International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4Issue4- April 2013

Energy Efficient Micro controller Based

Automation System
#1

M.AARTHI , M.ANIL KUMAR

*2

Department of Electronics and communications Engineering, K L University

Vaddeswaram, Guntur, AP, India
*

Asst Professor
Department of Electronics and communications Engineering, K L University
Vaddeswaram, Guntur, AP, India
Abstract with advancement of technology the ease with which we
are getting accesses to electrical products is increasing and with
that the power consumption is also increasing. Most of the power is
being wasted because we forget to switch of a light or a fan when it
is not required. while in a household the wastage due to this is
small imagine a visitor's for about 200 people where the attendant
forgot to switch of the lights and fans. They would be running all
the night wasting a lot of power. So in this paper talks about a
system which effectively shuts down the basic appliance when they
are not required the basic definitions needed to understand the
Project better.
Keywords-Automation, 8051 micro controller, LDR, LED, ADC,
Relays, LCD display, Sensors, Stepper motor, PIR sensor

I. INTRODUCTION

With advancement of technology things are

becoming simpler and easier for us. Automation is
the use of control systems and information
technologies to reduce the need for human work in
the production of goods and services. In the scope of
industrialization, automation is a step beyond
mechanization. Whereas mechanization provided
human operators with machinery to assist them with
the muscular requirements of work, automation
greatly decreases the need for human
sensory
and
mental
requirements
as
well.
Automation plays an increasingly important role in
the world economy and in daily experience.
Automatic systems are being preferred over
manual system. Through this project we have tried to
show automatic control of house appliance as a result

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of which power is saved

II. NEED OF AUTOMATION

Let us see why automated systems are being used

a) An automated device can replace good amount of
human working force, moreover humans are more
prone to errors and in intensive conditions the
probability of error increases whereas, an automated
device can work with diligence, versatility and with
almost zero error. Replacing human operators in tasks
that involve hard physical or monotonous work.
Replacing humans in tasks done in dangerous
environments (i.e. fire, space, volcanoes, nuclear
facilities, underwater, etc). Performing tasks that are
beyond human capabilities of size, weight, speed,
endurance, etc.
b) Economy improvement: Automation may improve
in economy of enterprises, society or most of
humankind. For example, when an enterprise that has
invested in automation technology recovers its
investment, or when a state or country increases its
income due to automation like Germany or Japan in
the 20th Century.

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4Issue4- April 2013
III.SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

what is detected. In order to shape the FOV, i.e. Field

Of View of the sensor, the detector is equipped with
lenses in front of it. The lens used here is inexpensive
and lightweight plastic materials with transmission
characteristics suited for the desired wavelength range.
To cover much larger area, detection lens is split up
into multiple sections, each section of which is a
Fresnel lens. Fresnel lens condenses light. Providing a
larger range of IR to the sensor it can span over several
tens of degree width. Thus total configuration
improves immunity to changes in background
temperature, noise or humidity and causes a shorter
settling time of the output after a body moved in or out
the FOV.

Fig.1 System Architecture

A.PIR Sensor

PIR is basically made of Pyroelectric sensors to

develop an electric signal in response to a change in
the incident thermal radiation. Every living body
emits some low level radiations and the hotter the
body, the more is emitted radiation. Commercial PIR
sensors typically include two IR-sensitive elements
with opposite polarization housed in a hermetically
sealed metal with a window made of IR-transmissive
material (typically coated silicon to protect the
sensing element). When the sensor is idle, both slots
detect the same amount of IR, the ambient amount
radiated from the room or walls or outdoors. When a
warm body like a human or an animal passes by, it
first intercepts one half of the PIR sensor which causes
a positive differential change between the two halves.
When the warm body leaves the sensing area, the
reverse happens, whereby the sensor generates a
negative differential change. These change pulses are

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Fig.2 PIR Sensor output waveform

B .Power Supply
To power up any electronic circuit we require power
supply system which provides required power for the
system to operate. Here we need power supply for
driving MCU,PIR sensor,Temperature sensor and
ADC.We generally get 230Vac signal as mains supply
in most of the homes.we take this 230Vac signal and
convert it into 5Vdc signal to drive our
components.To convert AC to DC we can use either

