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Free software
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Free software, software libre, or libre software [1] is

Contents

computer software that gives users the freedom to run the

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software for any purpose as well as to study, modify, and

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distribute the original software and the adapted

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versions.[2][3][4][5][6] The rights to study and modify free

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software imply unfettered access to its source code. For

Interaction

computer programs which are covered by copyright law

Trisquel GNU/Linux, an operating

system composed entirely of free
software

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this is achieved with a software license where the author

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grants users the aforementioned freedoms. Software which

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is not covered by copyright law, such as software in the

Recent changes

public domain can also be free if the source code is in the public domain (or otherwise available

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without restrictions). Other legal and technical aspects such as software patents and DRM may

Tools

impede users from exercising these rights, and thus prevent software from being free.[7] Free

What links here

software may be developed collaboratively by volunteer computer programmers or by

Related changes

corporations; as part of a commercial activity or not.

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Free software is primarily a matter of liberty, not price: users, individually or collectively, are free to

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do whatever they want with it this includes the freedom to redistribute the software free of

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Page information

charge, or to sell it (or related services such as support or warranty) for profit.[8] Free software

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thus differs from proprietary software (such as Microsoft Windows), which to varying degrees

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prevents users from studying, modifying and sharing the software. Free software is also distinct
from freeware, which is simply a category of proprietary software which does not require payment
for use. Proprietary software (including freeware) uses restrictive software licences or user
agreements and usually does not provide access to the source code. Users are thus prevented
from modifying the software, and this results in the user becoming dependent on software
companies to provide updates and support (vendor lock-in). Users can also not necessarily
reverse engineer, modify, or redistribute proprietary software.[9][10]

Asturianu

The term "free software" was coined in 1985 by Richard Stallman when launching the GNU project

Azrbaycanca

- a collaborative effort to create a freedom-respecting operating system - and the Free Software

Foundation (FSF). The FSF's Free Software Definition[4] states that users of free software are

Bn-lm-g

"free" because they do not need to ask for any permission.[11]

()

Contents [hide]
1 History

Bosanski

1.1 1980s: Foundation of the GNU project

Brezhoneg

1.2 1990s: Release of the Linux kernel

Catal

2 Naming

etina

3 Definition

Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti

Espaol
Esperanto
Euskara

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4 Examples
5 Licensing
6 Security and reliability
6.1 Binary blobs and other proprietary software
7 Business model
8 Economical aspects and adoption
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9 See also

Franais

10 References

Gaeilge

11 Further reading

Gaelg

12 External links

Galego

Hrvatski
Ido
Ilokano

History

[edit]

Main article: History of free software

From the 1950s up until the early 1970s, it was normal for
computer users to have the software freedoms associated
with free software. Software was commonly shared by

Bahasa Indonesia

individuals who used computers and by hardware

Interlingua

manufacturers who welcomed the fact that people were

slenska

making software that made their hardware useful.

Italiano

Organizations of users and suppliers, for example, SHARE,

Kurd
Latina

were formed to facilitate exchange of software. By the early

1970s, the picture changed: software costs were

Latvieu

dramatically increasing, a growing software industry was

Lietuvi

competing with the hardware manufacturer's bundled

Magyar

software products (free in that the cost was included in the

hardware cost), leased machines required software

Malagasy

support while providing no revenue for software, and some

customers able to better meet their own needs did not want

Bahasa Melayu

the costs of "free" software bundled with hardware product

Nederlands

costs. In United States vs. IBM, filed January 17, 1969, the

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government charged that bundled software was

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Richard Stallman, founder of the

Free Software Movement

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Norsk bokml

anticompetitive.[12] While some software might always be

Norsk nynorsk

free, there would be a growing amount of software that was for sale only. In the 1970s and early

Occitan

1980s, the software industry began using technical measures (such as only distributing binary
copies of computer programs) to prevent computer users from being able to study and modify

Polski

software. In 1980 copyright law was extended to computer programs. In 1983, Richard Stallman,

Portugus

longtime member of the hacker community at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, announced

