance 180
example calculation
dew point 49
limiting reactant, ethane 53
material balance, ethane 152
material balance, gasoline 11
M&E balance, fuel oil 204
Component 88,89
Composition 88,89
Compressibility factor 38
Compression/expansion of ideal gas 175
Compressor 174,175
Computer 86
energy balance 178
material balance 138,140,141
M&E balance 216
Concentration
common measures (table) 42
Conceptual flowsheet 86,87,93
Condensation 35,44,45,48
Index
Conservation (elements, mass, energy) 8,9

Conserved and changing quantities 7, 9
Continuous process 103,166,215,243
Continuous reactor 112,117
Convergence (iteration) 138,183
Conversion 54,117
example calculation
continuous stirred tank reactor 117
equilibrium vs. actual 57
extent, selectivity and yield 54
material balances 127-141
M&E balance 224,225
Critical temperature and pressure 38
common gases (table) 38
D
Dalton'slaw 34,47
Degrees of freedom 36,122,127,176,177
energy balance (table) 176,177
example calculation
M&E balance 227,230
phase rule 37
material balance (table) 127
thermodynamic, phase rule 36
Density 39,41
Design problem 123,212
Dew-point (and bubble-point) 47,48
with non-condensable gas 48
Differential balance 13,104,160,166,168,
236,246
example calculation
atmosphere of Earth 247
batch heater 240
batch reactor 58,241
continuous mixer 243,244
259
continuous mixer/heater 245
population 239
Differential equation 13,239
Dimensions and units 24,26,28
M&E balances (table) 25
Direct contact heat exchanger 222
Dispersion 69
Distribution coefficient 56
common L/L systems (table) 50
example calculation
antibiotic production 142
L/L equilibrium separator 115
Divider 88,89
example calculation
energy balance 184
generic material balance 105
subsidiary relations 113
E
Earth 1,2
carbon dioxide in atmosphere 103,247
climate change 246
M&E balance 152,216,247
population 239
Ecological system 86,216
Economic viability 92,93
Electrical work (power) 162,175,176
Electrochemical process 1
example calculation
energy balance, silver-zinc battery 165
material balance, chlorate 145
M&E balance, fuel cell 201
Element/atom balance 9,99,143,152,205
Energy 6,160
conservation 8, 9
exotic 162
general balance equation 14,160
260
inter-conversion with mass 8

internal 63,73
kinetic, potential, surface 63,68
Energy balance 63,160,168,212
closure 178
combustion 180,204
closed system 163,164,165
combustion 204
open system 168,184,193,195,198,202,
204,244
processing water 170
recycle process 196
first law of thermodynamics 162
generic process units 184
heat of formation method 171
heat of reaction method 173
sequential modular method 183
specification (table) 177,212
spreadsheet calculation 178
Enthalpy 9,15,63,171,238
energy balance (heat balance) 171
Enthalpy-concentration diagram 75
energy balance 173
example calculation 76,193,194
graphical interpretation 76
sulphuric acid-water (Figure) 75
Entropy 9,15
Entropy balance 176
Environment 1,90,216,247
Equilibrium
constant 55,56,214
conversion 56,117,214
reactor 117,214
separator 114,121,218
Ethanol
from biomass, material balance 149
from glucose, M&E balance 198
Euler's method
global warming 249
unsteady-state M&E balance 242,246
Exotic energy terms 69,162
Expansion/compression of ideal gas 175
example calculation, energy balance 164
Extent of reaction 53
example calculation
conversion, yield and selectivity 54
F
Faraday's law 146,165,203
Fermentation
example calculation
antibioticfromlactose 142
ethanolfromglucose 198
First law of thermodynamics 160,162,207
Flash split (separator)
example calculation
adiabatic 218
isothermal 122
How 32,91,127
Flowsheet 86
basic process units 88
process engineering 86,87,91
spreadsheet calculation
energy balance 178
with stream table 91,140,141
Fossil fuel 103,247
Fuel
combustion 60,180,247
example calculation 11,19,53,152,
204
heat of formation 180
heating value 60,180,182
Fuel cell
electrical work (power) 176
Index
example calculation
direct methanol 17
hydrogen economy 230
M&E balance 201
G
Gas 32,34,35
Gas compression/expansion 175
Gas law 38
Gas-liquid system 44
Gas-solid system 49
Gauge pressure 31
General balance equation 6,13,21
energy balance 160
example calculation
jet engine 19
multi-stage process 16,18
population of a country 10
water reservoir 9
material balance 98
Global climate 236
Global warming 247
Glucose (fermentation) 198
Greenhouse (gas) effect 149,247
Gross economic potential 92
H
Heat 174,160,165,176,209
Heat balance 171
Heat capacity 61,64-66
constant pressure and constant volume 61
enthalpy 64-66
mean heat capacity (table) 63
261
polynomial function, coefficients (table)
62
variation, pressure, temperature, phase
62
Heat exchanger 88,89
chemical process, heat transfer 174
energy balance 179
example calculation
batch heater 240
continuous heater 245
generic energy balance 183
Heat of combustion 60
biomass 180
grossvs.net 60,182
Heat of formation 59
energy balance 172
heat of combustion 180
specific enthalpy 64
Heat of formation method 171,173,183,208
Heat of fusion 60,66
Heat of mixing 70,75
energy balance calculations 172
enthalpy-concentration diagram 70,75
sulphuric acid-water (table) 70
Heat of phase change 60,64
Heat of reaction 59,172
Heat of reaction method
combustion problems 180,181
Heat of solution 70
solids in water (table) 70
Heat of vaporisation 60,64,66,73
Heat transfer 174,176
Heat transfer coefficient 28,29,174
262
Heating value 60,182

