Beruflich Dokumente
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Abstract
The drilling of a sour, high-pressure fractured reservoir in the
Tengiz field of Kazakhstan displayed complex and hazardous
well control situations. While drilling the carbonate reservoir
termed Unit 1, multiple fractures were encountered resulting
in severe lost circulation followed by hydrocarbon influx into
the well-bore.
Severe and uncontrollable lost circulation in the target
reservoir prompted the use of special practices and equipment;
thereby enhancing the safety and efficiency in the
development drilling of the field.
A rotating control device (RCD) was employed to drill ahead
blind (no fluid returns) by pumping a sacrificial fluid (water)
down the drillpipe. Simultaneously, a pressurized mud-cap on
the annulus with weighted oil based mud OBM controlled
hydrocarbon influx. The overall process of pressurized mudcap drilling will be described by the term Closed Hole
Circulation Drilling (CHCD).
The successful application of CHCD has resulted in Tengiz
well T-7252 being the first well to completely penetrate Unit 1
where lost circulation could not be controlled by conventional
methods. After all Unit 1 fractures had been penetrated, a
liner was installed to isolate the fractures using the same
CHCD well control procedures employed while drilling
the interval.
This technical paper will describe the process used to
successfully plan, develop, and implement the CHCD
technique in the Tengiz field.
Introduction
The Tengiz field is located on the south side of the 500,000km2 Caspian Basin on the northeastern edge of the Caspian
Sea. It is one of several large carbonate formations found
around the edge of the basin. The field is approximately 110
km2 at the top and 400 km2 at the base. Tengizchevroil (TCO)
operates the field in a joint venture with the Republic
of Kazakhstan.
Field delineation and development consisted of drilling new
wells and working on existing temporarily suspended wells
that range from 4,500 5,700 m. Severe lost circulation can
be encountered while drilling the pay horizon at
approximately 4,000 m in what is termed Unit 1 on the Rim
and Flank areas of the field. Please see (Fig. 1: Location Map
Showing T-7252) and (Fig. 2: Cross-section of Rim Region).
Drilling fluid losses in excess of 800 bbl/hr have been
encountered while drilling with as little as 0.3-ppg
overbalance. Numerous attempts to control the drilling fluid
losses with conventional means have been unsuccessful. This
challenging environment had prevented TCO from penetrating
the entire reservoir in extremely fractured areas of the Rim
and Flank.
Drilling of 1 7 m vertical fractures or cavities has been
observed with an associated reduction in annular fluid level
resulting in well control events. Due to the sour/corrosive
content of the reservoir, it was desirable that hydrocarbons
from the reservoir not be allowed to reach the surface under
any drilling operations.
Drilling ahead without returns has been attempted by TCO
with OBM being pumped simultaneously down the drillpipe
and annulus. This was obviously very uneconomical and
could not be sustained for extended periods of time.
Drilling without returnsusing water as the drilling fluid and
holding a pressurized column of OBMin the annulushad not
been implemented in any of the Tengiz wells.
Historically, the challenges of drilling the objective oil
reservoir have included severe lost circulation followed by
sour gas kicks. This obviously presented a significant safety
risk due to the high H2S content in the oil.
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the
the
the
the
the
Well
Control
Equipment
Configuration.
Installation of the RCD required careful consideration of the
Class 5 BOP height. It was determined that the 13 5/8" x
10,000 psi BOP should be replaced with an 11" x 10,000 psi
BOP (see Fig. 9: Class 5 BOP for 11"). This facilitated the
installation of the RCD without significant modifications to
the rig substructure or the wellhead configuration.
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Training.
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Implementation
Rig Fluid System. The drilling rig re-configured piping
and fluid supply to the pumps to allow for the distribution of
two different fluid types. The rig pumps had manifolds
installed such that sacrificial fluid or OBM could be delivered
to the drillstring. As a backup to the rig pumps, a Halliburton
high-pressure pumping unit was positioned to deliver OBM to
the annulus via the kill line.
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While running in the hole with the liner, an attempt was made
to increase the resistance to well flow by placement of a 350
bbl high viscosity mud at 15.4 ppg. This was not successful in
stabilizing the well and continued efforts to fill the annulus
with various mud weights were required.
The liner stripped in the hole was run to Total Depth (TD),
(top of packer seals at 3,842 m) and cemented with 125 bbls of
Class G 15.8 ppg cement. A batch mix procedure was used.
Cement was displaced with 15.4 ppg OBM while shut-in with
positive pressure on the annulus. A positive pressure test to
17 ppg and a negative test to 13.5 ppg were
conducted successfully.