Romn

the GNU project, saying that he had become frustrated with the effects of the change in culture of

Romani

the computer industry and its users. Software development for the GNU operating system began in

Shqip

January 1984, and the Free Software Foundation (FSF) was founded in October 1985. He
developed a free software definition and the concept of "copyleft", designed to ensure software

Simple English

freedom for all. Some non-software industries are beginning to use techniques similar to those

Slovenina

used in free software development for their research and development process; scientists, for

Slovenina

example, are looking towards more open development processes, and hardware such as

lnski

microchips are beginning to be developed with specifications released under copyleft licenses (see

the OpenCores project, for instance). Creative Commons and the free culture movement have also

/ srpski
Srpskohrvatski /

Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog

been largely influenced by the free software movement.

1980s: Foundation of the GNU project [edit]

In 1983, Richard Stallman, longtime member of the hacker community at the MIT Artificial
Intelligence Laboratory, announced the GNU project, saying that he had become frustrated with

the effects of the change in culture of the computer industry and its users.[13] Software

development for the GNU operating system began in January 1984, and the Free Software

Trke

Foundation (FSF) was founded in October 1985. An article outlining the project and its goals was

published in March 1985 titled the GNU Manifesto. The manifesto included significant explanation

Ting Vit

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of the GNU philosophy, Free Software Definition and "copyleft" ideas.

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1990s: Release of the Linux kernel [edit]

The Linux kernel, started by Linus Torvalds, was released as freely modifiable source code in
Edit links

1991. The first licence wasn't a free or open-source software licence. However, with version 0.12 in
February 1992, he relicensed the project under the GNU General Public License.[14] Much like
Unix, Torvalds' kernel attracted the attention of volunteer programmers. FreeBSD and NetBSD
(both derived from 386BSD) were released as free software when the USL v. BSDi lawsuit was
settled out of court in 1993. OpenBSD forked from NetBSD in 1995. Also in 1995, The Apache
HTTP Server, commonly referred to as Apache, was released under the Apache License 1.0.

Naming

[edit]

Main article: Alternative terms for free software

The FSF recommends using the term "free software" rather than "open-source software" because,
as they state in a paper on Free Software philosophy, the latter term and the associated marketing
campaign focuses on the technical issues of software development, avoiding the issue of user
freedoms. The FSF also notes that "Open Source" has exactly one specific meaning in common
English, namely that "you can look at the source code." Stallman states that while the term "Free
Software" can lead to two different interpretations, one of them is consistent with FSF definition of
Free Software so there is at least some chance that it could be understood properly, unlike the
term "Open Source".[15] Stallman has also stated that considering the practical advantages of free
software is like considering the practical advantages of not being handcuffed in that it is not
necessary for an individual to consider practical reasons in order to realize that being handcuffed
restricts their freedom.[16] "Libre" is often used to avoid the ambiguity of the word "free" in English
language; see Gratis versus libre.

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Definition

[edit]

Main articles: The Free Software Definition, Debian Free Software Guidelines and Open
Source Definition
The first formal definition of free software was published by FSF in February 1986.[17] That
definition, written by Richard Stallman, is still maintained today and states that software is free
software if people who receive a copy of the software have the following four freedoms.[18] (The
numbering begins with zero since many computer systems use zero-based numbering.)
Freedom 0: The freedom to run the program for any purpose.
Freedom 1: The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to make it do what
you wish.
Freedom 2: The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor.
Freedom 3: The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements (and
modified versions in general) to the public, so that the whole community benefits.
Freedoms 1 and 3 require source code to be available because studying and modifying software
without its source code can range from highly impractical to nearly impossible.
Thus, free software means that computer users have the freedom to cooperate with whom they
choose, and to control the software they use. To summarize this into a remark distinguishing libre
(freedom) software from gratis (zero price) software, the Free Software Foundation says: "Free
software is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of 'free' as in
'free speech', not as in 'free beer' ".[18] See Gratis versus libre.
In the late 1990s, other groups published their own definitions that describe an almost identical set
of software. The most notable are Debian Free Software Guidelines published in 1997,[19] and the
Open Source Definition, published in 1998.
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The BSD-based operating systems, such as FreeBSD, OpenBSD, and NetBSD, do not have their
own formal definitions of free software. Users of these systems generally find the same set of
software to be acceptable, but sometimes see copyleft as restrictive. They generally advocate
permissive free software licenses, which allow others to use the software as they wish, without
being legally forced to provide the source code. Their view is that this permissive approach is more
free. The Kerberos, X11, and Apache software licenses are substantially similar in intent and
implementation.