Henry's constant (table) 46
Henry's law 46
Hydrocarbon combustion 60
example calculation
ethane 53,152
gasoline 11
kerosene 19
oil 204
Hydrogen economy 230
Hydrogen fuel cell 201
Hydrogen sulphide (gas sweetening) 147
I
Ideal gas 34,38,39,40,43,175
Ideal mixture 45,69,70
Industrial chemical process 1,15,91,104
Ingenuity gap 216,234
Integral balance 13,98,166
Internal energy 15,63,238
Isothermal
compression/expansion of gas 175
flash split, material balance 122
process, energy balance 177
Iterative sequential modular method
closure, material balance 119
energy balance 183
recycle material balance 131,138
K
Kinetic and potential energy 68
chemical process energy balance 171
differential M&E balance 238
Kinetics (reaction) 56,117
L
Latent heat 60,65,173
Limiting reactant 53
Liquid 35
Liquid-gas system 44
example calculation
adiabatic flash 218
bubble and dew points 49
isothermal flash 122
Raoult's and Henry's laws 46
Liquid-liquid system 50
Liquid-solid system 59
M
Mass 24
conservation 8,9,52,118
conversion to moles 51
general balance equation 8,9,15
units (table) 24,25
Mass balance 9,18
closure 118,131
Mass fraction and mole fraction 42,43
Material and energy balance 1,6,8,24,
86
computer 86,138,178,184
example calculation
ammonia production 225
batch reactor 241
drained and heated tank 245
generic recycle process 227
hydrogen/air fuel cell 201
Index
process economics 93
thermal power generation 204
flowsheet and stream table 92,178
non-nuclear vs. nuclear process 8
simultaneous 212
specification 212
triple bottom line accounting 86
Material balance 6,14,93,98,237
atom/element, mass, mole 9,99
closed system 100,239
closure 118
energy balance, basis 160,178
example calculation
atmosphere of Earth 103,247
batch reactor 100
continuous stirred tank reactor 117
electrochemical process 145
environmental system 149
mixer 243
multi-unit process 128,131,134
partial combustion 99
population 11,239
reactor 117
recycle process 133
recycle process with purge 134
separator 115,116,120,121
sequential modular solution 128
simultaneous solution 129
space station 101
stage-wise vs. overall 16
thermochemical process 147
water 9,101,247
multiple process units 126
open system 103,243
263
sequential vs. simultaneous solution 126
specification (table) 127
Mechanical energy balance 169
Mechanical work (power) 162,175
Method of sequential modular solution 126,128
Method of simultaneous solution 126,129
Mixer 88,89,90
example calculation
generic 105
Mixing 69
dispersion vs. solution 69
heat of mixing 70
ideal vs. non-ideal mixtures 45,70
types of mixtures 69
Modelling 24,86,246
Molar mass (molecular weight) 6,52
Molar volume 42
Mole 9,15,51
Mole balance 9,99
Mole fraction and mass fraction 42,43
Momentum 9,15
Momentum balance 176
Multi-phase equilibria 44
Multiple process units 126
example calculation
sequential modular solution 128,131,134
simultaneous solution 129,133
N
Natural gas sweetening 147
Natural system 90,236
264
Net economic potential 92

