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license or mere privilege unless such has evolved into some form of
property protected by the constitution. This is everything over which man
may have exclusive dominion or ownership.
B. Hierarchy of Rights: Primacy of Human Rights over Property Rights
(Philippine Blooming Mills Employees Org. v. PBM Co.)
C. Procedural Due Process
Need for notice and opportunity to be heard (not actual hearing)
Guarantee of procedural fairness
Purpose of procedural due process: (a.) contribute to the accuracy and
thus minimize error in deprivation (b.) gives a sense of rational
participation in a decision than can affect his destiny and thus enhances
his dignity as a thinking person.
Violations may be cured by motion for reconsideration
a. Requirements of due process in a Judicial Proceedings (Banco Fil v.
Palanca)C-J-O-J
1. Court or tribunal with judicial power to hear and determine
cases.
2. Jurisdiction must be lawfully acquired over the person or
property
3. Opportunity to be heard
4. Judgment rendered upon a lawful hearing
Quasi in rem- Property alone is responsible for claim in proceedings, but the
individual is still named as defendant (unlike in rem)
- Notice to the defendant in this case is NOT absolutely essential.
- Presumption of regularity. That upon notice to the property, there is notice to
the individual.
- Publication is already deemed sufficient for procedural due process.
Publicity and TV Coverage
- Mere exposure to publicity does not affect impartiality in this case.
- Person alleging must have direct proof of influence, not just mere possibility.
- The public cannot be excluded, especially when the issue is of public interest.
b. Requirements of due process in an Administrative Proceedings or
Quasi-Judicial Proceedings (Ang Tibay v. CIR)H-C-S-S-B-I-R
1. Right to hearing including right to present case and submit
evidence
2. Tribunal must consider evidence presented
3. Decision must have something to support itself
4. Evidence must be substantial
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5.
6.
7.
c. Extradition Proceedings
1. Entitled to notice and hearing before issuance of warrant NO
- Notice would defeat the purpose of the arrest.
- Guilt is not adjudged during these proceedings.
2. Entitled to notice and hearing during the proceedings.
3. Bail/provisional liberty- not generally given, but bail may be
given under special circumstances:
a. When extraditee is NOT a flight risk
b. Special Humanitarian considerations
c. Extraditee does NOT pose a danger to the community.
- Once bail has been granted, it cannot be revoked.
Extra-Judicial Proceedings- considered in the nature of criminal cases
because there is arrest detention and forced transfer to another
state. Thus due process must be observed by providing bail.
e. Academic Cases
procedural requirements for academic cases: (ADMU v. Capulong)
I-A-I-A-C
1. Informed in writing of the nature of the accusation
2. Right to answer charges, optionally with counsel
3. Right of accused to be informedof evidence against them
4. Right to adduce own evidence
5. Evidence must be considered.
5.
Statutes
- When a statute lacks a comprehensible standard, it violates due process for
failure to accord persons, especially persons targeted by it, fair notice of
conduct to avoid, and it leaves law enforcers with unbridled discretion I
carrying out provisions.
- The lack of comprehensible standards means the statute is vague and
amounts to a lack of due process because of lack of FAIR NOTICE and there is
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UNDUE DELEGATION.
Overbreadth: Government purpose must not be achieved with means which
are unnecessarily broad and invasive of protected freedoms.
Suretyship - ins surety bonds, signee (guarantor) agrees to answer for
whatever decision might be rendered against the principal, whether or not the
surety was impleaded in the complaint. Notice to the principal is notice to the
surety, thus they have been given an opportunity to participate in litigation. If
they choose not to intervene, it is deemed that they have waived their right to
be heard.
- Notice to the principal is also notice to the surety (Stronghold v. CA)
Tariff and Customs Code
Forfeiture proceedings are not penal in nature therefore would only need
substantial evidence. There is also no need for assistance of counsel
(Feeder v. CA)
- The right to be presumed innocent is given only to an individual in
criminal cases; and not to corporate entities.
Closure proceedings are a valid exercise of police power of the State to
protect the public from the dissipation of funds and bank runs. It does not
need notice and hearing as long as there is subsequent judicial review. (CB v.
CA)
Procedure: E-R-E
1. Examination by Central Bank
2. Report by Monetary Board on the bank concerned
3. Prima Facie evidence about the banks bad financial condition
Cancellation of Property Rights if deemed to be a custom violates due
process (American Inter-fashion v. OP)
Export Quotas- initially was only a privilege but eventually evolved into a
form of property right which should not be removed arbitrarily and without
due process.
Input taxes- NOT properties nor property rights but mere statutory privilege.
D. Substantive Due Process
Interest of public requires such interference and the means are
reasonably necessary for the accomplishment of the purpose and not
unduly oppressive
Liberty of the citizen may be restrained in the interest of public health,
public order and safety, or anything else within the scope of police power.
It is the duty of the legislature to: I-R
1. determine what the interests of the public require
2.
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- Police Power, in the interest of General Welfare and Public Health, MAY impair
contracts. (Beltran v. Sec. of Health)
Easements- are like other contracts, subject to the overriding demands,
needs and interests of the greater number as the State may determine in the
exercise of its police power. (UBFHAI v. City Mayor of Paranaque)
- Police power, need not prove exact scientific conclusiveness or research, as
long as the exercise of which remains reasonable and not unduly oppressive.
(Mirasol v. DPWH)
Security of Tenure- While the right of workers to security of tenure is
guaranteed by the Constitution, its exercise may be reasonably regulated
pursuant to the police power of the State to safeguard health, morals, peace,
education, order, safety, and the general welfare of the people.
E. Equal Protection of the Law
Guarantees legal equality of all before the law
Equal protection clause can also be violated not by denial of equality but
by creating a system that can foster inequality (People v. Vera)
The guaranty of Equal Protection is not violated by a legislation based on
reasonable classification.
For classifications to be reasonable: (People v. Cayat)S-G-L-E
1. It must rest on substantial distinctions
2. It must be germane to the purpose of the law
3. It must not be limited to existing conditions only
4. It must apply equally to all members of the same class
- it does not demand absolute equality among residents, it merely requires
that all persons similarly situated shall be treated alike, under like
circumstances; both as to privileges conferred and liabilities enforced. (Tiu v.
CA)
Aliens
The difference in status between citizens and aliens constitute a basis for
reasonable classification in the exercise of police power. SC held that the
disputed law was enacted to remedy an actual threat and danger to natl
economy posed by alien dominance and control of the retail trade, and would
free citizens from such dominance and control. (Ichong v. Hernandez)
- The P50.00 fee is unreasonable because it fails to consider valid substantial
differences in situation among individual aliens who are required to pay it.
The same amount is collected from every alien, whether he is a casual or
permanent employee, part-time or full-time, an employee or an executive.
The purpose of the law is to allow the emergence of younger blood in local
governments, so the law was declared valid. (Dumlao v. COMELEC)
Gender- is a valid classification, the physical and psychological differences
make the distinction reasonably related to the valid purpose. The prohibition
of women bartenders was attributed to the danger present in their workplace,
with the object of protecting the morals of women. (Goesart v. Cleary)
Taxing Ordinance- Tax should not be passed for specific companies/entities
only, for it will not be applicable to future conditions, and will serve to exclude
any subsequently established sugar central, of the same class as plaintiff, from
the coverage of the tax. (Ormoc Sugar Co. v. Treasurer of Ormoc)
- It is inherent in the power to tax that a state be free to select the subjects of
taxation, and it has been repeatedly held that 'inequalities which result from a
singling out of one particular class for taxation, or exemption infringe no
constitutional limitation. (Sison Jr. v. Ancheta)
- Special grant of tax exemption in favor of the Marcoz heirs will constitute
class legislation. (Chavez v. PCGG)
Gambling- Just how PD 1869 in legalizing gambling conducted by PAGCOR is
violative of equal protection is not clearly explained. The mere fact that some
gambling activities like cockfighting (PD 449) horse-racing (RA 306, amended
by RA 983), sweepstakes, lottery and races (RA 1169 amended by BP 42) are
legalized under certain conditions, while others are prohibited, does not render
these laws, specifically PD 1869, unconstitutional.
- The EPC does not mean that all things called by the same name should be
treated the same way. (Basco v. PAGCOR)
Stare Decisis- Dismissal of a case against one defendant must apply to
others if no reasonable distinctions exist. (Republic v. Sandiganbayan)
Homeless Poor- Inequalities which result from the singling out of one
particular class for tax exemption infringe no constitutional limitation. There is
a substantial distinction between the homeless poor and the homeless- less
poor because the 2nd group can afford to rent houses in the meantime.
(Tolentino v. Sec. of Finance)
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- Police power involves the duty to provide for the real needs of the people.
The Burial Assistance Program is a relief of pauperism. Paupers may be
reasonably classified. Different groups may receive varying treatment.
Statutes have been passed giving rights and benefits to the disabled and the
less fortunate. (Binay v. Domingo)
Suspension of Police Officers- PNP Officers are treated differently from
other persons charged criminally or administratively insofar as preventive
suspension is concerned. Policemen carry weapons and the badge of law which
can be used to harass or intimidate witnesses against them, and therefore
needs to be suspended in order to protect witnesses against him. (Himagan v.
People)
Franchises- a franchise is not in the strict sense a simple contract but rather
it is more importantly, a mere privilege especially in matters which are within
the government's power to regulate and even prohibit through the exercise of
the police power. Thus, a gambling franchise is always subject to the exercise
of police power for the public welfare. (Lim v. Pacquing)
- There is substantial distinction between land-based and sea-based Filipino
overseas workers in terms of, among other things, work environment, safety,
dangers and risks to life and limb, and accessibility to social, civic, and
spiritual activities. (Conference of Maritime Manning Agencies v. POEA)
- It is grossly unfair to exempt one similarly situated litigant from prosecution
without allowing the same exemption to the others. The equal protection
guarantee operates against uneven application of legal norms so that all
persons under similar circumstances would be accorded the same treatment.
(Regala v. Sandiganbayan)
- The performance of legitimate and even essential duties by public officers
has never been an excuse to free a person validly in prison. Functions and
duties of the office are not substantial distinctions which lift the accused from
the class of prisoners interrupted in their freedom and restricted in liberty of
movement. (People v. Jalosjos)
- There are substantial differences between big investors who are lured to
establish their industries in the secured areas compared to business
operators outside the area. The first can give economic impact that is national
in scope, the other, merely local (Tiu v. CA)
Telecommunications- TV and radio are more pervasive and persuasive;
print media does not really reach the hard-to-reach places in the Philippines
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I
With a valid
warrant
Without a valid
warrant
Requirements:
1) Issued upon
probable cause
2) Personally
examined by the
judge
3) Examined
under oath and
affirmation
4) Particularly
describing the
place to be
searched and the
persons or things
to be seized
(Sec. 2 Art. III,
Uy v. BIR)
5) warrant must
not be for more
than one offense
(Revised ROC)
1) Incidental to
lawful arrest
(Sec 12, Rule
126 of Rules of
Court)
2) Plain view
3) Moving vehicle
4) Consented
warrantless
search
5) Customs
searches
6) Stop and Frisk
7) Exigent and
Emergency
circumstances
8) suspicionless
drug tests
Without
Warrant (by a
Private
Individual)
1) SOP (People
vs. Marti)
2) Security
Check (People vs
Bongcarawan)
I
Other nature or
purpose
1) Subpoena
duces tecum
2) Administrative
Inspection
Purpose:
(a) To protect the privacy and sanctity of his person, property and house
(b) To guarantee against unlawful arrest and other forms of restraint.
Section 2 is protection against unlawful searches by the government and its
agencies and does not protect citizens from unlawful searches and seizures by
private individuals. (People v. Marti)
**remedy may be found in the Civil Code and in the RPC.
Search an examination of a mans house or other buildings or premises, or
of his person or his vehicle with a view to the discovery of contraband, illicit
and stolen property or some evidence of guilt to be used in prosecution of a
criminal action for some crime or offense charged.
When is a search a search?
A Routine Checkpoint does not intrude on a motorists right to free passage
without interruption, but it involves only a brief detention of travelers during
which the vehicles occupants are required to answer a brief question or two.
As long as the vehicle is neither searched, nor its occupants subjected to a
body search, and the inspection of the vehicle is limited to a visual search,
routine checks cannot be regarded as violative of an individuals right against
unreasonable search. (Valmonte v. Gen. De Villa)
Random Drug Testing- The operative concepts in the mandatory drug
testing are "randomness" and "suspicionless." In the case of persons charged
with a crime before the prosecutor's office, a mandatory drug testing can
never be random or suspicionless.
When persons suspected of committing a crime are charged, they are singled
out and are impleaded against their will. The persons thus charged, by the
bare fact of being haled before the prosecutor's office and peaceably
submitting themselves to drug testing, if that be the case, do not necessarily
consent to the procedure, let alone waive their right to privacy.
To impose mandatory drug testing on the accused is a blatant attempt to
harness a medical test as a tool for criminal prosecution, contrary to the
stated objectives of RA 9165. Drug testing in this case would violate a
persons' right to privacy guaranteed under Sec. 2, Art. III of the Constitution.
