RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING

Radiation Recording Medium, used to detect Three-Dimensional volumnar defects.

It is a Two- Dimensional representation of a Three-Dimensional object

Catching the Shadow of an object
LIGHT

Visible

Invisible

VIBGYOR
Ultra Violet
Non Penetrating Radiation
Shadow formed by
Non-Penetrating Radiation

Shadow formation
by penetrating Radiation
(Gamma Rays, X-Rays)

Photography
SHADOW
SOURCE

Point Like source

(as small as possible)
X-Rays & Gamma Rays

Infra Red

X-Rays and Gamma Rays are made up of High Energy Photons

How to generate X-Rays?

When a fast moving electrons are suddenly stopped by the target X-rays are produced.
X-Rays Production is the reverse of Photo Electric Effect (PEE)
Electron energy only 1% of the 100% is converted into usable X-Rays others is heat.
mA.
Intensity/ Quantity

KV
Energy/ Penetrating Power

Properties of X-Rays:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Poly/ Chromatic in nature (Chromatic = Color, Wavelength)

Ionization in nature
Adjustable energy ( It is good for material inspection)
Currents needed to operate
Different cooling system necessary (Air cooling, Water cooling and Oil cooling)
Installation cost high.

Gamma Ray Production:

ISO to PE
Definition:
Same
1. No.of Protons
2. Atomic number
3. Chemical Property

Different
No. of nuetrons
Mass number
Physical Property

Isotope:
ISOTOPE

Natural

Artificial

Gamma Ray
Beta Particle
Alpha Particle

Majority of Production Gamma Ray

plus little amount of Beta Particles

Artificial Isotopes:
Iridium 192
Cobalt 60
Thulium 170
Ceasium 137
Selenium 75

Description

Ir-192

Co-60

Half Life Period

75 days

5-3 years

Steel Penetration Power

3inch (20 to 75mm)

9inch (50 to 225mm)

Energy Output

0.55 RHM

1.35 RHM

Equivalent energy

375 KeV

1200 KeV

Specific Activity

400 Ci/gm

300 Ci/gm

KeV Kilo Electron Volt

RHM Roentgen per Hour at 1 meter distance per curie

Intensity
Curie

Energy
Roentgen In RT it is Milli Roentgen(mR)
1R = 1000mR

Properties of Gamma Rays:

Mono / Chromatic
Fixed energy, cannot alter its energy
No need of current to operate
Less installation cost

Camera RadioIsotope
1.
2.
3.
4.

Roli India
Techops
Spec 2T
Gammarid

Basic Concepts:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Basic Principle: Change in Radiation Absorptional differenece

Artificial Defect : Penetrameter
Probing medical : X-Rays and Gamma Rays
Testing Media : Weldment, Casting, Forging, etc
Recording Media : Double side coated film

Ideal Dark Room

Dry Side
(Safe Light(Preferably Red in colour),
Film Loading and unloading)

Wet Area
SafeLight, Film Processing,
Developer, Stop Bath, Fixer

Film:
Double side coated films are used in Industrial Radiography.

Film sheets generally available in the size of 12 x 16

It can be used in various sizes like 4x16, 8x16, 8x4, etc

Cassette:

Cassettes are generally used as a pair. Inner cassette and outer cassette will be used to avoid
light leakage

Based on its Grain Size films are categorized into three types:
A: Large
B : Medium
C: Fine

: Fast speed film For Trick materiel inspection

: Medium speed - For Vessel inspection
: Slow speed - For thin material inspection

The following chart showing the characteristics of film. The characteristic curve will be Hurder
Drifield curve (H&D)

Screens:
1. Intensification
2. Filter Absorb soft radiation
Films are exposed by electrons only
Note :
Only at 88 KeV, Lead produces electrons, so below 100 KeV no need to use Lead screen.

Classification of Screens:
Screens are classified into two types.

Metallic : Emits electrons

Non- Metallic : Emits Light

PENETRAMETER
It is the Artificial defect used in RT
Purpose:

Sensitivity
: Size of the defect
Technique
: Shape of the defect
Materiel Identification : Carbon Steel and other then carbon steel

Selection of Penetramenter should be of 2% from the part thickness of the material

Types of Penetrameter:
There are tow types of Penetrameters are used:
1. Hole Type Penetrameter : Place adjacent of the weld
2. Wire Type Penetrameter : EN and ASTM standards
Quality Level

Subject Contrast level

Sensitivity Level

1T

2T

4T

Calculation:
What would be the multiplication factor for Ir-192 decay for 5days
N = No e^-t/T
No Present curic strength
N Curie Strength after 't' days
- Decay contrast 0.693
t Time relapsed 5 days
T Half life period of Isotope Ir-192
0.693 x 5
------------ = 0.0462
75 x
e^-0.0462 = 0.95
1.8.2012 = 10Ci
6.8.2012 = 10 x 0.95 = 9.5Ci
11.8.2012 = 9.5 x 0.95 = 9.025Ci

Radiation Level in air:

What would be the radiation level in air for Ir-192 at a distance of 3 meters of 10Ci?
RL = Ci x RHM / d
Here, R= 1000mR, RHM = 0.55 for Ir-192
RL = 10 x 0.55 x 1000 / 3 x 3
RL = 10 x x550 / 9
RL = 5500 / 9
RL = 611.11 mR/Hr

At what distance Radiation level would 5mR/Hr?