Nitrogen (in combustion process) 20,152,
180
Non-condensable gas 46,48
Non-ideal gas 38
Non-ideal mixture 45,47,69,70,75
Numerical methods
energy balance 184
solution of differential equation 239,242,
246
spreadsheet calculations 119,242
O
Open system 14,103,166,215,243
energy balance 168
example calculation
energy balance 167,184,191,193,195,196,
244
material balance 16,19,103,108,128,131,
136,142,145,147,149,152,243
M&E balance 198,201,204
simultaneous M&E balance 217,225,227,
230,247
generic process units 104,183
industrial chemical processes 104
Overall balance 16,99,215
example calculation
P
Partial pressure and volume 34
Phase 35,88,89
energy balance 172
equilibria 44
heat capacity 6
M&E balance 176,178

specific enthalpy 64,65,66
Phase rule 36,177
Phase split 37,76,212,213,218
Photochemical process 1
Photosynthesis 149
Photovoltaic cell 176,230
Physical quantities 24,25
Physico-chemical process 1
Population (material balance) 1,10,239
Potential and kinetic energy 15,68,161,
Power (and work) 162
battery, fuel cell, electro-reactor 176
compression/expansion of ideal gas
175
example calculation 170,189,191,196,
201,227,230
mixing 177
pumping liquid 175
Pressure 25,31,176,177,178
absolute vs. gauge 31
difference 31,32
standard atmosphere (table) 31
Pressure drop 33,178
Process
control 236,246
design 86,93,178,246
economics 92
engineering 86,90,92
modelling 86,88,236
stream 91
unit 86,88,90,104,183,215
variables 31,91,176
concentration 42
density 39
171
Index
flow 91
phase 35
pressure 31
specific gravity 41
temperature 32
Psychrometric chart 77
thermodynamic properties 71
water vapour-air (diagram) 78
Pump 88,89,90
example calculation
power 175
Purge 131
Q
Quality 73
Quantity and system 6,7,16,98,160
R
Raoult'slaw 45
Reaction
conversion, extent, selectivity, yield 53
equilibrium 55,57
example calculation 52-54,57,117,241
heat, thermochemistry 58,59
kinetics, rates 53,56
stoichiometry 51
Reactor 88,90,117,212
chemical vs. nuclear 90
example calculation
conversion 57,117,214,241
265
residence time 56,117
subsidiary relations 117
Recycle 131
accumulation 131
chemical process 131
energy balance 183
example calculation
material balance 131,142,145,147,149
iterative sequential modular method
131
Reduced pressure and temperature 38
Reference state 63-66,173
element vs. compound 171,173,208
Return on investment 92
Runaway greenhouse effect 247
Rule of thumb 178,209
S
Saturation 73,77-79
Selectivity 53,54
Sensible heat 65,172
Separator 89,90
example calculation
Sequential modular method 126
energy balance 183
example calculation
266
Shaft work (power) 175