Worse still, the accused persons are veritably forced to incriminate
themselves. (SJS v. DDB)
Seizure as long as the property is in control of the person arrested, even if
he does not possess ownership, such may be seized (Burgos v. Chief of Staff)
- Stopping a person, even though an arrest is not commenced, is a seizure
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(Terry v. Ohio)
Arrest to deprive a person of his liberty by legal authority. It is he taking of
a person into custody in order that he may be bound to answer for the
commission of an offense.
In arrest cases there must be:
1. probable cause that a crime has been committed
2. and that the person to be arrested committed it,
*Which of course can exist without any showing that evidence of the
crime will be found at premises under that person's control. (Webb v.
De Leon)
Search Warrant an order in writing issued in the name of the Republic
signed by a judged and directed to a peace officer commanding him to search
for personal property described therein and bring it before the court.
In search cases, two conclusions must be supported by substantial evidence:
1. that the items sought are in fact seizable by virtue of being
connected with criminal activity, and
2. that the items will be found in the place to be searched. It is not also
necessary that a particular person be implicated. (Webb v. De Leon)
A search warrant may be issued for the search and seizure of:
1. property subject of the offense
2. property stolen or embezzled and proceeds/fruits of the offense
3. property used or intended to be used as the mans of committing an
offense
Section 2, Rule 126 of the Rules of Court, does not require that the property
to be seized should be owned by the person against whom the search warrant
is directed. It may or may not be owned by him. In fact, under subsection [b]
of the above-quoted Section 2, one of the properties that may be seized is
stolen property. Necessarily, stolen property must be owned by one other than
the person in whose possession it may be at the time of the search and
seizure. Ownership, therefore, is of no consequence, and it is sufficient that
the person against whom the warrant is directed has control or possession of
the property sought to be seized. (Burgos Sr. v. Chief of Staff)
Partially Invalid Warrant
No provision of law exists which requires that a warrant, partially defective in
specifying some items sought to be seized yet particular with respect to the
other items, should be nullified as a whole. (Microsoft v. Maxicorp)
- In cases where a different name is inserted as the owner of a property to be
searched, it is only a harmless defect, as long as it is only a search of the
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WARRANT OF ARREST
The applicant must show
1.) Probable cause that an offense has
been committed.
2.) That the person to be arrested
committed it.
- If for some reason, a search was not completed on the first day it was
undertaken, such as the voluptuousness of the material to be seized, the
search on the 2nd day is deemed a continuation of the original search. The
search may be performed any day within the 10-day prescriptive period.
(Mustang Lumber)
It is only the Judge who may issue warrants of search and arrest. Mayors may
not exercise this power, nor may it be done by a mere prosecuting body. The
one exception to this rule is the deportation of illegal and undesirable aliens,
which arrest may be issued or ordered by the President or the Commission of
Immigration. (Salazar v. Achacoso)
Commissioner of Immigration cannot issue warrants of arrest in aid merely of
his investigatory power. However, he may order the arrest of an alien in order
to carry out a deportation order that has already become final. (Board of
Commissioners v. Dela Rosa)
An issuing magistrate must meet 2 requirements: he must be neutral and
detached and must be capable of determining whether probable cause exists.
- Probable Cause need not be based on clear and convincing evidence of guilt,
neither on evidence establishing guilt beyond reasonable doubt, and definitely
not on evidence establishing absolute certainty of guilt.
Before issuing
warrants of arrest, judges merely determine personally the probability, not
the certainty of guilt of an accused. In doing so, judges do not conduct a de
novo hearing to determine the existence of probable cause. They just
personally review the initial determination of the prosecutor finding a probable
cause to see if it is supported by substantial evidence. [NOTE: need not point
to a specific offense] (Webb v. De Leon)
The testimonies of the two witnesses, coupled with the object and
documentary evidence they presented, are sufficient to establish the existence
of probable cause. The determination of probable cause does not call for the
application of rules and standards of proof that a judgment of conviction
requires after trial on the merits. (Microsoft v. Maxicorp)
For purposes of issuing a warrant, only a judge can determine probable cause.
For purposes of filing an information, the prosecution determines probable
cause. Determination of probable cause during a preliminary investigation is
an executive function. (People v. CA)
Sufficiency of Affidavit
When the Affidavit of the applicant of the complaint contains sufficient facts
within his personal and direct knowledge, it is sufficient if the judge is satisfied
that there exist probable cause; when the applicant's knowledge of the facts is
mere hearsay, the affidavit of one or more witnesses having a personal
knowledge of the fact is necessary. (Alvarez v. CFI)
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Prosecutors Certification
The judge may rely upon the fiscal's certification of the existence of probable
cause and, on the basis thereof, issue a warrant of arrest. But such
certification does not bind the judge. The issuance of a warrant is not a mere
ministerial function; it calls for the exercise of judicial discretion on the part of
the issuing magistrate. Section 6, Rule 112 of the Rules of Court provide that:
If on the face of the information the judge finds no probable cause, he may
disregard the fiscals certification and require the submission of the affidavits
of witnesses to aid him in arriving at a conclusion as to the existence of a
probable cause. (Placer v. Villanueva)
By itself the prosecutors certification of probable cause is ineffectual. It is the
reports, affidavits and other supporting documents behind the prosecutors
certification which are material to assisting the judge in making his
determination. The extent of the Judge's personal examination of the report
and its annexes depends on the circumstances of each case. The personal
determination is vested in the Judge by the Constitution. It can be as brief or
as detailed as the circumstances of each case require. (Lim Sr. v. Felix)
- Judges must NOT rely solely on the report of the prosecutor- they must
evaluate the report and the supporting documents which may consist of
affidavits, transcripts, and all other supporting documents behind the
prosecutors certification (Roberts v. CA)
2) Personal Examination of the Judge
Under existing laws, warrants of arrest may be issued:
(1) by the Metropolitan Trial Courts (MeTCs) except those in the National
Capital Region, Municipal Trial Courts (MTCs), and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts
(MCTCs) in cases falling within their exclusive original jurisdiction;
- in cases covered by the rule on summary procedure where the accused fails
to appear when required;
- and in cases filed with them which are cognizable by the Regional Trial
Courts (RTCs);
warrant can issue: only if the judge is satisfied after an examination in
writing and under oath of the complainant and the witnesses, in the form of
searching questions and answers, that a probable cause exists and that there
is a necessity of placing the respondent under immediate custody in order not
to frustrate the ends of justice.
- Probable cause is PERSONALLY DETERMINED by the judge after examination
under oath or affirmation of the complainant/applicant and all witnesses who
have personal knowledge of the offense under oath and in writing. (Allado v.
Diokno)
(2) by the Metropolitan Trial Courts in the National Capital Region (MeTCsNCR) and the RTCs in cases filed with them after appropriate preliminary
investigations conducted by officers authorized to do so other than judges of
MeTCs, MTCs and MCTCs.
Under these courts, it has been held that: The judge is not required to
Spersonally examine the complainant and his witnesses. Following
Seaestablished doctrine and procedure, he shall
1. Personally evaluate the report and the supporting documents
submitted by the fiscal regarding the existence of probable cause
and, on the basis thereof, issue a warrant of arrest; or
2. If on the basis thereof he finds no probable cause, he may
a. disregard the fiscal's report and require the submission of
supporting affidavits of witnesses to aid him in arriving at a
conclusion as to the existence of probable cause, OR
b. personally examine the applicant and witnesses to
determine probable cause. (Soliven v. Makasiar, Roberts v.
CA)
The judge is not required to personally examine the complainant and his
witnesses and on the basis thereof issue a warrant of arrest. He may also rely
on the fiscals report or if on the basis thereof he finds no probable cause he
may disregard the fiscals report and require the submission of supporting
affidavits of witnesses to aid him in arriving at a conclusion as to the existence
of probable cause. (Soliven v. Makasiar) But it may not be delegated to a clerk
(Bache v. Ruiz)
What is required is personal determination and not personal examination.
(Soliven v. Judge Makasiar)
**Bernas recommends comparing the doctrine from Soliven with the doctrine
from Bache and Co. v. Ruiz
What the Constitution underscores is the exclusive and personal responsibility
of the issuing judge to satisfy himself of the existence of probable cause.
(Soliven v. Judge Makasiar)
The judge must examine the complainant and his witnesses under oath or
affirmation. This has been interpreted as requiring a personal and not merely
delegated examination by the judge or by the proper officer, because the
purpose of the examination is to convince the judge or officer himself and not
any other individual. (Bache and Co. v. Ruiz; Alvarez v. Court)
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CFI)
Affirmation- a solemn and formal declaration that an affidavit is true, this
being substituted for an oath in certain cases. Here, there is no invocation of
God or a supreme being.
A search warrant must not only be based on probable cause but also must be
based on an application supported by oath of the applicant and the witnesses
he may produce. Its purpose is to convince the committing magistrate of the
existence of probable cause.
The failure of the witness to mention particular individuals does not
necessarily prove that he had no personal knowledge of specific illegal
transactions of the Organization, for the witness might be acquainted with
specific transactions, even if the names of the individuals concerned were
unknown to him. (Central Bank v. Morfe)
The examining judge has to take depositions in writing of the complainant and
the witnesses he may produce and to attach them to the record. Such written
deposition is necessary in order that the judge may be able to properly
determine the existence or non-existence of probable cause, and to hold liable
for perjury the person giving it if it will be found later that his declarations are
false. (People v. Mamaril)
4) Particularity of Description
- A search warrant may be said to particularly describe the things to be seized
when the description therein is as specific as the circumstances will ordinarily
allow and by which the warrant officer may be guided in making the search
and seizure. (Bache & Co. v. Ruiz)
- Section 1, paragraphs 3, of Article III of the Constitution, and section 97 of
General Orders, No. 58 provide that the affidavit to be presented, which shall
serve as the basis for determining whether probable cause exist and whether
the warrant should be issued, must contain a particular description of the
place to be searched and the person or thing to be seized. These provisions
are mandatory and must be strictly complied. (Alvarez v. CFI) It must NOT be
too general. (Stonehill v. Diokno)
The purpose and intent of this requirement is to limit the things to be seized
to only those particularly described in the search warrant to leave the
officers of the law with no discretion regarding what articles they should seize,
to the end that unreasonable searches and seizures, or abuses, may not be
committed. (Corro v. Lising)
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and-Frisk)
Comelec)
When it is not practicable to secure a warrant because the vehicle can quickly
move out of the locality or jurisdiction in which the warrant must be sought,
then a search warrant is not necessary so long as the seizing officer authority
truly believed that there is probable cause. (People v. CFI of Rizal, People v. Lo
Ho Wing)
The rules governing search and seizure of a moving vehicle have steadily
liberalized on the basis of practicality. This is so considering that before a
warrant could be obtained, the place, things and persons to be searched must
be described to the satisfaction of the issuing judgea requirement which
borders on the impossible in the case of smuggling effected by the use of a
moving vehicle that can transport contraband from one place to another with
impunity. (People v. Lo Ho Wing)
It is quite true the RASAC received one such information several days or a
week before the encounter; but the fact that its agents failed to obtain a
warrant in spite of the time allowance is not a sign that they have been remiss
in their duty. Because they lacked the necessary information (such as the
exact time/place where the search should be made), RASAC could not have
possibly secured a valid warrant even if they had foreseen its compelling
necessity. (People v. CFI of Rizal)
The prevalent circumstances of the case undoubtedly bear out the fact that
the search in question was made as regards a moving vehicle petitioner's
vehicle was "flagged down" by the apprehending officers upon identification.
Therefore, the police authorities were justified in searching the petitioner's
automobile without a warrant since the situation demanded immediate action.
(Asuncion v. CA)
First of all, even though the police authorities already identified the petitioner
as an alleged shabu dealer and confirmed the area where he allegedly was
plying his illegal trade, they were uncertain as to the time he would show up
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The right against warrantless searches and seizures is a purely personal right,
as such, nobody else should be able to waive the right for the accused.
**However in Lopez v. Commissioner of Customs where a woman identified
herself as the wife of the occupant and gave consent to the search and
voluntarily surrendered papers of the absent occupant but turned out to be a
mere manicurist, the SC held that The officers of the law cannot be blamed
if they act on appearances. There was a person inside who from indications
was ready to accede to their request. Even ordinary courtesy would preclude
them from inquiring too closely as to why she was there.
5) Customs Searches- Made by a customs officer or one deputized by
customs. The mere fact that a person in possession of an item, which duties
assigned to it have NOT been paid, justifies the warrantless search; the item is
considered Government Property because import duties have not been paid
with prejudice to the Government.
- Imported goods remain under the jurisdiction of Bureau of Customs as
Importation Is not terminated. (Tariff and Customs Code). BOC acquires
exclusive jurisdiction over imported goods, for the purposes of enforcement of
customs laws, from the moment the goods are actually in its possession or
control. (Papa vs. Mago)
The right against warrantless searches is automatically waived in accordance
with customs rules and regulations, which is strictly observed in international
practice. The search in an airport is made pursuant to routine airport security
procedure, allowed under Sec. 9 of RA 6235 states: any holder of an airline
ticket and his baggage are subject to search for, and seizure of, prohibited
materials or substances. Passengers refusing the search shall not be allowed
to board. Once searched, and found to have illegal materials on them, a
person is caught in flagrante delicto, which means he or she can be lawfully
arrested without a warrant. (People v. Canton)
6) Stop and Frisk rule
- When a person gives his consent to be searched, he waives his right against
warrantless searches and seizures. (People v. Lacerna)
The apprehending officers even sought the permission of petitioner to search
the car, to which the latter agreed. As such, since the shabu was discovered
by virtue of a valid warrantless search and the petitioner himself freely gave
his consent to said search, the prohibited drugs found as a result were
admissible in evidence. (Asuncion v. CA)
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The right against unreasonable searches and seizure guards against abuse
only by way of too much indefiniteness or breadth in the things required to be
particularly described; if the inquiry is one the demanding agency
(Congress/Admin. Body) is authorized by law to make and the materials
specified are relevant, the gist of the protection being the requirement that
the disclosure sought shall not be unreasonable.