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4Issue4- April 2013

linear power supply conversion or SMPS(switch

mode power supply).But using SMPS system gives us
very good conversion efficiency of about 80%.Here
we will briefly give a overview about basic
components used SMPS power supply design
Transformer
Rectifier
Input filter
PWM controller
Regulator
1) Transformer: This is a very important component in
power supply design.it is used for steeping down the
i/p
voltage
and
also
provide
galvanic
isolation.Depending on turn ratio used in transformer
we can determine the step down ratio.transformer
takes ac input and gives ac output.
2) Rectifier: Rectifier is a circuit which is used to
convert ac to dc. After transformer steps down the
input mains voltage we pass it through rectifier to
convert it to DC.we used 4 diodes in bridge
configuration for rectification.
3) Input filter: After rectification we obtain dc supply
from ac but it is not pure dc it may have some ac
ripples .To reduce these ripples we use
filters.generally a capacitor is used.
4) PWM controller:The dc output we got is chopped
using a high frequency switching circuit(PWM
switch)which switches according to it's duty cycle.
PWM controller takes feedback from final DC output
and depending on that it modifies the duty cycle for
the turn on and turn off periods.Now that we got a
high frequency signal from the PWM switch we pass
it through a transformer and then the AC output
obtained is converted to DC using rectifiers.
5) Regulator: Regulator is a device which provides
constant output
Voltage with varying input voltage. There are two
types of regulators(a) Fixed voltage regulator
(b) Adjustable regulator
We have used fixed voltage regulator LM78XX last
two digits signify output voltage. The voltage for our

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system is 5V that is why we have used 7805 regulator

which provides 5V from 12V dc.
C. Temperature Sensor

LM35: This is temperature sensor IC rated for full

-55 to + 150C temperature range. This is a
transducer IC that takes voltage input and gives a
voltage output proportional to the ambient
temperature. +VS pin is connected to the output pin of
LM7805 and the VOUT pin is connected to one of the
analog input channels available on MCU.
IV. WORKING

LDR output, PIR sensor output and temperature

sensor output is given to the analog to digital
converter.

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Fig.3 software flowchart

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4Issue4- April 2013

which it should turn on the heating system

The outputs from ADC is scanned by micro controller
in a cyclic manner from its input ports and compared
with the predetermined values stored in micro
controller.First the MCU scan's PIR Sensor port and
compares its value with 3v digital value. If it is
greater than that it means there is person present in
room and it should switch on the lights and fans. But
if there is enough light in room due to the natural sun
light, it is a waste of power to switch on light so, it
first checks for brightness in the room with the help
of LDR.
LDR means light dependent resistor. As the light
falling it on increases its Resistance decreases and
vice-verse.LDR is connected in series with a fixed
value resistor and a voltage of +5v is applied to the
combination. Voltage across LDR is given to ADC
and then imputed to MCU by experimenting with
different intensities of light we can have a voltage
value at which we want to turn on the light depending
on our needs. We can use this voltage value as
reference value in MCU code above which the light
should be turned on.
Now that it decided about light it sees weather to turn
on the cooling system such as fan. It takes the input
from a temperature sensor such as LM35 and checks
weather the temperature value it obtained is above the
internally stored value. If it greater it will turn on the
cooling system and if it is below it doesn't .we can
use internal storage value as 20c.

VI.CONCLUSION

This is a very low cost system for automating many

home appliances to save a lot of power by turning
them off when they are not required.It is also easy to
add more number of PIR sensor module to already
existing circuit to increase range of operation But the
main drawback of this is that PIR sensor is very
sensitive.It can detect IR radiations from our pet's like
dog's and cat's and are also sensitive to exposure from
direct sunlight and direct wind from heaters and air
conditioners

REFERENCES
[1] http://www.smartcomputing.com/editorial/article.asp?article=articles%2
F1995%2Fmar95%2Fpcn0323%2Fpcn0323.asp retrieved 2010 09 02
[2] "U.S. Patent 613809: Method of and apparatus for controlling
mechanism of moving vessels and vehicles". United States Patent and
Trademark Office. 1898-11-08. Retrieved 2010-06-16.
[3] William C. Mann (ed.) Smart technology for aging, disability and
independence : the state of the science, John Wiley and Sons, 2005 0471-69694-3, pp. 34-66
[4] M. Moghavvemi and C.S. Lu, "Pyroelectric infrared sensor for intruder
detection," in Proc. TENCON 2004 Conf., pp. 656-659.
[5] Schneider Electric. PDL PIR Sensor Technical Guide. [Online].
Available:
http://www.pdlglobal.comlbrochures/PIRSensorsTechnicalBooklet.pdf.
[6] http://www.ladyada.net/learn/sensors/pir.html
[7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_infrared_sensor
[8]Zamshed Iqbal Chowdhury, Masudul Haider Imtiaz,Muhammad Moinul
Azam, Mst. Rumana Aktar Sumi and Nafisa Shahera Nur."Design and
Implementation of Pyroelectric Infrared Sensor Based Security System Using
Microcontroller",Proceeding of the 2011 IEEE Students' Technology Symposium,lIT
Kharagpur,14th-16th Jan, 2011.

V. IMPROVEMENTS

By doing some small modification's in the code we

can enhance this project
If the temperature sensed by the temperature
sensor is very high like 45c if most probably means
some thing nearby is on fire. so we can add a buzzer
to our circuit we would sound the alarm above 45c.
We are considering only cooling system to
turn on but if we have a heating system too we can
turn it on but setting a upper limit in the MCU below

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