RL = Ci x RHM / d
d = Ci x RHM / RL
= 10 x x0.55 x 1000 / 5
= 550 x 2
d = 1100
d = 1100
d = 33.16 meters
Shielding Thickness :
Half Value Layer (HVL):
After crossing Particular material trick by particular Isotope the Intensity reduced to half
its initial value.
Ir 192:
HVL Steel thickness : 12.5mm

Tenth Value Layer (TVL):

Reduced to 1/10 of its initial.
1 TVL = 3.33 HVL
1 TVL of Steel = 41.66mm
Calculate how many TVL's and HVL's required to reduce the radiation level 600mR/Hr to
3mR/Hr?
1. Radiation in air.
______________________________________________________
600 mR/Hr
st
2. At 1 TVL
______________________________________________________
600/10 = 60mR/Hr
3. At 2nd TVL
_____________________________________________________
600/100 = 6mR/Hr
4. At 1st HVL
_____________________________________________________
6/2 = 3mR/Hr
= 2TVL + 1 HVL
= 2 x (41.66) + 1(12.5)
= 83.2 + 12.5
= 95.7mm

Exposure Time Calculation:

It is the combination of
1. Radiation level formula
2. Shielding Thickness value
3. Film factor
ET = FF x RRV x (SFD) / Ci x RHM
ET = 60 / (40 x40)
Particle thickness = 25mm
SFD = 24inch
Ci

= 10Ci

Medium speed film = 1.6

RHM = 0.55
RRV = 4
= (1.6 x 4 x 24 x 24 / 10 x 0.55) x 60 / (40 x 40)
= 25 minutes
Geometrical Unsharpness:
U = Source Size x Object to Film Distance (OFD)
---------------------------------------------------------Source to Film Distance - OFD
U = SS x OFD
-------------SFD OFD
U value maximum 1% of the part thickness
Part thickness = 25mm
SS = 1.5 mm

SFD = 600mm
1% of 25mm = 0.25mm
1.5 x 25
----------- = 0.065 mm
600 25
Equivalent Penetrameter sensitivity (EPS):
Expressed in 1%
100
EPS = -----------------Part Thickness
EPS =

100
-------------X

IQI Thickness x Visible Hole Penetrameter

-----------------------------------------------------2
TH
----------2

X = 2 inch
T = ASTM 40 = 0.040 inch
H = 2T
100
= --------2

0.040 x 2 x 0.040
------------------------2

= 50 x 0.040
EPS = 2%
Film Processing:
At controlled room temp 20C or 68F
1. Developer
2. Stop Bath
3. Fixer

: Make latent image visible

: Stop the function of the developer temporarily
: (a) Remove unexposed Silver (Clearing time)
(b) Fix the image (Twice the clearing time)
4. Running Water
: Remove all the processing chemicals
5. Wetting agent : Help to water quick to drain
6. Drier
: Helps to film dry and view

Wrapper:

Edge screen
Center screen

Viewers:
Strip viewer (Weld)
Spot Viewer (Casting)
Density:

Amount of film darkness

It varies depending upon:

Particle thickness
Type of Radiation
Internal Scattering
Film
Degree of development

Density expressed in number:

No units expressed , only in numbers
D = Log10

II
-----TI

Radiation Safety:
Personnel Safety:
1 Hr = 1.5mR
1 Day = 12mR
1 year = 3000mR
Banking Concept:
13 = 3R (N-18)
if Age = 30
= 3R(30-18)
= 3R(12)
= 3.6R or 36000mR

Defect Image:
Black:
1. Reduction of Metal
a. Artificial (Hole type IQI)
b. Natural (LOF, LOP, Crack)
2. Low atomic number material inclusion
a. Porosity
b. Slag
White:

Addition of the metal:

Excess penetration

Inclusion:
High atomic number material
Tungsten inclusion

CODE:
ASME Section V, Article 2
Standard:

ASTM E94 / E1742

ASTM E747 ASTM E999 ASTM E1025 ASTM E1030 ASTM E1032 ASTM E1079 -

Wire type IQI

Manual Film processing
Hole type IQI
Casting
Welding
Calibration of Densitometer

Reference Radiographs:

E446 upto 2inch

E186 2 to 4
E280 4 to 12

Acceptance Standard:

ASME BPVC Sec VIII, Div 1

Appendix 4, Porosity Chart
AWS 51 : Linear Indication Chart

Crack, LOP, LOF rejected without grading