The requirement of probable cause supported by oath or affirmation, literally
applicable in case of a warrant, is satisfied in case of an Order for Production
(Subpoena Duces Tecum) by the Courts determination that the investigation
is authorized by Congress for a purpose it can order, and that the documents
sought are relevant to the inquiry. (Oklahoma Press v. Walling)
Administrative Inspection
Probable cause upon the basis of which warrants are to be issued for area
code enforcement inspections is not dependent on the inspectors belief that a
particular dwelling violates the elements of the code, but on the
reasonableness of the enforcement agencys appraisal of conditions in the area
as a whole. In nonemergency situations, a person has the right to insist that
the inspectors obtain a search warrant. (Camara v. Municipal Court)
I
Without Warrant
Requirements:
(1) Issued upon probable cause
(2) Personally examined by the judge
(3) Examined under oath and
affirmation
(4) Particularly describing the place
to be searched and the persons or
things to be seized. (Section 2,
ArticleIII)
(5) warrant must not be for more
than one offense (Revised Rules of
Court)
investigates)
- Municipal trial court
- Municipal circuit trial court
-Metropolitan circuit court (non-NRC)
With Fiscal, (judge looks into
certification and examines the
records)
Process:
- Fiscal makes a determination of
probable cause (called "certification")
- Judge looks Into the certification
(must include affidavits)
- Judge personally examines the
records
-Judge is not bound bythe Fiscal's
determination.
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could the arrest be reasonably regarded as effected When in fact just been
committed. Moreover Umil v. Ramos does NOT apply because Murder is NOT
a continuing crime. (Go v. CA)
- Par. (a) requires that the person be arrested: (1) after he has committed or
while he is actually committing or at least attempting to commit an offense,
(2) in the presence of the arresting officer.
These requirements have not been established in the case at bar. At the time
of the arrest, accused-appellant was merely looking from side to side and
holding his abdomen, according to the arresting officers themselves. There
was apparently no offense that had just been committed, or was being
actually committed or at least being attempted in their presence. Without the
evidence of the firearm taken from accused at the time of his illegal arrest the
prosecution lost its most important exhibit and must therefore fail. (People v.
Mengote)
Personal Knowledge
- One of the Constitutional requirements for a valid search warrant or warrant
of arrest is that it must be based on probable cause. The existence of probable
cause justifies the arrest and seizure without warrant. This constitutes
personal knowledge under Rule 113 of the Rules of Criminal Procedure.
That petitioners were not caught in the act does not make the arrest illegal.
Petitioners were found with young boys in their respective rooms, in some
cases naked. Under the circumstances, the CID agents had reasonable
grounds to believe that petitioners had committed pedophilia. (Harvey v.
Defensor-Santiago)
- In the case at bar, police observed during their surveillance that the
petitioner, having red eyes and wobbling, as he walked near the Kalookan City
Cemetery, which according to their information was a hangout of drug addicts.
According to their experience, this suspicious behavior was characteristic of
drug addicts on a high. The police therefore had reason to investigate him.
They approached the petitioner, identified themselves as police, and asked
what he was holding. When he resisted they asked him again. It was only then
when he allowed the examination of his wallet where the alleged marijuana
was found.
NOTE: Illegality of arrest may be cured when accused voluntarily submitted to
the jurisdiction of the court by pleading not guilty without questioning the
illegality of his arrest. (People vs. Escordial)
- Petitioner effectively waived the inadmissibility of evidence illegally obtained
when he failed to raise the issue during trial. Issues not raised during trial
cannot be pleaded for the first time on appeal. (Manalili v. CA)
Effect of bail- If one posts bail, one is estopped from questioning defects of
ones arrest (Velasco v. CA)
- The filing of the petitioners of a petition to be released on bail should be
considered as a waiver of any irregularity attending their arrest and estoppes
them from questioning its validity. (Harvey v. Defensor-Santiago)
- The rule is that the right to preliminary investigation is waived ONLY when
the accused fails to invoke it before or at the time of entering a plea at the
arraignment. Go was persistent on his right to preliminary investigation
BEFORE his arraignment (Go v. CA)
G. Fruit of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine and Free to Go Rule
- The arrest was done while accused was simply descending the gangplank of
a ship, with no outward indication that called for his arrest. He is NOT
committing a crime, nor about to do so, nor just committed one. Therefore
this doesnt fall under the exceptions stated in Rule 113 of the Rules of Court.
The evidence is inadmissible because the search was NOT an incident of a
lawful arrest because there was NO warrant of arrest and the warrantless
arrest didnt fall under the exceptions under Rule 113 of the Rules of Court. If
a peace officer has at least 2 days to procure a Search/Arrest warrant with the
name, description of the person to be arrested or the place to be searched, he
cannot just make a warrantless arrest or search. (People v. Amminudin)
- The accused was arrested on the sole basis of information from a verbal
report, which does not fall under the exceptions stated in Rules 113. There is
NO such personal knowledge in this case. The verbal report led the authorities
to suspect that the accused had committed a crime. They were still fishing for
evidence of a crime not yet ascertained. The subsequent recovery of the
subject firearm on the basis of information from the lips of a frightened wife
cannot make the arrest lawful.
If an arrest without a warrant is unlawful at the time it was made, generally
nothing that happened or was discovered afterwards can make it lawful. The
fruit of a poisonous tree is necessarily also tainted. The Constitution itself
mandates that any evidence obtained in violation of the right is inadmissible in
evidence. Consequently, testimonies of the arresting officers as to the
admissions made by the appellant cannot be used against him. (People v.
Burgos)
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SECTION 3:
(1) PRIVACY OF COMMUNICATION AND CORRESPONDENCE SHALL BE
INVIOLABLE EXCEPT UPON LAWFUL ORDER OF THE COURT, OR WHEN
PUBLIC SAFETY OR ORDER REQUIRES OTHERWISE AS PRESCRIBED BY
LAW
(2) ANY EVIDENCE OBTAINED IN VIOLATION OF THIS OR THE
PRECEDING SECTION SHALL BE INADMISSIBLE FOR ANY PURPOSE IN
ANY PROCEEDING
Exceptions:
1. Lawful order of the Court
2. When Public Safety or Order requires it as prescribed by law.
A. Exclusionary Rule
Bars admission of illegally obtained evidence.
Restraint against unlawful searches and seizures applies only against the
government but not on private individuals. If the evidence sought to be
excluded was primarily discovered and obtained by a private person, acting in
a private capacity and without participation/intervention of State authorities,
then the liberties guaranteed by the Constitution cannot be invoked against
the State.
Test:
1. Evidence primarily discovered and obtained by private person
(subsequent verification of evidence by State authorities upon
request of private individual is allowed).
2. Private person acted in private capacity.
3. No intervention and participation by the State authorities in primary
discovery.(People v. Marti)
BUT
The Intimacies between husband and wife do not justify anyone of them
breaking the drawers and cabinets of the other and in ransacking them for
telltale evidence of marital infidelity. A person, by contracting marriage does
not shed his/her right to privacy as an Individual. The evidence seized by the
wife should be returned to the husband, as it was taken without his knowledge
and consent. (Zulueta v. CA)
B. Anti-wiretapping Law
RA 4200 requires previously written judicial authorization to be issued
upon fulfillment of requirements for the issuance of a warrant effective for
only 60 days.
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The prior restraint principle is not an unbending rule but admitted exceptions
such as: W-O-I
1. when a nation is at war, publication which may obstruct government
recruitment
2. publication of obscene materials
3. materials inciting to acts of violence to overthrow the government
Also: seditious speech, censorship, electoral process
Presumption of Invalidity- Any system of prior restraints of expression
bears a heavy presumption against its constitutional validity. The Government
thus carries the burden of showing justification for the enforcement of such
restraint. (NY Times v. US)
Movie Censorship Process- Non-criminal process, which requires the prior
submission of a film to a censor, avoids constitutional infirmity only if it takes
place under procedural safeguards designed to obviate the dangers of a
censorship system.
STANDARD FOR CENSORSHIP TO BE VALID: B-F-P
1. The burden of proving that the film is unprotected expression must
rest on the censor.
2. While the State may require advance submission of all films, in order
to proceed effectively to bar all showings of unprotected films, the
requirement cannot be administered in a manner which would lend
an effect of finality to the censor's determination whether a film
constitutes a protected expression because only a judicial
determination in an adversary proceeding ensures the necessary
sensitivity to freedom of expression-only a procedure requiring a
judicial determination suffices to impose a valid final restraint.
3. The procedure must also assure a prompt final judicial decision to
minimize the deterrent effect of an interim and possibly erroneous
denial of a license.
- The Boards of Review for Moving Pictures and Television has the power to
screen review and examine all television programs. The exercise of religious
freedom can be regulated by the state when it will bring about the clear and
present danger of some substantial evil, which the state is duty bound to
prevent. However, there is no showing of the type of harm the tapes will bring.
Prior restraint on speech cannot be justified by hypothetical fears but only by
the showing of a SUBSTANTIVE and IMMINENT EVIL. (INC v. CA)
Freedom of the Press- The press is not exempt from the taxing powers of
the state, the law granted the press a privilege, they could take back such a
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privilege any time. In withdrawing the privilege, the law merely subjects the
press to the same tax burden to which other businesses have ling ago been
subjected, The VAT is not a license tax and therefore, not a form of prior
restraint. It is not a tax on the exercise if the privilege, much less a
constitutional right. (Tolentino v. Sec. Of Finance)
TV coverage of Criminal Trial
Freedom of press and right to public information versus rights of the accused
versus power of court to control proceedings -the rights of the accused must
prevail, therefore, it may be prohibited
B. Subsequent Punishment
There are limits to the power of the government to impose rules or
regulations penalizing the exercise of the right of freedom of expression
3 Tests for Subsequent Punishment
Dangerous Tendency Rule when it creates a dangerous tendency, which
the state has the right to prevent. There must be a rational connection
between the speech and evil apprehended ex. People v. Perez (inciting to
sedition)
o
Fear must be for serious evil that is serious, imminent and high
probability of serious injury to the state
- The attack on Governor-General Wood exceeds the bounds of free speech
and common decency. There was a seditious tendency, which could easily
produce disaffection among the people. This case is an example of the
application of the dangerous tendency rule where all it requires, for speech to
be punishable is that there is a rational connection between speech and evil
apprehended. (People v. Perez)
Clear and Present Danger Rule In determining whether a circumstance
would constitute clear and present danger, the court must inquire whether in
each case the gravity of the evil, discounted by its improbability, justifies an
invasion of free speech to avoid the danger.
- The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such
circumstances and are of such nature as to create a clear and present danger
that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to
prevent. It is a question of proximity and degree.
- Clear and present danger is not dependent on the probability of success of
attempted overthrow (Dennis v. US)
- All forms of communication are entitled to the broad protection of the
freedom of expression clause. Necessarily, however, the freedom of television
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broad that it encompasses even the private Citizen's private property and the
freedom to convince others to agree with him. (Adiong v. COMELEC)
- What is involved here is simply a regulation of time, place and manner. Any
restriction of speech is only incidental and it is no more than necessary to
achieve the purpose of promoting equality of opportunity. What makes this
regulation reasonable is that it applies only to the election period. For contentneutral restrictions such as the case at bar, the O'Brien test must be used.
The O'Brien test provides that a Government regulation of time, space and
manner (content-neutral regulation) is sufficiently justified if: W-F-U-R
a. If it is within the constitutional power of the Government,
b. If it furthers an important or substantial governmental
interest
c. If the governmental interest is unrelated to the suppression
of free expression
d. And if the incident restriction on alleged First Amendment
freedoms is no greater than is essential to the furtherance of
that interest.
- Restrictions that are content-neutral are not censorial. The restriction is not
concerned with the content of the speech thus, it needs only a substantial
governmental interest to support them. (Osmena v. COMELEC)
EXIT POLLS - random polling of voters as they come out of the booths, and
the dissemination of their results through mass media cannot be banned by
COMELEC, they argue that it might confuse the voters. But it does not fall
under clear and present danger. The evil to be prevented is merely
speculative. (ABS CBN v. COMELEC)
ELECTION SURVEYS a ban on surveys published 15days before elections
for national candidates and 7days before elections for local candidates is a
direct and total suppression of freedom of expression amounting to prior
restraint. The governmental interest sought to be promoted can be achieved
by other means. (SWS v. COMELEC)
D. Commercial Speech
- Communication whose sole purpose is to propose a commercial transaction.
