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Table of Contents
Introduction
2
Objective
2
Equipment
3
Procedure
3
Results
5
Analysis and
Discussion
6
Conclusion
10
Appendix
A
11
References
2
Lab: Transmission Line
13
Transmission Line
Introduction:
Transmission lines are used to transfer energy of waves or signals from one
node to another node via line circuit. Standing wave ratio (SWR) is defined as to
determine the maximum voltage and current on a transmission line and to determine
how a transmission is perfect? A standing wave ratio of 1:1 shows the perfect
characteristic impedance of transmission line. Nodes are the places on transmission
line where opposite phase of two waves cancel
3
Lab: Transmission Line
out the effect of each other. While anti-nodes are the places where maximum current is
obtained and two waves of the same phase added up to enforce each others effect.
Objective:
The objective of this experiment is the study of characteristics of transmission
lines by examining standing wave ratio (SWR) measurement. The purpose of this
experiment is to determine the minimum and maximum current values via transmission
lines and to take the points on the transmission line to measure the distance between
anti-node and node so that we will be able to measure wavelength of the signal and to
determine the velocity propagation of the waves. We can plot SWR versus resistance
and can measure characteristic impedance.
Equipment:
Varnier Calliper
Wire Air Dielectric Transmission Line
Meter Rule
Travelling Ammeter $ detector
HP 8654A Signal Generator
Procedure:
Meter rule was used to calculate the length of the transmission line and recorded
measurement form the point of transmission line matching network (Generator
4
Lab: Transmission Line
input point) to the point where two wires are connecting together ( short circuit
measuring.
Start detecting the reading on the generator input point and moved the travelling
detector slowly towards the load side and check the ammeter reading
continuously till first node 1 st anti-node or node is obtained and mark that
position.
Current has minimum value at node terminal.
Current has maximum value at anti-node terminal.
Move the detector toward load side till we will get all the anti-nodes and nodes
After that we replaced the copper conductor with inductance (216+j15) and
capacitance 9312-j77) at the same node. Repeated the steps and recorded the
values in table 4, 5, 6 and 7.
5
Lab: Transmission Line
From the data recorded, determined the value of SWR for each case by using
following equation
SWR =
Imax
Imin
Results:
The distance of the source form load is LLine= 6910 mm.
Transmission line dimensions are
L (mm)
D (mm)
43.5
1.5
44
1.4
41
1.5
After terminating the transmission line with the inductance resistance 216j15
Current
Ammeter
Reading (A)
Imax1
Imin1
Imax2
Imin2
Imax3
Imin3
Imax4
18
20
1.8
19
20.5
Distance
Length (mm)
LN1= MIN1-MIN2
1005
LN2= MIN2-MIN3
990
LN3= MIN3-MIN4
1030
6
Lab: Transmission Line
After terminating the transmission line with the inductance resistance 312j77.
Current
Ammeter
Reading (A)
Imin1
Imax1
Imin2
Imax2
Imin3
Imax3
Imin4
10
6.1
7.9
6.8
Distance
Length (mm)
LN1= MIN1-MIN2
870
LN2= MIN2-MIN3
980
LN3= MIN3-MIN4
1020
Vp=
15010 6
) * (2.010
8
= 3.01* 10 m/s
7
Lab: Transmission Line
The ratio of velocity in transmission line to the velocity in free space is called
velocity factor and can be defined as follows:
Vf= Vp/c
Vf=
3.01108
8
310
In all the three cases, the maximum value of current is bigger in short circuit
transmission line than the other two cases (shorted circuit, 216+j15, and 312-j77).
In short circuit transmission line, the minimum value of current is theoretically zero. But
it is not zero but very close to zero. Thats why, there is large SWR.
Imax1
10
Imin1
1
Imax2
11.8
10
Imax2
1.2
9.83
Imin3
12
Imin3
1.8
6.67
Imax1
8
Imin1
6
1.33
Imax2
10
Imax2
6
1.67
Imin3
7.9
Imin3
6.1
1.30
8
Lab: Transmission Line
Average SWR= (1.331+1.671+1.31)/3 = 1.431
From this data, it is concluded that different values of SWR were obtained with different
values of loads of transmission line; this shows the different level of reflection.
Z0 =
276
r
log 10
2D
a
D (mm)
1.5
1.4
1.5
Z0 ()
483
492
475
Average D = (42.0+42.60+39.50)/3=41.370mm
Average d = (1.50+1.40+1.50)/3 = 1.470mm
By putting values in the above values,
Z0 = 483
Characteristic Impedance Estimation
By using SWR values calculated and the corresponding resistance, we can draw the
diagram
9
Lab: Transmission Line
R>Z0
R=Z0
R<Z0
10
Lab: Transmission Line
From this, we concluded that the value reflection coefficient increase with the
increase of SWR. Different values represent different levels of reflection.
Conclusion:
It is concluded that the propagation velocity is very close to speed of light in
transmission line but it is always lower than the speed of light and it can be measured
by dielectrics of transmission lines.The characteristic impedance of a lossless
transmission line can be measured by the dielectric permittivity and dimension of
transmission line.
Propagation waves will occur along the transmission line if characteristics
impedance is not equal to the load of transmission line. Different levels of reflection in
transmission line are due to different levels of mismatching and are described below:
1 <SWR <
SWR=
SWR=
or =0, no reflection
or =1, total reflection.
11
Lab: Transmission Line
Appendix(A):
12
Lab: Transmission Line
13
Lab: Transmission Line
REFERENCES:
Black Magic Design. (2010). The complete Smith Chart. Retrieved from
http://www.sss-mag.com/pdf/smithchart.pdf.