Significant figures 29
Simultaneous algebraic equations 119
Simultaneous M&E balance 212
climate change 216
example calculation
adiabatic separator 218
ammonia synthesis 225
batch reactor 214
continuous reactor 224
direct contact heat exchanger 223
hydrogen economy
indirect contact heat exchanger
222
mixer 217
phase split 213
recycle process 227
multiple process units 215
specification 212
Simultaneous solution method 126,183
Sodium chlorate production
Solar radiation
example calculation
Solid 35
Solid-gas system 49
Solid-liquid systems 50
Solids and liquids (equation of state) 39
Solubility 50
common substances in water (table) 51
Space station 1
Species 88,89
Specific enthalpy 65
example calculation 64-67
from tables and charts 71,73
graphical interpretation 66
Specific gravity 41
Specific heat see Heat capacity
Specific volume 41
Specification 122,176,183
energy balance (table) 177
example calculation (mixer) 124
material balance (table) 122
Split fraction 114,173
Splitter 89,114 see Divider
Spreadsheet 138
M&E balance 184,216,242,246,249
Standard state 56
Steady-state 14,92,104,183
example calculation
energybalance 184,191,193,195,
196
material balance 108,115,117,120,124,
128,131,134,142,145,147,149,152
M&E balance 198,201,204,217,225,
227,230
generic process units 104,183
Steam table 71,73
condensed version (table) 72
energybalance 173,183
example calculation
energybalance 170,194,195
phase, volume and enthalpy 74
water phase split 213
Stoichiometry 51
combustion reaction 11,19,180
conversion, extent, selectivity, yield 54
267
Index
example calculation
limiting reactant 53
reaction masses 11,17,19,52
Stream table
chemical process 91,92,176,178
material balance 108,138,141,142
spreadsheet 138,140
Subsidiary relations 113,127
Sulphuric acid
enthalpy-concentration diagram 75
example calculation
heat of mixing (table) 70
Sun see Solar radiation
Surface energy 68,162
Sustainable (development) 216,230,247
System and quantity 6,7,16,98,160
T
Temperature 32,176
absolute vs. relative 32
example calculation
adiabatic
compression 191
flame 204
flash 218
battery 165
energy balance 163,184,191,193,196,
198,201,204
falling mass 163
heated gas 32
M&E balance 213,214,218,222,223,
227,241,245,247
gas compression 175
heat exchanger 89,179
specification in energy balance 176,177,178
Temperature difference 32,174
Thermal load, thermal duty 174
Thermochemical process 1
example calculation
material balance 11,18,19,147,
152
M&E balance 241
simultaneous M&E balance 217,225,
227
Thermochemical values (table) 58
Thermochemistry 58
Thermodynamic chart/diagram 71,75,77
energy balance, reference state 173,
208
example calculation 76,79,193,194
non-reactive energy balance 183
Thermodynamic properties 71
calculation 59-66
tables, diagrams and reference states 71
water (steam table) 72,73
water vapour-air (pyschrometric chart)
77,78
Thermodynamic table 71,179
steam table (condensed version) 72
Threshold effects 216
Transient conditions 236
Triple bottom line 86
Triple point 35,72,73
Turbine 175
U
Units (chemical process) 86-89
generic energy balances 183-190
generic material balances 104-114
simultaneous M&E balances 215-224
Units (physical quantities) 24
basic and derived (table) 25
rules for manipulating 26
SI to Imperial/American (table) 28
268
Unsteady-state 14,236,237
example calculation
simultaneous M&E balance 245,241,247
Utilities 174
Utility load 171,174
V
Vacuum 31
Vapour 35
Vapour pressure 44,46
Antoine equation 44
Clausius-Clapeyron equation 44
common substances (table) 44
Vapour-liquid equilibrium 44
example calculation
adiabatic flash 218
combustion 152
direct contact heat exchanger 222
electrochemical process 201
isothermal flash 122
Raoult's law and Henry's law 45

water phase split 213
Variable (process) 31,91,122-127,176-177
Volume 9,15,25,34,38,39,41
W
Water 73,101,213,247
Work(andpower) 162,174,175,177,209
example calculation
electrolysis 230
fuel cell 201
gas compression 191,230
photovoltaic cell 230
processing water 170
pumping liquid 196,227
Y
Yield 54
example calculation
competitive reactions 54
continuous process 128
recycle process 131
recycle process plus purge 136

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Material and Energy Balances for Engineers and Environmentalists Downloaded from www.worldscientific.

I met a traveller from a Northern land

Nothing beside remains.

This page is intentionally left blank

Ammonia production 225

Material and Energy Balances for Engineers and Environmentalists

Circular reference (spreadsheet) 138

Conservation (elements, mass, energy) 8,9

general balance equation 14,160

Material and Energy Balances for Engineers and Environmentalists

inter-conversion with mass 8

Material and Energy Balances for Engineers and Environmentalists

Heating value 60,182

Material and Energy Balances for Engineers and Environmentalists

Net economic potential 92

M&E balance 176,178

Material and Energy Balances for Engineers and Environmentalists

Shaft work (power) 175

Material and Energy Balances for Engineers and Environmentalists

Raoult's law and Henry's law 45

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