Ex: Ads of goods or services
- It must not be false, misleading or illegal. (Friedman v. Rogers), or propose
any illegal activity (Pittsburgh Press v. Human Relations Commission)
- Does not enjoy the same protection as core speech (communicates political,
religious and social ideas)
Even truthful and lawful commercial speech may be regulated if they fulfill the
ff. requirements of the Hudson Test: S-D-O
1. The governmental interest sought to be served by the regulation
must be substantial
2. The regulation must be directly advance the government's interest
3. The regulation must not be overboard (Rubin v. Coors Brewing)
- The city's news rack policy is neither content neutral nor, "narrowly tailored."
Thus, regardless of whether or not it leaves open ample alternative channels
of communication, it cannot be justified as a legitimate time, place, or manner
restriction on protected speech. (Cincinnati v. Discovery Network)
- The ordinance prohibiting the placing of signs violates the residents' right to
free speech. While said signs are subject to the municipality's police power,
any regulation may be challenged on the ground that it restricts too little
speech because its exemptions discriminate on the basis of Sign's message or
on the ground that it prohibits too much protected speech.
- The ordinance cannot be justified as time, place manner restriction since
handbills and newspaper advertisements are inadequate substitutes for
important medium such as the posters that were prohibited by Ladue's
ordinance. (City of Ladue v. Gilleo)
E. Unprotected Speech
LIBEL a pubic and malicious imputation of a crime, vice or defect, real
or imaginary or any act, omission, condition status or circumstance tending to
cause the dishonor, discredit or contempt of a person or to blacken the
memory of one who is dead.
Elements: A-P-I-M
a. The allegation of a discreditable act or condition concerning another
b. Publication of the charge- making the defamatory matter, after it has
been written, known to someone other than the person to whom it has
been written.
c. Identity of the person defamed
d. Existence of malice - when the author of the imputation is prompted
by ill-will or spite and speaks not in response to duty but merely to injure
reputation.
Privileged Communications- every defamatory act is presumed malicious
except in the following cases:
1. Private Communication made by any person to another in the
performance of a legal, social or moral duty.
2. Fair and true report, made in good faith, without comments, remarks
of any juridical, legislative, or other official proceeding which are not
confidential or of any statement, report or speech delivered in said
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- The State's interest in protecting public figures from emotional distress is not
sufficient to deny Constitutional protection to speech that could not reasonably
have been interpreted as stating actual facts about the public figure involved.
The rule in TIMES case is extended to PRIVATESECTOR PUBLIC FIGURES (e.g.
newscaster, political analyst etc). (Hustler Magazine v. Falwell)
Exception to the general rule that public Officials are prohibited from
recovering Damages unless it be proven that there is actual malice
- Freedom of speech and of expression is not absolute and that freedom needs
on occasion to be adjusted to and accommodated with the requirements of
equally important pubic interest. One of the fundamental pubic interests is the
maintenance of the integrity and orderly functioning of the administration of
justice. Freedom of expression itself can be secured only within the context of
a functioning and orderly system of dispensing justice. (In re JuradoCorruption in the Judiciary)
- A publication relating to judicial action in a pending case which tends to
impede embarrass or obstruct the court and constitutes a clear and present
danger to the administration of justice is not protected by the guarantee of
press freedom and is punishable as contempt.
To constitute contempt, the publication must have been made under the
circumstance as would be calculated to imperil the fair and orderly functioning
of the judicial process, not remotely or probably, but immediately, and it must
constitute a clear and resent danger to the administration of justice which
danger must be 'serious and substantial. (in re Jurado- Enrile v. Salazar)
Libel of Private Individuals - A publisher of defamatory falsehoods about an
individual who is neither a public official nor a public figure may not claim the
New York Times protection against liability for defamation. Media defamation
of private persons whenever an issue of general or public interest is involved
would be unfair because private individuals characteristically have less
effective opportunities for rebuttal than public officials and public figures. New
York Times standard is inapplicable to private individuals. (Gertz v. Welch)
Times Doctrine applied in Philippine Jurisprudence
- An allegation is considered defamatory If it ascribes to a person the
commission of a crime which tends to dishonor or discredit or put him in
contempt, or which tends to blacken the memory of one who is dead.
The requisites for libel are:
a. the allegation of a discreditable act or condition concerning
another;
b. publication of the charge
c. identity of the person defamed; and
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d. existence of malice.
- The RPC provides that if the defamatory statement is made against a public
official with respect to the discharge of his official duties and functions and the
truth of the allegation is shown, the accused will be entitled to an acquittal.
(Vasquez v. CA)
- It is essential in a libel suit that the victim be identifiable although it is not
necessary that he be named. It is also not sufficient that the offended party
recognized himself as the person attacked but it must be shown that at least a
third person could identify him as the object of the libelous publication. (Borjal
v. CA)
- The petitioner's act of distributing copies of an article from The Inquirer
stating that graft charges were filed against Judge Sidro cannot be considered
as malicious. (Vicario v. CA)
- The court held that the statements embodied in the advertisement and the
open-letter are protected by the constitutional right of freedom of speech. The
advertisement stating that a PCGG Commissioner committed illegal and
unauthorized acts which constitute graft and corruption was held by the court
to be a vehicle informing the public and the stockholders of the goings-on in
the business world. (Jalandoni v. Drilon)
OBSCENITY
Obscenity and Indecency something offensive to chastity, decency or
delicacy.
In Testing for obscenity, the basic guidelines for the tier of facts must be:
PI-SD-LV
(1) Whether the average person, applying contemporary community standards
would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest,
community standards- standards of a specific community, which do
not really vary from other communities.
(2) Whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual
conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law, and
(3) Whether the work, taken as a whole lacks serious literary, artistic, political
or scientific value. (Miller v. California)
- Obscene material is that which deals with sex in a manner appealing to
prurient interest. What is seen or perceived by an artist is entitled to respect,
unless there is a showing that the product of his talent rightfully may be
considered obscene. This ruling however, is limited to motion pictures. A less
liberal approach is given for television since everyone; including children have
easier access to television. (Gonzalez v. Kalaw-Katigbak)
- To bar the exercise of the right, there must be a clear and present danger
that would warrant State interference that a danger must not only be (1)
clear, but also (2) present, to justify state action. There must be objective and
convincing, not subjective or conjectural, proof of the existence of such clear
and present danger, not relying solely on authority's own appraisal of what
the public welfare, peace or safety may require. And the burden to show the
existence of grace and imminent danger, and obscenity that would justify
adverse action lies on the authorities.
- What mayor or authorities must do is to secure a warrant and convince the
court or judge with jurisdiction that the materials sought to be seized are
"obscene," and pose a clear and present danger of an evil substantive enough
to warrant State interference and action. (Pita v. CA)
The Court found that Indiana's public indecency statute is justified despite its
incidental limitations on some expressive activity.
Applying O'Brien:
1. The traditional police power of the State is defined as the authority to
provide for the public health, safety and morals. The statute reflected
moral disapproval of people appearing in the nude among strangers
in public places.
2. The public indecency statute furthers a substantial government
interest in protecting order and morality
3. What Indiana prohibited was not dancing as a communicative
element but simply its being done in the nude.
4. Indiana's requirement that the dancers wear at least pasties and a gstring is modest and the bare minimum necessary to achieve the
State's purpose. (Barnes v. Glenn Theatre)
Obscenity on Radio- Stricter rules on obscenity must be followed especially
because of its pervasive quality and the interest in the protection of children.
The prohibition against censorship denies the Commission power to edit
proposed programs in advance and to excise material considered
inappropriate. HOWEVER, the prohibition has never been construed to deny
the commission the power to review the content of COMPLETED broadcasts in
the performance of its regulatory powers. The commission has the right to
take not of past program content when considering a licensee's renewal
application. (FCC v. Pacifica Foundation)
Zoning legislation- dealing with adult entertainment that does not ban adult
theaters altogether is not invalid being properly analyzed as a form of time,
place and manner of regulation. "Content-neutral time, place and manner
regulations are acceptable so long as they are designed to serve a substantial
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- Those conditions are satisfied here, and therefore the State may not bar
respondents' cross from Capitol Square. (Capitol Square Review Board v.
Pinette)
- What should be significant is the principal objective of, not the casual
consequence that might follow from the exercise of the power. The purpose in
setting up the marker is essentially to recognize the distinctive contribution, of
the late Felix Manalo to the culture of the Philippines, rather than to
commemorate his founding of Iglesia ni Cristo. (Manosca v. CA)
There is no compelling justification for the government to deprive Muslim
organizations, of their religious right to classify a product as halal, even on the
premise that the health of Muslim Filipinos can be effectively protected by
assigning to OMA the exclusive power to issue halal certifications. (Islamic
Dawah v. Executive Secretary)
Does the dimissal of a 7 Day Adventist Minister fall within the purview of the
NLRC? What is involved here is the relationship of the Church as an employer
and the minister as an employee. It is purely secular, and has no relation
whatsoever with the practice of faith, worship, or the doctrines of the church.
(Austria v. NLRC)
th
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- Since the film series would not have been shown during school hours, nor
was it sponsored by the school, and would have been open to the public, there
would be no realistic danger that the community would think that the District
was endorsing religion or any creed. (Lambs Chapel v. School District)
The Air Force has drawn the line essentially between religious apparel that is
visible and that which is not. The AFRs reasonably and evenhandedly regulate
dress in the interest of the militarys perceived need for uniformity. (Goldman
v. Weinberger)
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simultaneously because the State has conditioned the exercise of one on the
surrender of the other. UNCONSTITUTIONAL (McDaniel v. Paty)
- The freedom to act to one's belief is subject to regulation where the belief is
translated into external acts that affect the public welfare. Therefore, the
religious program is not beyond review by the Board (INC v. CA)
Liberty of Abode- One can search in vain for any law, order, or regulation,
which even hints at the right of the Mayor of the city of Manila or the chief of
police of that city, to force citizens of the Philippine Islands these women
despite their being in a sense lepers of society are nevertheless not chattels
but Philippine citizens protected by the same constitutional guaranties as any
other citizens to change their domicile from Manila to another locality.
(Villavicencio v. Lukban)
- The right to change abode and travel within the Philippines, being invoked by
petitioner, are not absolute rights. It can be regulated by a lawful order such
as releasing a petitioner on bail. (Yap v. CA)
2.
Right to travel- The right involved in this case at bar is the right to return to
one's country, a distinct right under international law, independent from,
although related to the right to travel. Thus, the UNDHR and the IC-CPR treat
the right to freedom of movement and abode within the territory of a state,
the right to leave the country, and the right to enter one's country as separate
and distinct rights.
- The right to return to one's country is not covered by the specific right to
travel and liberty of abode provided for in the 1987 Constitution. Therefore,
the requirements prescribed in the constitution relative to the right to travel
do not apply. (Marcos v. Mangalapus)
The right to Travel may be curtailed by Administrative officers in the interest of
national security, public safety or public heath, as may be provided by law.
Bail- is the security given for the release of a person in custody of the law,
furnished by him or a bondsman, conditioned upon his appearance before any
court when so required by the Court or the Rules of Court.
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Two, Republic Act No. 7160 or the Local Government Code of 1991 requires all
national offices to conduct consultations before any project or program critical
to the environment and human ecology including those that may call for the
eviction of a particular group of people residing in such locality, is
implemented therein. The MOA-AD is one peculiar program that unequivocally
and unilaterally vests ownership of a vast territory to the Bangsamoro people,
which could pervasively and drastically result to the diaspora or displacement
of a great number of inhabitants from their total environment.
Three, Republic Act No. 8371 or the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997
provides for clear-cut procedure for the recognition and delineation of
ancestral domain, which entails, among other things, the observance of the
free and prior informed consent of the Indigenous Cultural
Communities/Indigenous Peoples. Notably, the statute does not grant the
Executive Department or any government agency the power to delineate and
recognize an ancestral domain claim by mere agreement or compromise.
The invocation of the doctrine of executive privilege as a defense to the
general right to information or the specific right to consultation is untenable.
The various explicit legal provisions fly in the face of executive secrecy. In any
event, respondents effectively waived such defense after it unconditionally
disclosed the official copies of the final draft of the MOA-AD, for judicial
compliance and public scrutiny.
SECTION 8: THE RIGHT OF THE PEOPLE, INCLUDING THOSE
EMPLOYED IN THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS, TO FORM UNIONS,
ASSOCIATIONS, OR SOCIETIES FOR THE PURPOSES NOT CONTRARY
TO LAW SHALL NOT BE ABRIDGED
Government employees have the right to form unions but this does not
include the right to strike.
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intensify the meaning of the word "compensation" and to convey thereby the
idea that the equivalent to be rendered for the property to be taken shall be
real, substantial, full and ample. The valuation of a property in the tax
declaration cannot be an absolute substitute to just compensation. (NPC v.
Capin)
b) Power to Undertake Expropriation Case
Substitution - The real party in interest in expropriation cases is the Republic
of the Philippines. Expropriation suits are brought in behalf of and for the
benefit of the Republic of the Philippines. it follows that the Republic of the
Philippines is entitled to be substituted in the expropriation proceedings as
party-plaintiff in lieu of ISA, the statutory term of ISA having expired. Put a
little differently, the expiration of ISA's statutory term did not by itself require
or justify the dismissal of the eminent domain proceedings. (Iron and Steel
Authority v. CA)
-Threshold requisites for lawful taking of private property for public use need
to be examined here: one is the necessity for the taking; another is the legal
authority to effect the taking.A reasonable relationship between that power
and the enforcement and administration of election laws by Comelec must be
shown; it is not casually to be assumed. (Philippine Press Institute v.
