UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

LABORATORY MANUAL

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III

(CHE574)

1.0 REPORTING PRACTICAL WORK

1.1 Raw Data
Students must submit their raw data, graph or drawing to the instructor at the end of each
experiment. The raw data should be presented in tabular form and all measurements
performed according to the instructions in this lab manual should b e included on a sheet
of A4 paper. The following particulars should also be included:
Name of experiment
Name of the students in the group
Date experiment performed
A short comment is expected on whether the results substantiated the theory and
factors which contribute to discrepancies. A full report must be submitted within
two weeks after the completion of the experiment.
1.2 Full Report
The general order of the various sections of a full report is as below:
Front cover
Table of contents
Abstract/summary
Introduction
Aims/objectives
Theory
Apparatus

 Experimental procedure
Results
Sample calculations
Sample error calculations
Discussion
Conclusion
Recommendations
References
Appendices
1.3 Abstract/Summary
The summary is important because it provides information to persons not wanting to read
the whole report. The summary should also contain the general conclusions of any
experimental work under the test conditions and recommendations (if any). It should not
discuss the reasoning or detailed evidence that is contained in the body of the report.
Most importantly, the summary must be brief (1 paragraph).
1.4 Equipment Description and Experimental Techniques
Enough should be said of the equipment and techniques so that the reader could operate
the equipment if necessary.
1.5 Calculated Results
A summary of the calculated results should be clearly tabulated. Related variables should
be represented graphically where dependence needs to be shown.

1.6 Sample Calculations

A sample calculation from a set of raw data obtained must be presented in the report
showing all appropriate formulae used to obtain the final calculated result.
1.7 Error Calculations
It is important to show the calculation of errors as the reader will know how efficient the
experiment has been carried out. The experimental error calculation can be carried out by
comparing it with the expected theoretical values.
1.8 Results and Discussion
In this section, the results of the experiments are presented as a fulfillment of the aim. A
coordinated analysis of what the data and calculated results mean is presented. The
overall impression of the meaning of the experiment and its significance in the light of
published work or established theory should be apparent from the analysis.
The material should be presented logically. Even the most complicated explanation or
theory can be conveyed easily to the reader if broken down and presented in a logical
sequence. If the discussion is long, its organization should be facilitated by the use of
subdivisions and headings.
The discussion is more detailed than the abstract/summary in that it will include the
opinion/reasoning of the author about various aspects of the experiment. The limitations
of the experiment must be discussed and the accuracy of the result noted.
This section must also show that the significance of the experimental findings has been
appreciated. Recommended journals, textbooks or lecture notes will provide an aid to
such an understanding.

1.9 Conclusions
The analysis must be objective, keeping in mind experimental problems or deviations
from conditions reported in published work and making a conclusion, if possible, in the
light of this.
1.10 Recommendations
The recommendations should indicate how experimental techniques or apparatus could
be improved in light of the conclusions arrived at and the consistency of the experimental
results in relation to the theory. It is also wise to include the observations which might
have caused errors during the course of the experiment.
1.11 References
References provide the reader with the sources of information that were used during the
writing of the experimental report. Reporting the names of the books and journals
referenced must follow a standard format that includes the author, journal, title, volume,
date and publisher.
1.12 Appendices
Appendices contain material that is not an integral part of the report or cannot be
included conveniently in the body of the report.
It could include material such as supporting information, mathematical derivations or any
material that would overload the body of the report without contributing significantly to
the immediate line of thought.

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA
PROCESS ENGINEERING LABORATORY II
(CHE574)
NAME
STUDENT NO.
GROUP
EXPERIMENT
DATE PERFORMED
SEMESTER
PROGRAMME / CODE
SUBMIT TO
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

Title

Abstract/Summary
Introduction
Aims
Theory
Apparatus
Methodology/Procedure
Results
Calculations
Discussion
Conclusion
Recommendations
Reference
Appendix
TOTAL MARKS
Remarks:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Allocated Marks (%)

Marks

5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
20
10
5
5
5
100

Checked by :

Rechecked by:

---------------------------

---------------------------

Date :

Date :