Examples

[edit]

Main article: List of free and open-source

software packages
The Free Software Directory maintains a large
database of free software packages. Some of
the best-known examples include the Linux
Kernel, the BSD and GNU/Linux operating
systems, the GNU Compiler Collection and C
library; the MySQL relational database; the
Apache web server; and the Sendmail mail
transport agent. Other influential examples
include the emacs text editor; the GIMP raster
drawing and image editor; the X Window

Creating a 3D car racing game using the

free/open-source Blender Game Engine

System graphical-display system; the

LibreOffice office suite; and the TeX and

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LibreOffice office suite; and the TeX and

LaTeX typesetting systems.

Licensing

[edit]

Main article: Free software license

All free software licenses must grant users all
the freedoms discussed above. However,
unless the applications' licenses are
compatible, combining programs by mixing
source code or directly linking binaries is
problematic, because of license technicalities.
Programs indirectly connected together may
avoid this problem.
The majority of free software falls under a

Modern desktop: Here is a screenshot of Linux

Mint running the Xfce desktop environment, Firefox, a
calculator program, the built-in calendar, Vim, GIMP ,
and VLC media player. Thousands of other free
desktop applications are available on the Internet.
Users can easily download and install this free
software via a simple package manager that comes
with most Linux distributions.

small set of licenses. The most popular of

these licenses are:
the GNU General Public License
the GNU Lesser General Public License
the BSD License
the Mozilla Public License
the MIT License
the Apache License
the Eclipse Public License
The Free Software Foundation and the Open Source Initiative both publish lists of licenses that
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they find to comply with their own definitions of free software and open-source software
respectively:
List of FSF approved software licenses
List of OSI approved software licenses
The FSF list is not prescriptive: free licenses can exist that the FSF has not heard about, or
considered important enough to write about. So it's possible for a license to be free and not in the
FSF list. The OSI list only lists licenses that have been submitted, considered and approved. All
open-source licenses must meet the Open Source Definition in order to be officially recognized as
open source software. Free software on the other hand is a more informal classification that does
not rely on official recognition. Nevertheless, software licensed under licenses that do not meet the
Free Software Definition cannot rightly be considered free software.
Apart from these two organizations, the Debian project is
seen by some to provide useful advice on whether
particular licenses comply with their Debian Free Software
Guidelines. Debian doesn't publish a list of approved
licenses, so its judgments have to be tracked by checking
what software they have allowed into their software
archives. That is summarized at the Debian web site.[20]
It is rare that a license announced as being in-compliance
with the FSF guidelines does not also meet the Open
Source Definition, although the reverse is not necessarily
Editing an audio file using the
free/open-source audio editor Audacity

true (for example, the NASA Open Source Agreement is an

OSI-approved license, but non-free according to FSF).
There are different categories of free software.

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Public domain software: the copyright has expired, the work was not copyrighted, or the author
has released the software onto the public domain (in countries where this is possible). Since
public-domain software lacks copyright protection, it may be freely incorporated into any work,
whether proprietary or free. The FSF recommends the CC0 public domain dedication for this
purpose.[21]
Permissive licenses, also called BSD-style because they are applied to much of the software
distributed with the BSD operating systems: these licenses are also known as copyfree as they
have no restrictions on distribution.[22] The author retains copyright solely to disclaim warranty
and require proper attribution of modified works, and permits redistribution and any
modification, even closed-source ones. In this sense, a permissive license provides an
incentive to create non-free software, by reducing the cost of developing restricted software.
Since this is incompatible with the spirit of software freedom, many people consider permissive
licenses to be less free than copyleft licenses.
Copyleft licenses, with the GNU General Public License being the most prominent: the author
retains copyright and permits redistribution under the restriction that all such redistribution is
licensed under the same license. Additions and modifications by others must also be licensed
under the same "copyleft" license whenever they are distributed with part of the original
licensed product. This is also known as a Viral license. Due to the restriction on distribution not
everyone considers this type of license to be free.[23][24]

