ME4413 Radiation HW Solution (2012/13 S2)

Intended Learning Outcomes:

Students will able to understand
(1)

. (2)

the concepts of thermal radiation; and

the concepts and how to design different types of fins and heat exchangers.

Problems are extracted from the Compulsory Textbook, Cengel Y.A & Ghajar A.J.,
Heat and Mass Transfer-Fundamentals and Applications, 4th Edition in SI Units,
McGraw Hill:
12-58
Properties: The total absorptivity of the plate is given to be 0.40.
Analysis: (a) Applying energy balance on the surface ,
Air, 300 K
G = J + qcony = J + h (Ts - TrfJ )
h =40 W/m 2'K
= 4000 W/m 2 + (40 W/m 2 . K)(350 - 300) K

= 6000 W/m 2
(b)

The total reflectivity of the plate is determined using

a + p +t = 1
~
P = 1- a - r
(for opaque surface, r = 0)

p
(c)

= 1-

0.40 - 0 = 0.60

The emissive power of the plate is

J=E+G ref =E+pG

E
(d)

= 4000 W/m 2 -

E=J-p:;

(0.60)(6000 W/m 2)

= 400 W/m 2

The total emissivity of the plate is

G=~=~=

s, aT/

400W/m
=0.470
(5.67 x 10- 8 W/m 2 . K 4)(350K)4

12-73 The absorber surface of a solar collector is

exposed to solar and sky radiation. The equilibrium
temperature of the absorber surface is to be
determined if the backside of the plate is insulated.

Air
Too = 25C
Tsky = 15C

Analysis: The backside of the absorbing plate is

insulated (instead of being attached to water
tubes), and thus
qnet
as G solar

=0
=

Ts = ?
as = 0.87
E = 0.09

Insulation

4
6CT(Ts -

Ts y) + h(T s

(0.87)(720W/m 2 )

= (0.09)(5 .67 x 10-s

r, =356K

Tair )

W/m 2 .K 4)[(Ts)4 -(288K)4]+(10W/m 2 K )(Ts -298K)

13-13
Analysis: We number different surfaces as
the hole located at the center of the base
the base of conical enclosure
the conical side surface

(1)
(2)
(3)

Surfaces 1 and 2 are flat, and they have no direct view of each other.
Therefore,

F I I = F22 = F12

= F21 = 0

summation rule : F I 1 + F I 2 + F 13

= 1 ~ F 13 = 1
nd 2

nDh
d2
reciprocity rule: A,F;3 = A3F31~--(l) = - - F3 \ ~F;\ = - 4
2
2Dh
.

13-15
The view factors between the rectangular surfaces shown in the figure are to be
determined.
Assumptions The surfaces are diffuse emitters and reflectors.
Analysis
We designate the different surfaces as follows :
4m
shaded part of perpendicular surface by (1),
bottom part of perpendicular surface by (3),
shaded part of horizontal surface by (2), and
front part of horizontal surface by (4).

(a)

From Fig.13-6
L2
W

=~ = 0.25
4

~=~=0.25
W

F 23

= 0.26 and

~=~=0.25
W

superposition rule: F2~(1+3) =

F 21

+ F 23 ~ F 2 1 = F2~ (1+3 )

~=~=l
D 3
~=~=0.67

- F 23

~ = %= 1

)
F(2+4) -4(1+3)

=0.15

and

=0.07

i," ".. . ..

(1)
(3)

...;--

~=!=0.33
D

= 0.33 - 0.26 = 0.07

3m

We designate
shaded part of top surface by (1),
remaining part of top surface by (3),
remaining part of bottom surface by (4), and
shaded part of bottom surface by (2).

From Fig .13-5,

F2~(1+3) = 0.33

Al =A 2 ~AIFJ2 =A 2F21 ~FJ2 =F21

reciprocity rule :

(c)

W : 42 =0.5)

+:::1

1 ~<::.: .: r (~i")

1 -,"'"

~I
m
1 ..... 1 m

L. .

(2)

Fi4 = 0.082

superposition rule : F(2+4) ~(1 +3) = F(2+4)~1 + F(2+4)~3

symmetry rule : F(2+4)~1

= F (2+4)-43

Substituting symmetry rule gives

F.