3.0 SAFETY PROCEDURES IN LABORATORY

Laboratory safety is the top priority and this requires all people in the lab to be observing
safe practices at all times! Following are some safety and procedural rules to help guide
you in protecting yourself and others from injury in the laboratory.
DO
1) MUST use PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS.
2) MUST wear proper ATTIRE and LAB COAT when you are in lab.
3) Long hair MUST be tied back and dangling jewelry and loose or baggy clothing
must be secured.
4) Shoes MUST completely cover the foot. No sandals are allowed.
5) MUST reports any accidents, injury, fire or emergency happen to the
LECTURER/LAB TECHNICIAN immediately.
6) MUST take CAUTION when handle with glass apparatus.
7) MUST know the location and understand the operation of:
- FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
- SAFETY SHOWER
- EYE WASH STATION
- FIRST AID KIT
- FIRE ALARM
- EMERGENCY EXIT ROUTE
8) MUST strictly follow laboratory safety principles.
9) Perform only those experiments authorized by the instructor. Never do anything
in the laboratory that is not called for in the laboratory procedures or by your
instructor.
10) Observe good housekeeping practices. Work areas should be kept clean and tidy
at all times.
11) Dispose of all chemical waste properly. Never mix chemicals in sink drains.
12) Wash your hands with soap and water after performing all experiments.
DONT
1) Strictly NOT allowed to use combustible solution near to the open fire.
2) Strictly NOT allowed to heat combustible solution on the hot plate.
3) Strictly NOT allowed to EAT, DRINK and SMOKE in the lab.
4) Never return unused chemicals to their original containers.

4.0 INSTRUCTION FOR OPEN ENDED LAB

4.1 Gas Diffusion Unit (L1)

The diffusivity of the vapour of a volatile liquid in air can be conveniently determined by
Winklemanns method in which liquid is contained in a narrow diameter vertical tube,
maintained at a constant temperature, and an air stream is passed over the top of the tube
to ensure that the partial pressure of the vapour is transferred from the surface of the
liquid to the air stream by molecular diffusion.

The apparatus used for this experiment is the Gas Diffusion Apparatus that consists of an
acrylic assembly which is sub-divided into two compartments. One compartment is
constructed from clear acrylic and is used as a constant temperature water bath. The
other compartment incorporates an air pump and the necessary electrical controls for
the equipment. The assembly is mounted on adjustable feet.

Questions
1. You are required to determine the suitable methodology for this experiment.
2. Construct a suitable graph from your data to calculate the diffusivity, D.
3. Use different temperatures and comment on the effect of temperature on the
diffusivity, D.

4.2 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (L2)

Reactor is the heart of any process in industry. Reactor can be classified into two types;
continuous stirred tank reactor and a plug flow reactor. Both of this type of reactor can be
operate in a continuous and a batch mode depending on the nature of the reaction. Reactor
can be equip with a heating or cooling coil for heating process or cooling process. It is
depending on the nature of reaction which is exothermic or endothermic. A reactor also
can be equip with bed of catalyst for a better reaction processes.

Questions
1. You are required to determine the suitable methodology by using the continuous
stirred tank reactor available in the laboratory.
2. Develop a simple reaction by using chemical available in the laboratory and
conduct the experiment in a batch and in a continuous stirred tank reactor. Choose
only a non-hazardous chemical to run the experiment. Please consult the
laboratory technician for the choice of chemicals.
3. Determine the order of reaction, the reaction rate and the relationship between
conversion, reaction rate, reactor volume and feed rate.
4. Vary the reaction temperature and investigate the relation between temperature
and reaction rate.

4.3 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor in Series (L3)

Reactor is the heart of any process in industry. Reactor can be classified into two types;
continuous stirred tank reactor and a plug flow reactor. Both of this type of reactor can be
operate in a continuous and a batch mode depending on the nature of the reaction.
Reactor can be equip with a heating or cooling coil for heating process or cooling
process. It is depending on the nature of reaction which is exothermic or endothermic. A
reactor also can be equip with bed of catalyst for a better reaction processes. For a high
capacity reaction, either a series of reactor or a single huge reactor is use.

Questions
1. You are required to determine the suitable methodology by using the continuous
stirred tank reactor in series available in the laboratory.
2. Develop a simple reaction by using chemical available in the laboratory and
conduct the experiment in a batch and in a continuous stirred tank reactor. Choose
only a non-hazardous chemical to run the experiment. Please consult the
laboratory technician for the choice of chemicals.
3. Determine the conductivity of the reaction for each of the reactor. Investigate the
changes of the conductivity throughout time.