Muscular System Disease

Disease
Cerebral Palsy

Definition,
sign &
symptoms
Cerebral Palsy is one of the
diseases that affects the
muscular system, where a
persons posture, balance
and motor functions are
affected. Brain damage
during or before childbirth
causes loss of muscle tone,
causing problems carrying
out physical tasks in
children. It is one of the
most common congenital
disorders.
The classical symptoms are
spasticities, spasms, other
involuntary movements
(e.g., facial gestures),
unsteady gait, problems
with balance, and/or soft
tissue findings consisting
largely of decreased
muscle mass. Scissor
walking (where the knees
come in and cross) and toe
walking (which can
contribute to a gait
reminiscent of a
marionette) are common
among people with CP who
are able to walk, but taken
on the whole, CP
symptomatology is very
diverse. The effects of
cerebral palsy fall on a
continuum of motor
dysfunction, which may
range from slight
clumsiness at the mild end
of the spectrum to
impairments so severe that
they render coordinated
movement virtually
impossible at the other end
of the spectrum.

Prevention

Medication

In those at risk of an early

delivery magnesium
sulphate appears to
decrease the risk of
cerebral palsys. It is
unclear if it helps those
who are born at term.

Botulinum toxin injections

are given into muscles that
are spastic or sometimes
dystonic, the aim being to
reduce the muscle
hypertonus that can be
painful. A reduction in
muscle tone can also
facilitate bracing and the
use of orthotics. Most often
lower extremity muscles
are injected. Botulinum
toxin is focal treatment,
meaning that a limited
number of muscles can be
injected at the same time.
The effect of the toxin is
reversible and a reinjection
is needed every 46
months

Cooling high-risk full-term

babies shortly after birth
may reduce disability.

Muscular
Dystrophy

Muscular
dystrophy (MD) is a
group of muscle
diseases that weaken
the musculoskeletal syst
em and hamper
locomotion.Muscular
dystrophies are
characterized by
progressive skeletal
muscleweakness,
defects in
muscle proteins, and the
death of
muscle cells and tissue.
Symptoms :
*Progressive muscular
wasting
*Poor balance
*Drooping eyelids
*Inability to walk
*Frequent falls
*Waddling gait
*Calf deformation
*Limited range of
movement
*Respiratory difficulty
*Joint contractures
*Muscle spasms
*Gowers' sign

There is no specific
treatment for any of the
forms of muscular
dystrophy. Physiotherapy,
aerobic exercise, low
intensity anabolic
steroids,prednisone suppl
ements may help to
prevent contractures and
maintain muscle
tone. Orthoses (orthopedi
c appliances used for
support) and
corrective orthopedic
surgery may be needed to
improve the quality of life
in some cases.

There is no known cure for

muscular dystrophy, although
significant headway is being
made withantisense
oligonucleotides. Physical
therapy, occupational
therapy, orthotic intervention
(e.g., ankle-foot orthosis),
speech therapy and
orthopedic instruments (e.g.,
wheelchairs, standing
frames and powered mobile
arm supports) may be helpful.
Inactivity (such as bed rest,
sitting for long periods)
andbodybuilding efforts to
increase myofibrillar
hypertrophy can worsen the
disease.

Fibrodysplasia
Ossificans
Progressiva

Fibrodysplasia ossificans
progressiva (FOP),
sometimes referred to
as Stone Man Syndrome, is
an extremely rare disease
of the connective tissue.
A mutation of the body's
repair mechanism causes
fibrous tissue
(including muscle, tendon,
and ligament) to
be ossified spontaneously
or when damaged. In many
cases, injuries can cause
joints to become
permanently frozen in
place. Surgical removal of
the extra bone growths has
been shown to cause the
body to "repair" the
affected area with more
bone.
For unknown reasons,
children born with FOP
have deformed big toes,
possibly missing a joint or
simply presenting with a
notable lump at the minor
joint. The first "flare-up"
that leads to the formation
of FOP bones usually
occurs before the age of 10.
The bone growth
progresses from the top
downward, just as bones
grow in fetuses. A child
with FOP will typically
develop bones starting at
the neck, then on the
shoulders, arms, chest area
and finally on the feet.