- F.

( 2+4 ) ~ 1

reciprocity rule :

AI F I -4(2+4)

superposition rule:

- F(2+4)~(I+3) - 0.15 - 0 075

2
- -2- - .

(2+4 )-43 -

= A (2+4)F(2+4 HI

~(2)FI-4(2+4)

= (4)(0.075) ~ FI-4(2+4 ) = 0.15

F1->(2+4) = F 12 + F I4 ~ 0.15 = F I2 + 0.082 ~ F12 = 0.15 - 0.082 = 0.068

\J

13-31 .
Analysis: From the Hottel 's crossed-strings method, we have
F

= L (Crossed strings) -

L (Uncrossed strings)
2 x (String on surface i)

HJ

For uncrossed strings, we have

LI

I'

'I

= L 2 = (w 2 + w 2 ) 1/ 2 = (w 2 + w 2 ) 1/ 2 = J2w

For crossed strings, we have

L 3 =(w 2 +4w 2 ) 1/ 2 =J5w

and

L 4 =W

Applying the Hottel 's crossed-strings method , we get F 12 as

F'2 =

(L 3 +L 4)-(L1 +L 2 )

..:.......:"--------'-'-------'----'---=..:...

2w

(J"Sw + w) - (J2w+ fiw)

2w
= 0.204

The radiation heat flux between the two surfaces is

4)
Q'2 = F\2U(T,4 - T2
= (0.204)(5 .67 x 10-8 W/m 2 K 4)(700 4 -300 4)K 4
= 2680 W/m

13-40
Properties: The emissivities of surfaces are given to be
and E2 = 0.4.
Analysis: This geometry can be treated as a two
surface enclosure since two surfaces have identical
properties. We consider base surface to be surface
1 and other two surface to be surface 2. Then the
view factor between the two becomes F12 = I . The
temperature of the base surface is determined from
.

QI2

u( 11 4 - T/ )
=- - - - ' - - - ' - - - = - - - . . : - 1-\

A,el

A IF12

A2e2
8
4
2
800W= (5 .67 xI0- W/m . K )[(T\ )4 -(600K)4]
1-0.8
1
1-0.4
----+
+---(1 m 2)(0 .8) (1 m 2 )(1) (2 m 2)(0.4)
TI =630 K
and A2 = 2 m 2

= 0.8

b=2m

1-2

--+--+--

Note that AI = 1m 2

E}

13-70
Properties: The emissivities of surfaces are given to be 1 = 0.7, &2 = 0.4. and
Analysis: The surface areas of the cylinders and the shield per unit
length are
D 2 = 0.5 m

= 0.2.

Tz = 500 K

= Al = nD1L = n(O.l m)(l m) = 0.314 m 2

Apire,ouler = A2 = nD 2L = n(0.5 m)(l m) = 1.571 m'
2
A shield = A3 = nD3L = n(0.2 m)(l m) = 0.628 m
A pipe,inner

2 =

0.4

The net rate of radiation heat

transfer between the two cylinders
with a shield per unit length is

(J"(~ 4

.
Q I2,one shield

= 1_
_

+_ _ +

_I

AI~3

1-

3,1

T/ )

1-

3,2

3 =

1-

0.2

+ __2

A 3F3,2
A2 2
4)[(750K)4
(5.67xl0- W/m K
-(500K)4]
1-0.7
1
2 1-0.2
1
1-0.4
- - - -- +
+
+
+ - -- (0.314 )(0 .7) (0.314 )(1)
(0.628)(0.2) (0.628)(1) (1.571)(0.4)
AIB I

A3 B 3,I

Rad iation shield

D3 = 0.2 m

A3 B 3,2

=725.8 W
If there was no shield (Eq. 13.40),
.
QI2,no shieid

Ala(~4

-r/)

= .l. + 1- 2 (~J =
1

(0.314m 2)(5.67x10-s W/m 2 K 4)[(750K)4 -(500K) 4]

1 1- 0.4 (0.1)
0.7 +~ 0.5

D2

= 2615.4 W
Then their ratio becomes

QI 2,oneshi eid

Q12,no shield

725,8 = 0.2775
2615.4 W

13-105

Properties: The emissivity of the thermocouple is given to be E = 0.7.