Security and reliability

[edit]

There is debate over the security of free

software in comparison to proprietary
software, with a major issue being security
through obscurity. A popular quantitative test
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in computer security is to use relative counting

of known unpatched security flaws. Generally,
users of this method advise avoiding products
that lack fixes for known security flaws, at least
until a fix is available.
Free software advocates strongly believe that
this methodology is biased by counting more
vulnerabilities for the free software, since its
source code is accessible and its community

Almost all computer viruses can only affect the

is more forthcoming about what problems

Microsoft Windows operating system,[25][26][27] but

antivirus software such as ClamAV (shown here) is
still provided for Linux and other Unix-based systems,
so that users can scan files to detect malware that
might infect Windows hosts

exist,[28] (This is called "Security Through

Disclosure"[29]) and proprietary software can
have undisclosed societal drawbacks, such as
disenfranchising less fortunate would-be

users of free programs. As users can analyse and trace the source code, many more people with
no commercial constraints can inspect the code and find bugs and loopholes than a corporation
would find practicable. According to Richard Stallman, user access to the source code makes
deploying free software with undesirable hidden spyware functionality far more difficult than for
proprietary software.[30] As examples, he named two aspects of Windows XP that reveal
information to Microsoft, which were discovered in spite of the estimated 50 million or more lines of
Windows code having not been available to individual users for personal auditing. Free or
opensource software is acquiring philanthropist funding and being adopted in the mainstream
media as a panacea.[citation needed]
Some quantitative studies have been done on the subject.[31][32][33][34]

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Binary blobs and other proprietary

software [edit]
In 2006, OpenBSD started the first campaign
against the use of binary blobs, in kernels.
Blobs are usually freely distributable device
drivers for hardware from vendors that do not
reveal driver source code to users or
developers. This restricts the users' freedom
effectively to modify the software and
distribute modified versions. Also, since the
blobs are undocumented and may have bugs,
they pose a security risk to any operating
system whose kernel includes them. The
proclaimed aim of the campaign against blobs
is to collect hardware documentation that

Many free operating systems such as Debian

GNU/Linux, OpenBSD, and FreeBSD have more
secure default installation configurations than
Microsoft Windows, resulting in far fewer
compromised systems. Furthermore, users of free
operating systems have access to a wide array of free
security software, such as the packet analyzer
Wireshark (shown here), which they can use to secure
their operating systems and networks

allows developers to write free software

drivers for that hardware, ultimately enabling all free operating systems to become or remain blobfree.
The issue of binary blobs in the Linux kernel and other device drivers motivated some developers
in Ireland to launch gNewSense, a Linux based distribution with all the binary blobs removed. The
project received support from the Free Software Foundation and stimulated the creation, headed
by the Free Software Foundation Latin America, of the Linux-libre kernel.[35] As of October 2012,
Trisquel is the most popular FSF endorsed GNU/Linux distribution ranked by Distrowatch (over 12
months).[36]
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Business model

[edit]