COMELEC)
Regulation of a Privilege is not Taking - In truth, radio and television
broadcasting companies, which are given franchises, do not own the airwaves
and frequencies through which they transmit broadcast signals and images.
They are merely given the temporary privilege of using them. Since a
franchise is a mere privilege, the exercise of the privilege may reasonably be
burdened with the performance by the grantee of some form of public service.
(Telebap v. COMELEC)
Compliance with procedural due process is mandatory. Condemnation
must be a last resort - In the same vein, expropriation proceedings are to
be resorted to only after the other modes of acquisition have been exhausted.
Compliance with these conditions is mandatory because these are the only
safeguards of often-times helpless owners of private property against violation
of due process when their property is forcibly taken from them for public use.
(Estate of Heirs of the Late Ex-Justice JBL v. City of Manila)
- Private lands rank last in the order of priority for purposes of socialized
housing. In the same vein, expropriation proceedings may be resorted to only
after the other modes of acquisition are exhausted. Compliance with these
conditions is mandatory because these are the only safeguards of oftentimes
helpless owners of private property against what may be a tyrannical violation
of due process when their property is forcibly taken from them allegedly for
public use. (Lagcao v. Labra)
c)
- A close scrutiny of the records reveals that the Sangguniang Bayan did not
establish or maintain any public market on the subject lot. The resolution
merely mentioned the plan to acquire the lot for expansion of the public
market adjacent thereto. Until expropriation proceedings are instituted
in court, the landowner cannot be deprived of its right over the land.
(Greater Balanga v. Municipality of Balanga)
- It must be stressed that the agreement to transfer the property was made in
1974. More than twenty years later, no actual transfer had yet been made.
Unless and until the transfer is consummated, or expropriation proceedings
instituted by the government, private respondent continues to retain
ownership of the land subject of this case. (Velarma v. CA)
d) Elements of Taking:
Requisites for Taking:
1. The expropriator must enter upon the private property
2. The entrance must not be for a momentary periods, that is, the
entrance must be permanent
3. The entry must be under the warrant or color of legal authority
4. The property must be devoted for public use
5. Utilization of the property must be in such a way as to oust the owner
and deprive him of all beneficial enjoyment of the property.
(Republic v. Vda. De Castelvi)
- Where there is no taking of property for purposes of eminent domain, nor
condemnation proceedings instituted, the basis for determination of just
compensation is the time when the trial court made its order of expropriation.
(Garcia v. CA)
Burial Plots for Paupers- Police Power does not include the power to take
property with the exception of a few cases where there is a necessity to
confiscate private property in order to destroy it for the purpose of protecting
peace and order and to promote the general welfare. By confiscating a part of
a private cemetery to be given to paupers, the city is not exercising police
power but rather, the taking of private property, which should be
compensated. (Garcia v. CA)
- The air is a public highway, as Congress has declared. But this general
principle does not apply here. If the landowner is to have full enjoyment of the
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- Property rights essentially include the full use of the property. An ordinance
which permanently restricts the use of property, that it cannot be used for any
reasonable purpose, is recognized as a taking of property. If the municipality
wants to assure that no structure would obstruct the view of the plaza, they
should have given just compensation for the land. (People v. Fajardo)
Trade Secrets- Despite their intangible nature, trade secrets have many of
the characteristics of more traditional forms of property. Moreover, this Court
has found other kinds of intangible interests to be property for purposes of the
Clause. The court also held that so long as the taking has a conceivable public
character, the means by which it will be attained is for congress to determine.
Public Utilities- While the Republic may not compel PLDT to enter into a
contract, the Republic may, in the exercise of eminent domain, require PLDT to
permit interconnection of the government phone system w/ PLDT, subject to
just compensation to be determined by the court.
- There is no reason why the State may not require a public utility to render
services in the general interest, provided just compensation is paid therefor.
Ultimately, the beneficiary of the interconnecting service would be the users of
both telephone systems, so that the condemnation would be for public use.
(Rep. v. PLDT)
- Upon the filing of the complaint in Eminent Domain proceedings, or at any
time thereafter, after due notice to defendant, the petitioner has the right to
take or enter upon the possession of the real property involved if he deposits
an amount equivalent to the assessed value of the property with the PNB for
purposes of taxation. (NPC v. Jocson)
- There is no taking since the landmark law had not transferred control over
the property to the city, but only restricted the appellant's exploitation of it. A
state statute that substantially furthers important public policies and enhances
the quality of life by preserving the character and desirable aesthetic features
of a city may so frustrate distinct INVESTMENT-BACKED INTERESTS.
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respondent of normal use of the property. The Court has consistently held that
the determination of just compensation is a judicial function. No statute,
decree, or executive order can mandate that its own determination shall
prevail over the courts findings. (NPC v. Bongbong)
- PEAs entry into the property with the permission of SADC, its previous
owner, was not for the purpose of expropriating the property. SADC allowed
PEA to enter the land on condition that it should pay a monthly rental of P10K.
Also, it must be noted that after its entry, PEA requested SADC to donate or
sell the land to the government. Indeed, there was no intention on the part of
PEA to expropriate subject property. Why did it ask permission? It could have
simply exercised its power of eminent domain. (Tan v. Republic)
- The underground tunnels impose limitations on respondents use of the
property for an indefinite period and deprive them of its ordinary use. Based
upon the foregoing, respondents are clearly entitled to the payment of just
compensation. Notwithstanding the fact that petitioner only occupies the subterrain portion, it is liable to pay not merely an easement fee but rather the
full compensation for land. The nature of the easement practically deprives the
owners of its normal beneficial use. (NPC v. Ibrahim)
The RTC misapplied the ruling in Coscolluela v. CA by substituting such
inflation factor and or adjustment factor for the legally mandated interest
in the price to be paid as just compensation in expropriation cases. Nowhere
in the said decision may it be inferred that damages for such delay in the
payment of just compensation, other than the legal interest provided by law,
may be granted in addition or considered in computing the amount of just
compensation such as the inflation factor applied by the trial court. (PNOC v.
Maglasang)
e)
Public Use any use that is of utility, advantage or productivity for the
benefit of the public.
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- The City of Manila, through its legislative branch, has the express power to
acquire private lands and subdivide these lands into home lots for sale to bona
fide tenants or occupants, and to laborers and low-salaried employees of the
city. That only a few could actually benefit from the expropriation of the
property does not diminish its public use character. It is simply not possible to
provide all at once land and shelter for all who need them (Sumulong v.
Guerrero). Public use now includes the broader notion of indirect public benefit
or advantage, including in particular, urban land reform and housing.(Phil.
Columbian Assoc. v. Hon. Panis)
- The idea that "public use" is strictly limited to clear cases of "use by the
public" has long been discarded. That only a few would actually benefit from
the expropriation of property does not necessarily diminish the essence and
character of public use. As long as the public has right of use, whether
exercised by one or many members, a "public advantage" or "public benefit"
accrues, sufficient to constitute a public use. It may be limited to the
inhabitants of a small or restricted locality, but must be in common, and not
for a particular individual(s) alone. (Manosca v. CA)
- The establishment of a pilot development center would inure to the direct
benefit and advantage of the people of the Province of Camarines Sur. Once
operational, the center would make available to the community invaluable
information and technology on agriculture, fishery and the cottage industry.
The housing project also satisfies the public purpose requirement of the
Constitution. (Province of Cam Sur v. CA)
- It is well settled that expropriation of private land for urban development
and slum clearance is for a public purpose even if the developed area is
afterwards sold to private homeowners, commercial firms, entertainment, and
service companies. (Reyes v. NHA)
- After scrutinizing the records, the Court found that the basis of the ordinance
was to benefit the Melendres Compound Homeowners Association, a private,
non-profit organization, not the residents of Caniogan in general. It can be
seen that the association wanted a private playground and recreational facility
and Masikips property was the closest lot available. Thus, the taking was not
of a public character. Moreover, there was already an alternative facility for
sports and recreation in the area, the Rainforest Park. (Masikip v. Pasig)
Mining- does not entail a simple right-of-way, which is ordinarily allowed by
the Civil Code. Mining operations consist of a considerable of construction and
deployment that will definitely oust owners or occupants of beneficial
ownership of their lands. Once mining operations commence, there is already
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f)
Just compensation just and complete equivalent of the loss, which the
owner has to suffer by reason of the expropriation. Sum equivalent to
market value. Must be direct payments and not just deposits.
the owner and appropriated by the government not its future potential. (NPC
v. CA)
- In an expropriation proceeding, the court technically has the power to
determine the just compensation for the property. Provisions which encroach
upon judicial prerogatives and renders the court inutile in a matter which is
reserved to it for final determination is void. (EPZA v. Dulay)
- The nature of land bank bond fortifies the view that respondent may be
compelled to accept those bonds at their face value. Agrarian reform cannot
be fully realized without the intervention of the government particularly in the
payment of just compensation it is only with the support of the government
that payment of just compensation to landowner may be realized. (Maddumba
v. GSIS)
- Among the factor to be considered in arriving at a fair market value of the
property are the cost of acquisition, the current value of the properties, its
actual or potential uses and tax declarations. Commissioner's report although
only advisory and persuasive and by no means final, therefore, may be used
as basis for determination of just compensation. (Berkentotter v. CA)
- A trial before the Commissioners is indispensable to allow the parties to
present evidence on the issue of just compensation therefore, the
appointment of commissioners is mandatory requirement In expropriation
cases for it is a substantial right that may not be done away without any
reason (Meralco v. Pineda/NPC v. CA)
- Just compensation means not only the correct determination of the amount
to be paid to the owner of the land but also the payment of the land within
reasonable time from its taking. (Land Bank v. CA)
- In light of the declared unconstitutionality of P.D. No. 76, P.D. No.1533 and
P.D. No. 42 insofar as they sanction executive determination of just
compensation in expropriation cases, it is imperative that any right to the
immediate possession of the subject property, accruing to respondent
VISCA, must be firmly grounded on a valid compliance with Section 2
of Rule 67, i.e., there must be a deposit with the National or Provincial
Treasurer of the value of the subject property as provisionally and promptly
ascertained and fixed by the court having jurisdiction of the proceedings.
(Panes v. VISCA)
Original Jurisdiction of Special Agrarian Courts -Special Agrarian Courts,
which are Regional Trial Courts, are given original and exclusive jurisdiction
over two categories of cases, to wit: (1) "all petitions for the determination of
just compensation to landowners" and (2) "the prosecution of all criminal
offenses under [R.A. No. 6657].
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houses, concert halls, circuses, carnivals and other similar places of culture,
leisure and amusement, which discount shall be deducted by the said
establishments from their gross income for income tax purposes and from
their gross sales for value-added tax or other percentage tax purposes. Tax
credit accrued during a fiscal year when no taxes were paid may be applied to
succeeding fiscal years. (CIR v. Bicolandia)
In the event when the government is obliged to return the land expropriated
and the private party is obliged to return the purchase price but the
government fails to comply, such failure amounts to expropriation without just
compensation. The private party is entitled to compensation in the form of
rentals and interest. (Mactan v. Urgello)
Expropriation proceedings initiated 56 years ago by the government but not
acted upon (no payment of compensation, no legislative approval, and no
actual entry) is not a valid expropriation. It transfers no rights to the
expropriating party and does not deprive the owner of its authority over the
land. The non-payment of just compensation and the amount of time that has
passed may also be a bar to the government because of laches. (San Roque v.
Republic)
g)
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Includes franchises but not licenses or permits since these are special
privileges, marriage contracts, public office
A provision of law prohibiting the use of the allotted modernization funds for
payment of a contract already entered into by the government is violative of
the Constitutional Prohibition on the passage of laws that impair the obligation
of contracts. (Philconsa v. Enriquez)
the State, in the exercise of police power, may not be precluded by the
restriction on non-impairment of contract from altering, modifying and
amending the mining leases or agreements. (Miners Assoc. v. Factoran)
The contract may be altered validly if it involves the public interest, to which
private interests must yield lies a postulate of the existing social order. In
Norman vs. Baltimore, the court stressed that every contract involving the
public interest suffers infirmity and may be changed if required by public
interest. (Philippine Veterans Bank Employees v. Philippine Veterans Bank)
The unilateral cancellation of the franchise, which has the status of a contract,
without notice, hearing and justifiable cause is intolerable in any system
where the Rule of Law prevails. (Lim v Pacquing)
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A law providing new grounds for the ejectment of tenants cannot be applied
retroactively to existing contracts but is deemed to be read into the contracts
when the lease is renewed. (Juarez v CA)
Contracts of labor are impressed with public interest and may be subject to
state regulation and must yield to the common good. Matters involving the
public interest and welfare cannot be placed by contract beyond the power of
the State to regulate and control. (CMMA v POEA)
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A. Must be recited:
- You have a right to remain silent
- Anything you say or do will be used against you in court
- You have a right to consult with a lawyer and to have him during the
interrogation.
-If you are an indigent, a lawyer will be appointed to represent you.
B. Even if the person consents to answer questions without the assistance of
counsel, the moment he asks for a lawyer at any point in the investigation, the
interrogation must cease until an attorney is present.