Analysis:
Assuming the area of the shield to be very close to the sensor of the
thermometer, the radiation heat transfer from the sensor is determ ined from
Using the concept ofEqs. 13.42 & 13.43

.
Q
rad, fromsensor

(j(r..

- r/ )

=(5.67x10-

(1- -1J (12--1J

51

sW/m 2.K 4)[(490K)4-(320K)4]=2095W/

(1)
1)
- -1 (2--1
0.7

52

0.15

Then the actual temperature of the gas can

be determined from a heat transfer balance to
be
.
.
q conv.to sensor = q conv.from sensor
h(Tf -Tth)=257.9W/m 2
120W/m

ccr, -490)=209.5W/m
~Tf

f -

th

ctha(Tth - Tw
+
h

~:w=320

=492K

Without the shield the temperature of the gas would be

T - T

Thermocouple

Air, Tf

=490K+ (0.7)(5.67 xI0- s W/m K

120 W/m 2 . oC
=506K
2

4)[(490K)4

-(320K)4]

Tlh = 490 K
1;,=0.7
1;2=0.15

13-114
Properties: The emissivity of the bottom surface is 0.90.
3m

Analysis: We consider the top surface to be surface 1,

the base surface to be surface 2, and the side surface to
be surface 3. This system is a three-surface enclosure.
The view factor from the base to the top surface of the
cube is from Fig , 13-5 F I 2 =0,2 . The view factor from
the base or the top to the side surfaces is determined by
applying the summation rule to be

T 1 = 700 K
=?

FII + FI2 + FI3 = 1~ FI3 = 1- FI2 = 1-0.2 = 0,8

since the base surface is flat and thus F,} = 0 . Other view factors are
F 21 = F 12 = 0.20,

Surface 1:

T2 = 950 K
2

0,90

= F 13 = 0.80,

F23

2
4
1--GI
(5,67 xl0 -8 W/m.K
)(700K) 4 =.1, +
- [O.20(.I j - . I 2)+O,80(.I, -.13 ) ]

GI

1-G?[F
]
rrT2 4 =.1 2 +--2 1(.I2 -.I I)+F23(.I2 -.1 3 )
G2

Surface 2:

(5.67 xl0- 8 W/m 2.K 4)(950K)4 =.12 + 1-0.90[0 ,20(.12 -.1,)+0.80(.12 -.13 ) ]
0,90

aT3 = J 3

Surface 3:

(5.67x10- 8 W/m 2 .K 4)(450K)4 =.1 3

We now apply Eq. 9-34 to surface 2

Q2

=A 2[F2 1 (J 2 -.I})+F23(.I2 -.13)]= (9m 2)[0 .20(.I2 -.1 1)+0 .80(.12 -.13 ) ]

Solving the above four equations, we find

G!

=0.44,

.II

=11,736W/m

.12 =41 ,985W/m 2 ,

J 3 =2325W/m 2

The rate of heat transfer between the bottom and the top surface is
Al

=A 2 =(3m)2 =9m 2

Q21 = A 2 F2 \ (.12

.II) = (9 m )(0 ,20)(41 ,985 - 11,736)W 1m

= 54.4 kW

The rate of heat transfer between the bottom and the side surface is
A 3 =4A\ =4(9m 2)=36m 2
.
Q23

=A 2F23 (J 2 -.I3)=(9m )(O,8)(41 ,985-2325)W/m =285.6 kW

TLC/20 12/1 3s2