Since free software may be freely redistributed, it is generally available at little or no fee. Free
software business models are usually based on adding value such as applications, support,
training, customization, integration, or certification. At the same time, some business models that
work with proprietary software are not compatible with free software, such as those that depend on
the user to pay for a license in order to lawfully use the software product.
Fees are usually charged for distribution on compact discs and bootable USB drives, or for
services of installing or maintaining the operation of free software. Development of large,
commercially used free software is often funded by a combination of user donations, corporate
contributions, and tax money. The SELinux project at the United States National Security Agency is
an example of a federally funded free software project.
In practice, for software to be distributed as free software, the source code, a human-readable
form of the program from which an executable form is produced, must be accessible to the
recipient along with a document granting the same rights to free software under which it was
published. Such a document is either a free software license or the release of the source code into
the public domain.
Selling software under any free software licence is permissible, as is commercial use. This is true
for permissive licences, such as the BSD licence,[37][38] or copyleft licences such as the GNU GPL.
The Free Software Foundation encourages selling free software. As the Foundation has written,
"Distributing free software is an opportunity to raise funds for development. Don't waste it!".[39] For
example the GNU GPL that is the Free Software Foundation's license states that "[the user] may
charge any price or no price for each copy that you convey, and you may offer support or warranty
protection for a fee."[40]
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Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer stated in 2001 that "Open source is not available to commercial
companies. The way the license is written, if you use any open-source software, you have to make
the rest of your software open source."[41] This misunderstanding is based on a requirement of
copyleft licenses (like the GPL) that if one distributes modified versions of software, they must
release the source and use the same license. This requirement does not extend to other software
from the same developer. The claim of incompatibility between commercial companies and Free
Software is also a misunderstanding. There are several large companies, e.g. Red Hat and IBM,
which do substantial commercial business in the development of Free Software.

Economical aspects and adoption

[edit]

See also: Linux adoption

Free software played a significant part in the
development of the Internet, the World Wide Web

Free software

and the infrastructure of dot-com companies.[44][45]

Free software allows users to cooperate in enhancing
and refining the programs they use; free software is a
pure public good rather than a private good.
Companies that contribute to free software can
increase commercial innovation amidst the void of
patent cross licensing lawsuits.[citation needed] (See
mpeg2 patent holders.)
The economic viability
We migrated key
functions from Windows to
Linux because we needed

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Of the world's five hundred fastest

supercomputers, 480 (96%) use Linux.[42] The
world's second fastest computer is the Oak
Ridge National Laboratory's Titan
supercomputer (illustrated), which uses the
Cray Linux Environment.[43]

of free software has been recognized by large corporations such as

IBM, Red Hat, and Sun Microsystems.[48][49][50][51][52] Many
companies whose core business is not in the IT sector choose free

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an operating system that

companies whose core business is not in the IT sector choose free

was stable and reliable --

software for their Internet information and sales sites, due to the

one that would give us in-

lower initial capital investment and ability to freely customize the

house control. So if we

application packages.

needed to patch, adjust, or

adapt, we could.
Official statement of the
United Space Alliance,

Under the free software business model[further explanation needed], free

software vendors may charge a fee for distribution and offer pay
support and software customization services. Proprietary software

which manages the

uses a different business model, where a customer of the proprietary

computer systems for the

software pays a fee for a license to use the software. This license

International Space Station

may grant the customer the ability to configure some or no parts of

(ISS), regarding their May

the software themselves. Often some level of support is included in

2013 decision to migrate

ISS computer systems from
Windows to Linux[46][47]

the purchase of proprietary software, but additional support services

(especially for enterprise applications) are usually available for an
additional fee. Some proprietary software vendors will also customize
software for a fee.[53]

Free software is generally available at no cost and can result in permanently lower TCO costs
compared to proprietary software.[54] With free software, businesses can fit software to their
specific needs by changing the software themselves or by hiring programmers to modify it for
them. Free software often has no warranty, and more importantly, generally does not assign legal
liability to anyone. However, warranties are permitted between any two parties upon the condition
of the software and its usage. Such an agreement is made separately from the free software
license.
A report by Standish Group estimates that adoption of free software has caused a drop in revenue
to the proprietary software industry by about $60 billion per year.[55] In spite of this, Eric S.
Raymond argues that the term free software is too ambiguous and intimidating for the business
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community. Raymond promotes the term open-source software as a friendlier alternative for the
business and corporate world.[56]

See also

[edit]

Definition of Free Cultural Works

Free software portal

Digital rights
Free content

Software portal

Free and open-source software

Libre knowledge
Open format
Open standard
Outline of free software
Public domain
Category:Free software lists and comparisons
List of formerly proprietary software
List of free software project directories
List of free software for Web 2.0 Services

References

[edit]

1. ^ See GNU Project. "What is Free Software"

2. ^ Free Software Movement

(gnu.org)

3. ^ Philosophy of the GNU Project

4. ^ a

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. Free Software Foundation.