C. If the foregoing protections and warnings are not demonstrated during the
trial to have been observed by the prosecution, no evidence obtained as a
result of the interrogation can be used against him. (Miranda v. Arizona)
-These rights become available when the investigation is no longer a general
inquiry into an unsolved crime but has begun to focus on a particular suspect,
the suspect has been taken into police custody, the police carryout a process
of interrogation that lends itself to eliciting incriminating statements; usually
after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his
freedom of action in any significant way.
WHEN ARE THE RIGHTS AVAILABLE (P. v. Tan)
1. After a person has been taken into custody
2. When a person is otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any
significant way (P. v. Caguioa)
3. When the investigation is being undertaken by the government with respect
to a criminal offense. (In P. v. Morado, a baranggay captains conversation with
the accused is part of an ongoing investigation. But in P. v. Zuela,when the
accused talked with a mayor AS CONFIDANT and not as a law enforcement
officer, his admission is admissible)
4. Signing of arrest report and booking sheets (P. v. Simon)
-not until there is a police investigation.
Ex: a person going through an audit does not have these rights, a person
presenting himself for his admission (voluntary surrender), Police line up
(unless there is a move to elicit admission), admission to someone not a
public officer (verbal confessions to a radio announcer)
Miranda Rights:
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- The criminal process includes the investigation prior to the filing of charges,
the preliminary investigation and investigation after charges are filed, and the
period for trial. The rights under Section 12(1) were conceived for the first
phase, when the enquiry is under the control of the police officers.
Sec. 12(1) DOES NOT apply to persons under preliminary investigation or
already charged in court with a crime (people v. Ayson)
However, even after the charges are filed, if the police still attempt to extract
confessions or admissions outside of judicial supervision, section 12(1) should
still apply.
Police Line-Up
When petitioner was identified by the complainant at the police line-up, he had
not been held yet to answer for a criminal offense. The police line-up is not a
part of the custodial inquest; hence, he was not yet entitled to counsel. Thus,
it was held that when the process had not yet shifted from the investigatory to
the accusatory as when police investigation does not elicit a confession the
accused may not yet avail of the services of his lawyer.
Since petitioner in the course of his Identification in the police line-up had not
yet been held to answer for a criminal offense, he was, therefore, not deprived
of his right to be assisted by counsel because the accusatory process had not
yet set in.
While the Court finds no real need to afford a suspect the services of counsel
during a police line-up, the moment there is a move or even an urge of said
investigators to elicit admissions or confessions or even plain information
which may appear innocent or innocuous at the time, from said suspect, he
should then and there be assisted by counsel, unless he waives the right, but
the waiver shall be made in writing and in the presence of counsel. (Gamboa
v. Judge Cruz)
the inadmissibility of these out-of-court identifications does not render the incourt identification of accused-appellant inadmissible for being fruits of the
poisonous tree. (People v. Escordial)
Exceptions:
The accused was convicted on the strength of the testimonies of 3
eyewitnesses who positively identified him as the gunman. However, he
vigorously assails his out-of-court identification by these eyewitnesses.
Using the totality of circumstances test, the alleged irregularities cited by the
accused did not result in his misidentification nor was he denied due process.
There is nothing wrong in Leinos identification of the accused in an
unoccupied house in Forbes Park. The records reveal that this mode was
resorted to by the authorities for security reasons. The Leinos refused to have
the identification at the NBI office as it was cramped with people and with high
security risk. Leinos fear for his safety was not irrational. He and his
companions had been shot in cold blood in one of the exclusive, supposedly
safe subdivisions in the metropolis.
There is no hard and fast rule as to the place where suspects are identified by
witnesses. Identification may be done in open field. It is often done in
hospitals while the crime and the criminal are still fresh in the mind of the
victim (People v. Teehankee)
Other Exceptions: (1) investigation by an administrative body, (2)
spontaneous statements, (3) audit examination, (4) not in police custody, (5)
marked money, (6) booking sheets, (7) taking of pictures, (8) incidental to a
lawful arrest, (9) body examination, (10) preliminary investigation
- The constitutional right extends only to testimonial compulsion and not when
the body of the accused is proposed to be examined.
Ex: paraffin test
Mahinay Case: has right to communicate with lawyer and family, has right to
waive any rights provided it is voluntary, knowingly and intelligently
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2.
3.
4.
5.
- Advice of Police-provided counsel, telling the accused that tit would be better
for him to speak or tell the truth does not furnish any inducement, to render a
confession thereby obtained unless threats or promises are applied.
General Rule: Extra-judicial statements, as a rule, are admissible against their
respective declarants pursuant to the rule that the act, declaration or omission
of a party as to a relevant fact may be given in evidence against him.
However, the rule that an extra-judicial statement is evidence only against the
person making it, recognizes several exceptions:
Interlocking Confessions- When several people are charged with an
offense, and there could have been NO collusion between them regarding their
confessions, the fact that statements are in all material respects identical, is
confirmatory of the confession of the co-defendants, and is admissible
against other people implicated therein. They are also admissible as
circumstantial evidence against the persons implicated therein to show the
probability of the latters actual participation in the commission of the crime.
Illegal Confessions/Admissions are inadmissible against the source of the
confession BUT they are admissible against the person violating the
constitutional prohibition.
It is but natural for one who surrenders to the police to give reason or
explanation for his act of surrendering. If he voluntarily admits the killing and
surrendered precisely because he wanted to admit to the killing, the
constitutional rights to be informed of his right to silence and to counsel may
not be invoked. (People v. Taylaran)
Right to be informed of his rights
The right to be informed must be presumed to contemplate the transmission
of a meaningful information rather than just the ceremonial and perfunctory
recitation of an abstract constitutional principle. The officer is not only duty
bound to tell the person the right the latter is entitled, but also to explain their
effects in practical terms. (People v. Ramos, People v. Caguioa)
The right of a person to be informed implies a correlative obligation on the
part of the police investigator to explain, and contemplates an effective
communication that results in understanding what is conveyed. (People v.
Nicandro; People v. Pinlac)
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relates. If a person who testified is not offered immunity before they were
questioned, although that person did not invoke his right against selfincrimination in such proceeding, his testimony would be inadmissible as
evidence. (Galman v. Pamaran)
Section 12(2) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation
Prohibited because they vitiate truth and assault the dignity of the person.
SECTION 13: ALL PERSON, EXCEPT THOSE CHARGED WITH OFFENSES
PUNISHABLE BY RECLUSION PERPETUA, WHEN EVIDENCE OF GUILT
IS STRONG, SHALL, BEFORE CONVICTION, BE BAILABLE BY
SUFFICIENT SURETIES OR BE RELEASED ON RECOGNIZANCE AS MAY
BE PROVIDED BY LAW. THE RIGHT TO BAIL SHALL NOT BE IMPAIRED
EVEN WHEN THE PRIVILEGE OF THE WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS IS
SUSPENDED. EXCESSIVE BAIL SHALL NOT BE REQUIRED.
Bail mode short of confinement which would, with reasonable certainty,
insure the attendance of the accused at his trial; takes the form of a deposit of
money or its equivalent as a guarantee of attendance. Failure to appear would
forfeit the deposit.
Purpose
1. To honor the presumption of innocence until his guilt is prove beyond
reasonable doubt
2. To enable him to prepare hi defenses without being subject to punishment
prior to conviction. (Cortes v. Catral)
Bail has neither punitive nor revenue raising purpose. (Almeda v. Villaluz)
- Available to all persons detained, unless offense is punishable by Reclusion
Perpetua or Death when the evidence against the accused is strong (Bail is a
matter of discretion of the courts, so even persons who are not entitled CAN
be granted bail)
As a necessary consequence of the nature of a bail bond, a person admitted to
bail may be prevented by the court from leaving the country. A bail bond is
intended to make a person available anytime he is needed by the court.
(Manotoc, Jr. v. CA)
Imposing bail in excessive amount could render meaningless the right to bail.
Setting the ball in the amount of the civil liability is excessive. (Yap v. CA)
Limitations on right to bail:
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should diminish a potential extraditees rights to life, liberty, and due process.
More so, where these rights are guaranteed also by international conventions,
to which the Philippines is a party. We should not deprive an extraditee of his
right to apply for bail, provided that a certain standard for the grant is
satisfactorily met. (Government of HK v. Olalia)
**Extradition is not a criminal proceeding. Hence, since bail is available only in
criminal proceedings, a respondent in an extradition proceeding is not entitled
to bail. He should apply for bail in the court where he will be tried. (United
States v. Judge Puruganan, 2002)
Factors
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
determining bail:
Ability to post bail
Nature of the offense
imposable penalty,
character and reputation of the accused,
health of the accused,
strength of the evidence,
probability of appearing for the trial,
forfeiture of bonds,
whether accused was a fugitive when arrested,
If under bond in another case. (Sunga v. Judge Salud)
Military under Court Marshall-A soldier under court martial does not enjoy
the right to bail because of the disciplinary structure of the military and
because soldiers are allowed the fiduciary right to bear arms and can cause
great havoc. Furthermore, tradition has recognized the non-existence of the
right to bail. Equal protection cannot be invoked because it only applies to
those who are equally situated. (Commendador v. de Villa)
Excessive Bail- Where the right to bail exists, it should not be rendered
nugatory by requiring a sum that is excessive. If the Constitution did not
prohibit his, the right to bail becomes meaningless. The sole permissible
function of money bail is to assure the accused's presence at trial, and
declared that bail set at a higher figure than an amount reasonably calculated
to fulfill thus purpose is "excessive"(De La Camara v. Enage)
A judge cannot require a strictly cash bond and disallow an attempt to post a
surety bond for provisional liberty. The burden imposed by requiring a strictly
cash bond can make the bail constitutionally excessive. (Almeda v. Villaluz)
The accused must invoke such right then bail hearing will commence
following due process
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that any judgment rendered by such body relating to a civilian is null and void
for lack of jurisdiction on the part of the military tribunal concerned. (Olaguer
v. Military Commission)
prima facie evidence of guilt of the accused and shift the burden of proof
provided there be a rational connection between the facts provided and the
ultimate fact presumed. (People v. Mingoa; Banares v. CA)
Due process of law demands that in all criminal prosecutions (where the
accused stands to lose either his life or his liberty), the accused shall be
entitled to, among others, a trial. The trial contemplated by the due process
clause of the Constitution, in relation to the Charter as a whole, is a trial by
Judicial Process, not by executive or military process. Military Commissions or
Tribunals, by whatever name they are called, are not courts within the
Philippine judicial system. (Olaguer v. Military)
Right to be Heard
Elements of right to be heard
1. To be present at the trial
2. Right to counsel
3. Right to an impartial judge
4. Right to confrontation
5. Right to compulsory process to secure attendance of witness
Presumption of Innocence
- Without conviction, a person is entitled to reinstatement.
-BP 52: The filing of charges for the commission of such crimes before a civil
court of military tribunal after preliminary investigation shall be prima facie
evidence of such fact (disqualification) is invalid because the prima facie
evidence makes the accused suffer as if already guilty even before trial.
(Dumlao v. Comelec)
Preventive suspension is not a penalty therefore no violation of right to be
presumed innocent
- There are some cases in which prima facie evidence establishes a rational
connection to guilt.
i.e. In Malversation, inability to produce the money entrusted to public official,
although prima facie evidence of guilt, may still be disproved by contradictory
evidence (shifts the burden of proof to the accused)
The State, having the right to declare which acts are criminal, within certain
well-defined limitations, has the right to specify what act(s) shall constitute a
crime, as well as what proof shall constitute prima facie evidence of guilt, and
then to put upon the defendant the burden of showing that such act(s) are
innocent and are not committed with any criminal intent or intention. (US v.
Luling)
The provision of the Election Code that the filing of charges for the
commission of crimes before a civil or military court shall be prima facie
evidence of the commission of an act of disloyalty to the state is void, as it
condemns a person before he is finally heard. (Dumlao v. Comelec)
The presumption of innocence may be overcome by a contrary presumption
founded upon the experience of human conduct. Legislature may provide foe
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would be discretionary with the trial court, which discretion will not be
interfered with in the absence of grave abuse. (Libuit v. People)
Right to Counsel
Counsel de Officio- may be given by the courts during arraignment.
Stenographic notes showing that the courts failed to offer counsel to the
accused is not enough to overturn a conviction. The presumption is that the
courts followed proper procedure.
The right to counsel is necessary and indispensable:
- During Custodial Investigation to prevent the use of duress and other undue
influence in extracting confessions.
- Even after the conviction of the accused; even when the case is on appeal.
- When accused gives a qualified plea.
- When a sworn statement was extracted from the accused.