General: There is currently

no known method of
prevention for fibrodysplasia
ossificans progressiva
(FOP). Most cases occur
randomly and are not
passed down among
families. Below are some
ways to help prevent flareups and reduce the risk of
FOP complications.
*Avoid unnecessary
intramuscular injections
*Good oral hygiene
*Minimize the risk of
traumatic injuries
*Recommended physical
activities

There is no known cure for

FOP. Attempts to surgically
remove the bone result in
more robust bone
growth. While
under anesthesia, patients
with FOP may face
problems, which include
difficulties
with intubation, restrictive
pulmonary disease, and
changes in the electrical
conduction system of the
heart. Activities that
increase the risk of falling
should be avoided, as
injuries from falling can
provoke the growth of
bone.

Dermatomyosi
tis

The inflammatory
myopathy that leads to
chronic muscle and skin
inflammation is called
dermatomyositis. This
is a progressive
autoimmune disease of
the connective tissues
that causes muscle
weakness. The
dermatomyositis
symptoms include
muscle pain, hardened
calcium deposits under
the skin,
gastrointestinal ulcers,
intestinal perforations,
lung problems, fever,
fatigue and weight loss.
It leads to a red or
violet colored skin rash
on the face, hands,
knees, chest and back.
There is no cure for this
progressive muscle
weakness but can be
controlled using
corticosteroids and
immunosuppressive
drugs.
The main symptoms
include skin rash and
symmetric proximal
muscle weakness (in
over 90% of patients)
which may be
accompanied by pain.
The pain may resemble
the type experienced
after strenuous
exercise. Some
dermatomyositis
patients have little
pain, while in others
(esp. in JDM), the pain
may be severe. It is
important to remember

There are no known

This disease has no known
ways to prevent
cure. Specialized exercise
dermatomyositis.
therapy may supplement
treatment to enhance quality
of life.
Medications to help relieve
symptoms include:
1. Prednisolone
2. Methotrexate
3. Mycophenolate
4. Hydroxychloroquine
5. Intravenous
immunoglobulin
6. Azathioprine
7. Cyclophosphamide
8. Tacrolimus
9. Infliximab
10. Rituximab

that this condition

varies from person to
person in many ways.
Also in many cases
muscle may deteriorate
and render the patient
temporarily paralyzed
unable to walk, run, get
out of bed, or even
swallow food and
liquids.

Chronic
compartment
syndrome

Chronic compartment
syndrome caused by
compression of the
blood vessels, nerves
and muscles within a
closed area of the body.
This causes tissue
death due to lack of
oxygen. The
compartment
syndrome symptoms
include severe muscle
pain, feeling of
tightness in muscles,
paresthesia, paralysis,
etc. Treatment involves
immediate surgical
treatment, called
fasicotomy. This helps
in relieving the
pressure on the
muscles and helping
them become normal
again.

There aren't any self-care

measures that will
specifically help prevent
chronic exertional
compartment syndrome. But
following basic sports and
fitness guidelines can help
protect your health and
safety during exercise:

Warm up before
starting exercise.

Cool down when

you're done
exercising.

Stop if you're in pain.

Check with your

doctor before starting
a new exercise
program if you have
any health issues.

Eat a healthy,
balanced diet.

Stay hydrated.

Engage in a variety
of physical activities.

Symptoms :
*Pain is often reported
early and almost
universally.
*Paresthesia (altered
sensation e.g., "pins &
needles")
*Paralysis of the limb is
usually a late finding.
*A lack of pulse rarely
*Tense and swollen
shiny skin, sometimes
with obvious bruising of
the skin.
*Congestion of the
digits with prolonged
capillary refill time.

Chronic compartment
syndrome in the lower leg
can be treated
conservatively or
surgically. Conservative
treatment includes rest,
anti-inflammatories, and
manual decompression.
Elevation of the affected
limb in patients with
compartment syndrome is
contraindicated, as this
leads to decreased
vascular perfusion of the
affected region. Ideally,
the affected limb should
be positioned at the level
of the heart. The use of
devices that apply
external pressure to the
area, such as splints,
casts, and tight wound
dressings, should be
avoided. If symptoms
persist after conservative
treatment or if an
individual does not wish
to cease engaging in the
physical activities which
bring on symptoms,
compartment syndrome
can be treated by a
surgery known as a
Fasciotomy. Surgery is
the most effective
treatment for
compartment syndrome.
Incisions are made in the
affected muscle
compartments so that
they will decompress.
This decompression will
relieve the pressure on
the venules and
lymphatic vessels, and
will increase bloodflow
throughout the muscle.
Left untreated, chronic

compartment syndrome
can develop into the
acute syndrome and lead
to permanent muscle and
nerve damage.

Assignmen
t
In
Natsci 02
Prepared by :
Rhomarie Zape

Prepared to :
Mrs. Marie Angeli Y. Jadloc