(gnu.org)

(fsf.org)

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5. ^ "GNU Press - Free Software Foundation Online Shop - Buy GNU t-shirts, books, stickers and
stuffed gnu toys"

. Retrieved 19 March 2015.

6. ^ "Software Freedom Law Center"

7. ^ Sullivan, John (17 July 2008). "The Last Mile is Always the Hardest"
original

. fsf.org. Archived from the

on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2014.

8. ^ Selling Free Software

(gnu.org)

9. ^ Dixon, Rod (2004). Open Source Software Law . Artech House. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-58053-719-3.
Retrieved 2009-03-16.
10. ^ Graham, Lawrence D. (1999). Legal battles that shaped the computer industry

. Greenwood

Publishing Group. p. 175. ISBN 978-1-56720-178-9. Retrieved 2009-03-16.

11. ^ "GNU project Initial Announcement"

12. ^ Fisher, Franklin M.; McKie, James W.; Mancke, Richard B. (1983). IBM and the U.S. Data
Processing Industry: An Economic History. Praeger. ISBN 0-03-063059-2.
13. ^ William 2002
14. ^ "Release notes for Linux kernel 0.12"

. Kernel.org.

15. ^ "Why "Open Source" misses the point of Free Software"

16. ^ Stallman, Richard (2013-05-14). "The advantages of free software"

. Free Software Foundation.

Retrieved 2013-08-12.
17. ^ "GNU's Bulletin, Volume 1 Number 1, page 8"
18. ^ a

Free Software Foundation. "What is free software?"

. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

19. ^ Perens, Bruce. "Debian's "Social Contract" with the Free Software Community"

. debian-

announce mailing list.

20. ^ "Debian -- License information"

. Retrieved 2008-01-08.

21. ^ "Various Licenses and Comments about Them"

22. ^ "CI: Main"

. gnu.org. Retrieved 20 March 2014.

. Retrieved 19 March 2015.

23. ^ "Why Not Use the GPL? Thoughts on Free and Open-Source Software"

. Retrieved 19 March

2015.
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24. ^ "Journey into the minds of strangers"

. Retrieved 19 March 2015.

25. ^ Mookhey, K.K. et al (2005). Linux: Security, Audit and Control Features

. ISACA. p. 128.

ISBN 9781893209787.
26. ^ Toxen, Bob (2003). Real World Linux Security: Intrusion Prevention, Detection, and Recovery

Prentice Hall Professional. p. 365. ISBN 9780130464569.

27. ^ Noyes, Katherine (Aug 3, 2010). "Why Linux Is More Secure Than Windows"
28. ^ "Firefox more secure than MSIE after all"
29. ^ "The Benefits of Open Source"

. PCWorld.

. News.com.

. Retrieved 19 March 2015.

30. ^ "Transcript where Stallman explains about spyware"

31. ^ David A. Wheeler: Why Open Source Software / Free Software (OSS/FS, FLOSS, or FOSS)?
Look at the Numbers!