(People v. Holgado)
Duties imposed on the judge by this right:
If the defendant appears without counsel he must be informed by the court
that he has a right to have counsel before being arraigned, and must be asked
if he desires the aid of counsel. If he desires and is unable to employ counsel
the court must assign counsel to defend him. This is a right which the
defendant should not be deprived of, and the failure of the court to assign
counsel or, after counsel has been assigned, to require him to perform this
duty by appearing and defending the accused would be sufficient cause for the
reversal of the case. (People v. Gimeno)
Right to counsel is right to qualified counsel. (Meaning member of the Bar)
Pre-arraignment duties of the Judge
1. to inform the accused that he has the right to have his own counsel
before being arraigned;
2. after giving such information, to ask accused whether he desires the aid
of counsel;
3. if he so desires to procure the services of counsel, the court must grant
him reasonable time to do so; and
4. if he so desires to have counsel but is unable to employ one, the court
must assign counsel de oficio to defend him. (People v. Agbayani)
The duty to appoint a counsel de oficio is mandatory only t the time of
arraignment. No such duty exists where the accused has proceeded to
arraignment and then trial with a counsel of his own choice. (Libuit v. People)
At most, the appointment of a counsel de oficio in a situation like the present
case [counsel ex parte consistently failed to appear for cross examination]
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assault, the victim was an agent of the person in authority. (People v. Regala)
Disregarding the objectionable phrasing that would complex rebellion with
murder and multiple frustrated murder, that indictment is to be read as
charging simple rebellion. The complaint of petitioners counsel that he is
charged with a crime that does not exist in the statute books, while technically
correct so far as the court has ruled that rebellion may not be complexed with
other offenses committed on the occasion thereof, must therefore be
dismissed as a mere flight of rhetoric. The information does indeed charge the
petitioner with a crime defined and punished by the Revised Penal Code:
simple rebellion. (Enrile v. Salazar)
An accused charged under Arts. 293, 294, 296 of the RPC may be convicted
under Art 335 provided that the information alleges facts under Art. 335. the
real question or issue is whether or not he performed the acts alleged in the
information in the manner therein set forth. If he did, it is of no consequence
to him, either as a matter of procedure or of substantive right, how the law
denominates the crime which those acts constitute. (People v. Labado)
An accused charged with only one offense of rape may not be convicted of six
counts of rape. He cannot be held liable for more than what he was charged
with. (People v. Ranido)
Date and time of the Offense: A person need not specify the exact time of the
commission of the offense unless time is an essential element of that offense.
-approximation sufficiently meets the requirement of law.
Right to Speedy Trial
Elements to be considered:
1. Length of delay
2. Reason for delay
3. The effort of the defendant to assert his right
4. Prejudice caused to the defendant
Speedy Disposition: Is usually relative to the circumstances of the particular
case. Counting of delay after filing of the information
NOTE: Dismissal on the grounds of speedy trial is the same as an acquittal
and is a bar to another prosecution for the same offense (Double Jeopardy
attaches)
Speedy trial means one that can be had as soon after indictment is filed as the
prosecution can with reasonable diligence prepare for trial.
also be considered such as the reason for the delay, effort of the
defendant to assert his right, and the prejudice caused the defendant.
The right of an accused to speedy trial should not be utilized to deprive the
State of a reasonable opportunity of fairly indicting criminals. (People v. Gines)
Relief in Postponements without good cause-Where a prosecuting officer,
without good cause, secures postponements of the trial of a defendant against
his protest beyond a reasonable period of time, the accused is entitled to relief
by a proceeding in Mandamus to compel a dismissal of the information, or if
he be restrained of his liberty, by habeas corpus to obtain his freedom. (Conde
v. Rivera)
Right to Impartial Trial
Trial by Publicity- To have prejudice to due process, there must be allegation
and proof that judges have been duly influenced by the publicity.
To warrant a finding of prejudicial publicity, there must be allegation and proof
that the judges have been unduly influenced, not simply that they might be,
by the barrage of publicity. Petitioners cannot rely on the subliminal effects of
publicity. (Webb v. de Leon; People v. Teehankee)
Outside of pecuniary interest, relationship, or previous participation in the
matter that calls for adjudication, there may be other causes that could
conceivably erode the trait of objectivity, thus calling for inhibition. If any such
should make its appearance and prove difficult to resist, the better course for
a judge is to disqualify himself. (Mateo Jr. v. Villaluz)
It is oft-times expedient or necessary in the due and faithful administration of
justice for the presiding judge to re-examine a witness in order that his
judgment when rendered may rest upon a full and clear understanding of the
facts. (People v. Manalo: when a judge intervened in the cross-examination)
Right to a Public Trial
Trial is public when attendance is open to all irrespective of relationship to
defendant.
However, when the evidence presented may be characterized as offensive to
decency or public morals, the proceeding may be limited to friends, relatives
and counsel. (Garcia v. Domingo)
This right serves as a safeguard against any attempt to employ our court as
instruments of persecution. The knowledge that every criminal trial is subject
to contemporaneous review in the forum of public opinion is an effective
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Compulsory Process
Compulsory process is not only to secure the attendance of witnesses in
his behalf but also to secure the production of evidence in his behalf.
Waiver of Rights
Presumption is always against the waiver
Prosecution must prove with strongly convincing evidence that the
accused willingly and voluntarily submitted his confession and knowingly
and deliberately manifested that he was not interested in having a lawyer
assist him during the taking of that confession. (People v. Jara)
SECTION 15: THE PRIVILEGE OF THE WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS SHALL
NOT BE SUSPENDED EXCEPT IN CASES OF INVASION OR REBELLION
WHEN PUBLIC SAFETY REQUIRES IT
NOTE: Speedy trial in Section 14 covers only the trial phase of criminal
cases whereas Section 16 covers all phases of any judicial, quasijudicial or administrative proceeding.
Remedy if there has been unreasonable delay in the resolution of a case:
Dismissal through mandamus (Roque v. Ombudsman)
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Only natural persons are protected by this right; juridical entities, like
corporations, are not.
The right to a speedy trial as well as other rights conferred by the Constitution
or statute, except when otherwise expressly so provided by law, may be
waived. It must therefore be asserted. Thus, if there was a delay in the trial
of the case, petitioners are not entirely without blame.
Stage when right against self incrimination may be asserted: from the
moment he is asked to testify.
State Witness/ Accused
Ordinary Witness
Documentary Evidence:
- Compulsory production of private books and documents of the owner is
compelling him to be a witness against himself.
- The privilege which exists as to private papers, cannot be maintained in
relation to records required by law to be kept in order that there may be
suitable information of transactions which are the appropriate subjects of
governmental regulation and the enforcement of restrictions validly
established.
Criminal Case
Civil Case
Administrative
Case
A penal law that provides for a higher penalty against the accused who refuses
to testify or make statements that would be tantamount to an admission of
guilt violates the right against self-incrimination. The accused has a right to
rely on the presumption of innocence until prosecution proves the elements of
the crime charged against him. Silence cannot be taken as proof against him.
(US v. Navarro)
What is prohibited by the constitutional guarantee is the use of physical or
moral compulsion to extort communication from the witness, not an inclusion
of his body in evide when it is material. Thus, substance emitting from the
body of the defendant can be received as evidence. (US v. Tan Teng; US. vs.
Ong; Villaflor v. Summers; US v. Ong SiuHong)
A drug test, urine test, pregnancy test, blood test, disease test does not fall
under the prohibition against self incrimination.
Writing is not a purely mechanical act, because it requires the application of
intelligence and attention, therefore, it constitutes an evidence against the
accused. Evidence that requires a positive intelligent act from the accused falls
under the right against self incrimination. (Beltran v. Samson; Bermudez v.
Castillo)
Compelling a witness-accused to take the stand is a violation of his right
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against self incrimination. His testimony may not be admissible against him.
(Chavez v. CA, the Ford Thunderbird case)
Compelling the accused in an Anti-graft proceeding to take the stand for the
prosecution against him against his will is a violation of his right against selfincrimination. (Cabal v. Kapunan, Jr.)
A. Excessive fines
A fine is excessive when it is disproportionate to the circumstance of the
offense
Heinous Crime heinous for being grievous, odious, and hateful offenses and
which by reason of their inherent or manifest wickedness, viciousness, atrocity
and perversity are repugnant and outrageous to the common standards and
norms of decency and morality in a just, civilized and ordered society
The power of the State to impose the death penalty is implied in section 1 of
Article 3. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due
process of law. Section 19 merely provides the limit to that plenary power of
the State.
The congress has the power to restore the death penalty which merely
requires that:
(1) the congress define or describe what is meant by heinous crimes;
(2) that congress specify and penalize by death only crimes that
qualify as heinous in accordance with the definition or description set
in the death penalty bill
(3) the congress should be singularly motivated by compelling reason
involving heinous crimes. (People v. Echegaray)
The punishment of death by itself is neither cruel nor unusual. It is only cruel
when it involves lingering death. (People v. Echegaray)
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4.
Under the first sentence, one can be charged for the same
act if it constitutes at least two different offenses under two statutes or
two ordinances. But this does no apply to continuing crimes
Verbal dismissal is
not final until written and signed by
a judge
Same Evidence Test- whether the
evidence needed for one case will
support a conviction in the other.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Identical
In the attempted or frustrated
form of another
Necessarily includes
Necessarily included
A. Attachment of Jeopardy
The rule against double jeopardy protects the accused not against the peril of
second punishment, but against being again tried for the same offense.
(People v. Ylagan)
Requisites for Valid Defense of Double Jeopardy:
1) First Jeopardy must have attached prior to the 2nd
- Evidence of self-defense amounts to withdrawal of his original plea.
- A defective complaint does NOT attach jeopardy upon a grant of a
motion to quash.
- If the Court has NO jurisdiction, jeopardy shall not attach.
2) First Jeopardy must have TERMINATED
1.
2.
3.
4.
Good Indictment
Before a competent Court
After arraignment
After a valid plea
Defective
complaint
did not pace the accused in first
jeopardy
1. By Acquittal
2. Final Conviction
3. Dismissal
without
express
B. Termination of Jeopardy
Double Jeopardy cannot be invoked as a defense when the other case used as
the basis of the first Jeopardy has not been terminated. (Bulaong v. People)
Termination shall bar:
a. Another prosecution for the offense charged.
b. Any attempt to commit the same,
c. Or frustration thereof,
d. Or for any offense which necessarily includes or is
necessarily included in the complaint/information.
However, an appeal by the prosecution from the Order of Dismissal by the
trial court shall not constitute Double Jeopardy if:
1. Dismissal is made upon motion, or with the express consent of the
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defendant.
The dismissal is not an acquittal based upon consideration of the
evidence or the merits of the case.
3. The question to be passed upon by the appellate court is purely legal
so that should the dismissal be found incorrect, the case would have
to be remanded to the court of origin for further proceedings, in order
to determine guilt/innocence of the defendant.
Note: a verbal dismissal is not final until written down and signed by the
Judge.
2.
3) The 2nd Jeopardy must be for the same offense as that in the first
Appeals:
Judgment of Acquittal immediately final. (decided on merits)
Judgment of Conviction final when the period for appeal has lapsed or
sentence is served or right to appeal is waived or applied for probation
Waiver or Estoppel
-If an accused files to dismiss the case for lack of jurisdiction, it is made via
his own waiver, therefore 1st jeopardy does NOT attach.
- If there is consent to a provisional dismissal by the accused, jeopardy does
not attach.
No jeopardy in: ordinary appeal, fact-finding, certiorari, impeachment,
legislation in aid of legislation
C. Rule on Supervening Facts
Supervening Event When the 2nd offense was not in existence at the time of
the first prosecution, for the simple reason that in such a case there is no
possibility for the accused to be convicted for an offense that was then
inexistent.
Supervening FactWhere after the first prosecution, a new fact supervenes for
which the defendant is responsible, which changes the character of the
offense, and, together with the facts existing at the time, constitutes a new
and distinct offense, there is no double jeopardy. To determine double
jeopardy, it is essential to prove the existence of both offenses during the
pendency of the first prosecution. The second charge was inexistent in this
case at that time because the victim was still alive. There was a supervening
fact in this case calling for the amendment of the information. (People v. Melo)
But if reason for the amendment of the charge was already existing during the
first examination but was not considered in the charge because of the
negligence of the examiner, then double jeopardy may attach because there is
no Supervening event. (People v. Buling)
D. Same Offenses
- Offenses need not be the same, but they should come from the same act.
BUT, when one act violates two different statutes or two different provisions
of a statute. If one act results in 2 different offenses, prosecution under one is
not a bar to prosecution under the other.
A special law prohibiting the illegal possession of firearms, even if it provides
for a higher penalty if the weapon was used in a homicide/murder, does not
create a first jeopardy to the prosecution for the homicide/murder. Double
Jeopardy may only be invoked for the same offense or identical offenses.
A simple act may be an offense against two different provisions of law. If one
provision requires proof of an additional fact that is not included in the other,
an acquittal or conviction under one does not bar prosecution for the other.
The accused cannot plead one as a bar to another. ( People v Tiozon)
E. Ordinance and Statute
If an act is punished by law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under
either shall constitute a bar of to another prosecution for the same act.
(People v. Relova)
When the dismissal or termination of the case is brought about at the instance
of the accused, there is no double jeopardy.
F. Applied to impeachment cases:
Estrada cannot claim that the impeachment proceeding was terminated on its
merits and that there was a failure to prosecute him. By resigning, he
consented to the termination of the impeachment case against him. (Estrada v
Desierto)
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(d) which alters the legal rules of evidence and receive less or different
testimony than the law required at the time of the commission of the
offense,
(e) assumes to regulate civil rights and remedies only but in effect
imposes a penalty or deprivation of a right which when done was lawful,
(f) deprives a person accused of a crime of some lawful protection to
which he has become entitled.