As the well did not have returns during the cement job, a
calculated cement top cannot be determined. Further study is
being conducted to determine the optimum approach for
acquiring cement top data. Current cased hole logging
techniques for obtaining a cement bond log is not applicable to
Tengiz fractured carbonates. This is due to the very high
velocity profile of the reservoir, making it faster in terms of
travel time than the cement or casing. A cased-hole
temperature log could be run after the cement placement. This
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Summary
Nomenclature
Pchoke
MWavg ann
TVD
PPreservoir
MWannulus
EMW pp
PSPPstatic
MWdrillpipe
PSPPinjection
PDP
PDC
PMWD
PMotor
PBit
PFrac
QAnn
SF
VHM
TPI
IDHole
ODDP
QADC
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank the management of
Tengizchevroil, TCO Well Construction Group, TCO
Reservoir Management Group, TCO Field Facilities
Construction/Engineering, and ChevronTexaco EPTC group
in Houston for their support and contribution to the successful
implementation of this new technique. Also, thanks to the
Joint Venture shareholders and the Republic of Kazakhstan for
their permission to publish the paper.
Specific acknowledgement is given to TCO Shareholders who
participate in semi-annual Well Construction and Operational
Performance Review forums conducted on-site at Tengiz. The
10
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References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
McLennon/Carden/Curry/Stone/Wyman,
SPE
Underbalanced Drilling Manual, Gas Research
Institute, 1997
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
1.0*
3.048*
9.290 304*
2.831 685
2.54
4.448 222
9.869 233
6.894 757
E-03
E-01
E-02
E-02
E+00
E+00
E-04
E+00
= Pa.s
=m
= m2
= m3
= cm
=N
= m2
= kPa
Figure Captions
Fig. 1:
Fig. 2:
Fig. 3:
Fig. 4:
Fig. 5:
Fig. 6:
Fig. 7:
Fig. 8:
Fig. 9:
Fig. 10:
Author Biographies
M.N. Sweep P.Eng. Miles Sweep is a Senior Drilling
Engineer for ChevronTexaco's Exploration and Production
Technology Company in Houston, Texas. He is currently
working within the Drilling Solutions business line on
numerous international projects and supporting research
efforts on new technology. Miles has over 20 years of
experience in oil and gas operations. He is a member of SPE
and a registered professional engineer with the Association of
Professional Engineers, Geologists, and Geophysicists of
Alberta. Miles holds a Bachelor of Science Degree in
Petroleum Engineering from Montana College of Mineral
SPE/IADC 79850
11
He
can
be reached
at
12
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- Proposed Location
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13
14
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15
Fig. 4
9,000
13,000
9,500
10,000
10,500
9,610
11,000
10,564
Depth (TVD), ft
13,500
11,500
12,000
12,500
13,000
14,000
14,500
15,000
11,400
Pressure Datum
15,500
PP = 14.1 ppg emw at Btm of
Reservoir
16,000
11,647
PP Datum
TOP - PP EMW
BTM - PP EMW
12,803
16
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17
14,000
12,000
BBLs / day
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
2 - 7/8" DP
3-1/2" DP
5" DP
4-1/2" Hole
6" Hole
8-1/2" Hole
8,000
400
7,000
350
6,000
300
5,000
250
4,000
200
3,000
150
Casing Pressure - 7 ft/min
2,000
100
1,000
50
0
0
10
15
Time, hrs.
20
25
30
Assumption:
Gas Migration Rate & Density is Constant
18
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19
RCD
CAMERON
TYPE
"U"
Blind/shear rams
CAMERON
TYPE
"U"
Pipe rams
CAMERON
TYPE
"U"
Pipe rams
20
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6500
6000
5500
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
4409
4480
4580
4710
4750
4800
Casing, PSI
Drill-pipe, psi
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Table 1
(meters)
4,002
4,500
4,701
Reservoir
Maximum
(ppg)
16.05
14.85
14.34
Reservoir
Minimum
(ppg)
15.47
14.33
13.94
Table 2:
Standpipe
Maximum
(psi)
6,020
Standpipe
Minimum
(psi)
5,614
5,677
5,272
Unit Cost
$0.15/lb
$0.33/lb
$1.42/lite
r
$1.05/lite
r
Concentration
1 lb/bbl
1 lb/bbl
0.25 liter/bbl
0.1 liters/bbl
945
Total
$8,495
Table 3:
Volume
(barrels)
150
27
813
990
ROP
(m/hr)
3.8
3.6
2.7
Table 4:
Pump
Pressur
e
(psi)
5,500
5,550
5,500
5,550
5,540
5,550
Casing
Pressure
(psi)
270
350
240
350
300
250
Rate of
Penetratio
n
(m/hr)
6.04
6.14
6.66
4.40
3.10
3.50
Annular
Fluid
Pumped
(bbls)
10
5
15
Sacrificial
Fluid
Used
6,100
2,600
2,600
2,500
8,000
5,000
26,800