2007

32. ^ Michelle Delio: Linux: Fewer Bugs Than Rivals

Wired.com 2004

33. ^ Barton P. Miller, David Koski, Cjin Pheow Lee, Vivekananda Maganty, Ravi Murthy, Ajitkumar
Natarajan, Jeff Steidl (October 1995). "Fuzz Revisited: A Re-examination of the Reliability of UNIX
Utilities and Services"

(pdf). Madison, WI 53706-1685 USA: University of Wisconsin: Computer

Sciences Department. Archived from the original

on 21 June 2010. Retrieved 1 May 2013. "...The

reliability of the basic utilities from GNU and Linux were noticeably better than those of the
commercial systems [sic]"
34. ^ Barton P. Miller, Gregory Cooksey, Fredrick Moore (20 July 2006). "An Empirical Study of the
Robustness of MacOS Applications Using Random Testing"

(pdf). Madison, WI 53706-1685 USA:

University of Wisconsin: Computer Sciences Department. pp. 1, 2. Archived from the original

on

21 June 2010. Retrieved 1 May 2013. "We are back again, this time testing... Apples Mac OS X.
[...] While the results were reasonable, we were disappointed to find that the reliability was no better
than that of the Linux/GNU tools tested in 1995. We were less sure what to expect when testing the
GUI- based applications; the results turned out worse than we expected."
35. ^ "Links to Other Free Software Sites - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"

. Retrieved

19 March 2015.
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36. ^ "DistroWatch Page Hit Ranking"

37. ^ "BSD license definition"

. DistroWatch. 30 October 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2012.

. Retrieved 19 March 2015.

38. ^ "Why you should use a BSD style license for your Open Source Project"

. Retrieved 19 March

2015.
39. ^ Selling Free Software

gnu.org

40. ^ GNU General Public License, section 4.

gnu.org

41. ^ Ballmer calling open source a 'cancer', saying it's "not available to commercial companies"

at

the Wayback Machine (archived June 15, 2001) Chicago Sun-Times, 2001
42. ^ "Top500 - List Statistics - June 2013"

. Top500.org. Retrieved 21 July 2013..

43. ^ "Roadrunner - BladeCenter QS22/LS21 Cluster, PowerXCell 8i 3.2 Ghz / Opteron DC 1.8 GHz,
Voltaire Infiniband"

. Top500.org. Retrieved 30 March 2013.

44. ^ Netcraft. "Web Server Usage Survey"

45. ^ The Apache Software Foundation. "Apache Strategy in the New Economy"

46. ^ Gunter, Joel (May 10, 2013). "International Space Station to boldly go with Linux over Windows"

The Telegraph.
47. ^ Bridgewater, Adrian (May 13, 2013). "International Space Station adopts Debian Linux, drops
Windows & Red Hat into airlock"

. Computer Weekly.

48. ^ "IBM launches biggest Linux lineup ever"

. IBM. 1999-03-02. Archived from the original

on

1999-11-10.
49. ^ Hamid, Farrah (2006-05-24). "IBM invests in Brazil Linux Tech Center"
50. ^ "Interview: The Eclipse code donation"

. LWN.net.

. IBM. 2001-11-01. Archived from the original

on 2009-

12-18.
51. ^ "Sun begins releasing Java under the GPL"

. Free Software Foundation. November 15, 2006.

Retrieved 2007-09-23.
52. ^ Rishab Aiyer Ghosh (November 20, 2006). "Study on the: Economic impact of open source
software on innovation and the competitiveness of the Information and Communication Technologies
(ICT) sector in the EU"

(PDF). European Union. p. 51. Retrieved 2007-01-25.

[dead link]

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53. ^ Andy Dornan. "The Five Open Source Business Models"

.[dead link]

54. ^ "Total cost of ownership of open source software: a report for the UK Cabinet Office supported by
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55. ^ "Open Source"

. Retrieved 19 March 2015.

. Standish Newsroom. Standishgroup.com. 2008-04-16. Retrieved 2010-08-22.

56. ^ Eric S. Raymond. "Eric S. Raymond's initial call to start using the term open source software,
instead of free software"

Further reading

[edit]

Puckette, Miller. "Who Owns our Software?: A first-person case study." eContact (September
2009). Montral: CEC
Hancock, Terry. "The Jargon of Freedom: 60 Words and Phrases with Context". Free Software
Magazine. 2010-20-24
Stallman, Richard M. (2010) [2002]. Free Software Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard
M. Stallman, 2nd Edition . GNU Press. ISBN 978-0-9831592-0-9.

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