NOTE: It only prohibits retrospective penal laws (laws which impose a
penalty or prescribes a burden equivalent to a penalty)
- DOES NOT apply to substantive laws like the expansion of jurisdiction of
a certain court.
Bill of Attainder - a legislative act which inflicts punishment without judicial
trial
Elements:
a. There must be a law,
b. Which imposes a penal burden on a named individual or
easily ascertainable members of a group,
c. imposed directly by the law without judicial trial.
A Law punishing any person who knowingly, willfully and by overt acts
affiliates himself with, becomes or remains a member of the Communist Party
or of any other similar subversive organization is not a Bill of Attainder
because it does not dispense with Judicial determination of the guilt of the
accused. Intent still needs to be proven in court. (People v. Ferrer)
A bill of attainder is a legislative act which inflicts punishment without judicial
trial. Its essence is the substitution of a legislative for a judicial determination
of guilt.
The EO is not a Bill of Attainder because it makes it perfectly clear that any
judgment of guilt in the amassing acquisition of 'ill-gotten wealth' is to be
handed down by a judicial tribunal, in this case the Sandiganbayan. (Virata v.
Sandiganbayan)
The retroactive application of RA 8249, which expands the jurisdiction of the
Sandiganbayan, cannot be considered as an ex post facto law. It is not a penal
law but a substantive law on jurisdiction. Only the retroactive application of a
penal law can be considered as an ex post facto law. (Lacson v. Executive
Secretary)
ARTICLE IV: CITIZENSHIP
Child born under the 1973 or 1987 Constitution of Filipina mother and
an alien father (a) if the mother is still a citizenship at the time of birth,
he is a natural born (b) if the mother has changed citizenship, need to
naturalize
The mere fact that a person is born in a territory that follows the rule of Jus
soli does not mean that he is no longer a Filipino citizen. At the most, it grants
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The doctrine of res judicata does not apply to citizenship. (Labo v Comelec)
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To be sure, the right of suffrage is not at all absolute. Needless to say, the
exercise of the right of suffrage, as in the enjoyment of all other rights, is
subject to existing substantive and procedural requirements embodied in our
Constitution, statute books and other repositories of law. As to the procedural
limitation, the right of a citizen to vote is necessarily conditioned upon certain
procedural requirements he must undergo: among others, the process of
registration.
Proceeding from the significance of registration as a necessary requisite to the
right to vote, the State, in the exercise of its inherent police power, may then
enact laws to safeguard and regulate the act of voters registration for the
ultimate purpose of conducting honest, orderly and peaceful election, to the
incidental yet generally important end, that even pre-election activities could
be performed by the duly constituted authorities in a realistic and orderly
manner. (Akbayan v. Comelec; the Court defending Comelecs ban for
registration 120 days before the election)
A person who left the country to seek asylum abroad out of fear for his safety
because of the turbulent political climate cannot be considered to have
abandoned his domicile. His departure cannot be considered voluntary and
without evidence of his intention to abandon the old domicile, he cannot be
presumed to have adopted a new one. (Romualdez v. RTC)
Under RA 9189, a Filipino immigrant who has been absent for 3 years is
presumed to have abandoned his residence. However, he may execute an
affidavit of his intention to return. This serves as implicit proof that he has not
abandoned his domicile, and is therefore does not violate the residency
requirement of Section 1. (Macalintal v. Comelec)
Dual Citizens under RA 9225 are allowed to vote through the Overseas
Absentee voter law, without the need for residency. Section 2 Authorizes
absentee voting and provides an exemption from the residency requirement.
(Nicolas-Lewis v. Comelec)
ARTICLE XIII: SOCIAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Section 1. The Congress shall give highest priority to the enactment of
measures that protect and enhance the right of all the people to human
dignity, reduce social, economic, and political inequalities, and remove cultural
inequities by equitably diffusing wealth and political power for the common
good. To this end, the State shall regulate the acquisition, ownership, use, and
disposition of property and its increments.
The Constitution specifically provides that labor is entitled to "humane
conditions of work. It also directs the State to promote "equality of
employment opportunities for all." Similarly, the Labor Code provides that the
State shall "ensure equal work opportunities regardless of sex, race or creed."
It would be an affront to both the spirit and letter of these provisions of the
State, if in spite of its primordial obligation to promote and ensure equal
employment opportunities, it closes its eyes to unequal and discriminatory
terms and conditions of employment. (International School Alliance of
Educators v. Quisumbing)
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Police Power or Power of Eminent Domain? BOTH. To the extent that the
measures under challenge merely prescribe retention limits for landowners,
there is an exercise of the police power for the regulation of private property
in accordance with the Constitution. But where, to carry out such regulation it
becomes necessary to deprive such owners of whatever lands they may own
in excess of the maximum area allowed, there is definitely a taking under the
power of eminent domain for which payment of just compensation is
imperative.
The taking contemplated is not a mere limitation of the use of the land. What
it requires is the surrender of the title to and the physical possession of the
said excess and all beneficial rights accruing to the owner in favor of the
farmer-beneficiary.
Taking without Just Compensation? NO. PD 27 expressly ordered that no
title to the land owned was to be actually issued to the recipient farmer
unless and until he had become a full-fledged member of a duly recognized
farmers cooperative. It was understood, however, that full payment of the
just compensation also had to be made first, conformably to the constitutional
requirement.
The CARP Law, for its part, conditions the transfer of possession and
ownership of the land to the government on receipt by the landowner of the
corresponding payment or the deposit by the DAR of the compensation in cash
or LBP bonds with an accessible bank. Until then, title also remains with the
landowner.
Is the determination of Just Compensation provided for by law valid?
YES Section 16(d), which provides that in case of the rejection or disregard by
the owner of the offer of the government to buy his land... the DAR shall conduct summary administrative proceedings to determine
the compensation for the land
Although the proceedings are described as summary, the landowner and other
interested parties are nevertheless allowed an opportunity to submit evidence
on the real value of the property. But more importantly, the determination of
the just compensation by the DAR is not by any means final and conclusive,
the Courts of Justice still have a right to review the determination with finality.
Revolutionary Expropriation- The traditional medium for the payment of
just compensation is money and no other. However, we do not deal here with
the traditional excercise of the power of eminent domain. This is a
revolutionary kind of expropriation which affects all private agricultural
lands whenever found and of whatever kind as long as they are in excess of
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the maximum retention limits allowed their owners. This kind of expropriation
is intended for the benefit not only of a particular community or of a small
segment of the population but of the entire Filipino nation.
The proportion of cash payment to the other things of value constituting the
total payment, as determined on the basis of the areas of the lands
expropriated, is not unduly oppressive upon the landowner. It is noted that the
smaller the land, the bigger the payment in money, primarily because the
small landowner will be needing it more than the big landowners, who can
afford a bigger balance in bonds and other things of value.
(Association of Small Landowners v. Secretary of Agrarian Reform)
This provision aims at efficient production, and more equitable
distribution of land, recognizing the right of those who are landless to own
the land they till and a just share of the fruits of the land.
Section 5. The State shall recognize the right of farmers, farmworkers, and
landowners, as well as cooperatives, and other independent farmers'
organizations to participate in the planning, organization, and management of
the program, and shall provide support to agriculture through appropriate
technology and research, and adequate financial, production, marketing, and
other support services.
Section 6. The State shall apply the principles of agrarian reform or
stewardship, whenever applicable in accordance with law, in the disposition or
utilization of other natural resources, including lands of the public domain
under lease or concession suitable to agriculture, subject to prior rights,
homestead rights of small settlers, and the rights of indigenous communities
to their ancestral lands. The State may resettle landless farmers and
farmworkers in its own agricultural estates which shall be distributed to them
in the manner provided by law.
There
should
be
mutual
beneficial
relationship
between
industrialization and agrarian reform. Agrarian reform must unlock the
idle wealth hidden in the land and industrialization would provide for
improvement
URBAN LAND REFORM AND HOUSING
Section 9. The State shall, by law, and for the common good, undertake, in
cooperation with the private sector, a continuing program of urban land reform
and housing which will make available at affordable cost, decent housing and
basic services to under-privileged and homeless citizens in urban centers and
resettlement areas. It shall also promote adequate employment opportunities
to such citizens. In the implementation of such program the State shall
respect the rights of small property owners.
Section 10. Urban or rural poor dwellers shall not be evicted nor their
dwelling demolished, except in accordance with law and in a just and humane
manner. No resettlement of urban or rural dwellers shall be undertaken
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without adequate consultation with them and the communities where they are
to be relocated.
Manner of Eviction- What is meant by "in accordance with law" and "just
and humane manner" is that the person to be evicted be accorded due
process or an opportunity to controvert the allegation that his or her
occupation or possession of the property involved is unlawful or against the
will of the landowner; that should the illegal or unlawful occupation be proven,
the occupant be sufficiently notified before actual eviction or demolition is
done; and that there be no loss of lives, physical injuries or unnecessary loss
of or damage to properties. (People v. Leachon)
HEALTH
Section 11. The State shall adopt an integrated and comprehensive approach
to health development which shall endeavor to make essential goods, health
and other social services available to all the people at affordable cost. There
shall be priority for the needs of the under-privileged, sick, elderly, disabled,
women, and children. The State shall endeavor to provide free medical care to
paupers.
Section 12. The State shall establish and maintain an effective food and drug
regulatory system and undertake appropriate health, manpower development,
and research, responsive to the country's health needs and problems.
Section 13. The State shall establish a special agency for disabled person for
their rehabilitation, self-development, and self-reliance, and their integration
into the mainstream of society.
HUMAN RIGHTS
Section 17.
1.
2.
3.
4.
WOMEN
Section 14. The State shall protect working women by providing safe and
healthful working conditions, taking into account their maternal functions, and
such facilities and opportunities that will enhance their welfare and enable
them to realize their full potential in the service of the nation.
Section 18. The Commission on Human Rights shall have the following
powers and functions:
1.
Section 15. The State shall respect the role of independent people's
organizations to enable the people to pursue and protect, within the
2.
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3.
victims of human rights violations. Not being a court of justice, the CHR itself
has no jurisdiction to issue the writ, for a writ of preliminary injunction may
only be issued "by the judge of any court in which the action is pending
[within his district], or by a Justice of the Court of Appeals, or of the Supreme
Court. (EPZA v. CHR)
Coverage of Human Rights- During the deliberations of the Constitutional
Commission, the Commissioners agreed that the term human rights in our
Constitution would cover only civil and political rights in order to make the
CHR more effective. One commissioner also emphasized six areas where the
CHR could act effectively:
a. protection of rights of political detainees
b. treatment of prisoners and the prevention of tortures
c. fair and public trials
d. cases of disappearances
e. salvagings and hamletting
f.
other crimes committed against the religious
Contempt Power of the CHR- The power to cite for contempt should be
understood to apply only to violations of its adopted operational guidelines and
rules of procedure essential to carry out its investigatorial powers. The power
to cite for contempt could be exercised against persons who refuse to
cooperate with the said body, or who unduly withhold relevant information, or
who decline to honor summons, and the like, in pursuing its investigative
work. (Simon Jr. v. CHR)
Section 19. The Congress may provide for other cases of violations of human
rights that should fall within the authority of the Commission, taking into
account its recommendations.
SCIENCE
EDUCATION
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AND
TECHNOLOGY,
ARTS,
Section 1. The State shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to
quality education at all levels, and shall take appropriate steps to make such
education accessible to all.
5.
Section 3.
1.
2.
3.
2.
3.
Section 4.
1.
2.
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4.
Filipinize
(1)
ownership,
(2)
control
and
administration and (3) student population
Level of president, dean, principal, or member of
the board of trustees are Filipinized.
3.
4.
5.
The State shall assign the highest budgetary priority to education and
ensure that teaching will attract and retain its rightful share of the
best available talents through adequate remuneration and other
means of job satisfaction and fulfillment.
Section 5.
1.
the State shall take into account regional and sectoral needs and
conditions and shall encourage local planning in the development of
educational policies and programs.
2.
The internal conditions for academic freedom in a university are that the
academic staff should have de facto control of the following functions: (i) the
admission and examination of students; (ii) the curricula for courses of study;
(iii) the appointment and tenure of office of academic staff; and (iv) the
allocation of income among the different categories of expenditure. (Garcia v.
Faculty Admission)
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Section 10. Science and technology are essential for national development
and progress. The State shall give priority to research and development,
invention, innovation, and their utilization; and to science and technology
education, training, and services. It shall support indigenous, appropriate, and
self-reliant scientific and technological capabilities, and their application to the
country's productive systems and national life.
Section 11. The Congress may provide for incentives, including tax
deductions, to encourage private participation in programs of basic and
applied scientific research. Scholarships, grants-in-aid, or other forms of
incentives shall be provided to deserving science students, researchers,
scientists, inventors, technologists, and specially gifted citizens.
Section 12. The State shall regulate the transfer and promote the adaptation
of technology from all sources for the national benefit. It shall encourage the
widest participation of private groups, local governments, and communitybased organizations in the generation and utilization of science and
technology.
Section 13. The State shall protect and secure the exclusive rights of
scientists, inventors, artists, and other gifted citizens to their intellectual
property and creations, particularly when beneficial to the people, for such
period as may be provided by law.
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Section 19.
1.
2.
Section 18.
1.
2.
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