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INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
Important Substitutions
Expression
Substitution
a2 + x2
x = a tan
or
x = a cot
a2 - x2
x = a sin
or
x = a cos
x2 - a2
x = a sec
or
x = a cosec
ax
or
ax
x
or
x
ax
ax
( x )( x)
x = a cos2
x = a cos2 + sin2
ax
1
dx
=
log
+ C [use x = cos or x = a sin to derive the result]
2
ax
2a
-x
dx
= log x x 2 a 2 + C [use x = a tan or x = cot derive the result]
2
2
x a
dx
= log x x 2 a 2 + C [use x = a sec or x = a cosec derive the
2
2
x a
dx
x
= sin-1 + C
[use x = a sin or x = a cos derive the result]
a
a2 x2
result]
1
x
= sec-1
+ C [use x = a sec or x = a cosec derive the result]
x 2
a
x a2 a
2
x
2
2
2
2
2
2 a
[use x = tan or x =cot derive the
a x dx = 2 a x 2 log x a x + C
result]
2
a
x
2
2
2
2
2
2
x a dx = 2 x a + 2 log x x a + C [use x = sec or x =cosec derive
the result]
2
a
x
-1 x
2
2
2
2
[use x = sin or x =cos derive the
a x dx = 2 a x + 2 sin a + C
result]
Integrals of the type
dx
px q
p( x)
px q
dx,
(b)
dx,
(c) 2
dx
bx c
ax bx c
ax 2 bx c
Where p (x) is a polynomial of degree greater than or equal to 2.
To evaluate the integrals of type (a) and (b) we express the linear factor in the numerator as: px +
q = m (derivative of quadratic expression in the denominator) + n (where m and n are unknown
constant to be determined by equating the coefficients of x and constant terms on both sides)
(a)
ax
px + q = m (2 ax + b) + n
(i)
2am = p
and
(ii)
mb + n = q
and n= q-bp/2a
2ax b
dx +
2
bx c
ax
bp
1
dx
q 2
2a ax bx c
px q
ax bx c
px q
2
ax bx c
2
dx =
p
2a
dx =
p
a
2ax b
bp
1
dx + q
dx
2
2a
ax bx c
ax bx c
1
bp
dx
ax 2 bx c + q
2a
ax 2 bx c
R( x)
, where R(x) is a linear function of x.
ax bx c
2
P( x)
R( x)
dx = Q( x)dx 2
dx
bx c
ax bx c
a sin x b cos x
Integrals of the type
dx.
c sin x d cos x
To evaluate this type of integrals express numerator follows:
Numerator = m (Derivative of Denominator) + n(denominator)
Therefore
ax
c sin x d cos x dx =
d
(c sin x d cos x)
dx
=m
dx + n dx
c sin x d cos x
= mln |csinx + d cosx| + nx + C
Integration by parts
When integrand involves more than one type of functions we may solve them by the use of a rule
which is known as integration by Parts. The rule, its derivation and uses are given below :
Derivation of the result
d
dv
du
We known that
(uv) = u
+v
dx
dx
dx
d(uv) = udv + vdu
d (uv) = udv + vdu
udv = uv - vdu
If we take u as part 1 and dv as part 2, then the above result can be written as :
(part 1) (part 2)= (part 1) [integral of part 2] - [integral of part 2] [differential of part 1]
Integration by partial fractions
The integrals of rational functions can be evaluated by splitting them into partial franctions. An
expression containing a polynomial in numerator and another polynomial in denominator is called
a rational function.
polynomialN ( x)
polynomialD( x)
Case - I
It the degree of numerator is less than the degree of denominator, we can split the rational function
into simpler fractions according to the factors of denominator.
For example :
x
x
1
3
Let f(x) =
=
=
f(x) =
2
( x 1)(2 x 3)
2 x 5x 3
x 1 2x 1
1
3
and
are known as partial fractions of f(x).
x 1
2x 1
The integral of f(x) can now be evaluated as the sum of the integrals of its partial fractions.
Case II
If the degree of N (x) is greater than or equal to the degree of D (x), we divide N (x) and D (x) so
N (x)
R (x)
that the rational functional
is expressed in the form Q(x) +
where Q(x) less than the
D (x)
D (x)
degree of D(x).
R (x)
Now as Q(x) is a polynomial, it can be easily integrated and to integrate
we make use of
D (x)
partial fractions as we have done in Case I
R (x)
The resolution of
into partial fractions depends upon the nature of the factors of
D (x)
denominator D(x) as discussed below.
dx
linear
To evaluate these type of integrals we substitute linear = t. this substitution will reduce the
integral to one of the known forms.
Integrals of the type:
linear
dx
quadratic
linear .
To evaluate these
(ax
dx
2
b) cx 2 d
1
To evaluate these type of integrals we substitute x = . This substitution will reduce the integral to
t
one of the known forms.
dx
Assignment
1.
If 1 sin x . f x dx
2
1 sin x 3 2 c then
3
f(x) equals
2.
3.
(d) N/T
8.
(a) 1 + logx
(c) tan x
(d) 1
cos
xe
logsin x
dx is equal to :
9.
dx
= a tan
-1
x + b tan-1 x/2 + c
(d) N/T
x e1 e x 1
dx is
xe ex
10.
(b) e log( x e )
e x dx
x
1 e x 2
(c)
(a)
(c)
(d)
ex 2
x 3e x
x 42
x 42
x sin 2 x
(b)
(d)
e x 1
3 dx
x 1
1 x
a log
b tan
2
x
1
2
4
x 1x
ex
c
x 3
x 42
13.
c
(a) 1 / 2,1 / 2
(b) 1 / 2,1 / 2
(c) (-1, 1)
(d) N/T
(1 tan x tan
x ) e x dx
(a) ex secx +c
(b) ex tanx + c
(c) ex cosx +c
(d) N/T
x
cos 3 x cos 5 x
sin
x sin 4 x
dx is
sin 5x
d x is equal to :
cos 7 x cos 2x
(a) a / 4, b R (b) a / 4, b R
dx is equal to:
2x
If
(c) a 5 / 4, b R
cos 2x
2
12.
ex 2
dx
ex
c
x4
cos
11.
ex 2
(b) log x
e 1
e x 1
then (a,b) is
e x 1
(a) log x
e 2
7.
(d) x + log x
1 x 2 4
then a & b are
6.
(b) sin x
(a) log ( x e )
5.
x x log x dx is :
(a) cos x
4.
The value of
14.
a log10 cos ec
1
cos ec x
1
x x 2 1
log10 a
is
a log10 cos ec
(b)
cos ec 1 x
a log10 cos ec
(c)
| x | x 2 1
(d)
15.
| x | x 2 1
log a 10
(c) 1 x 2
log a 10
1/ 3
22.
2/3
1 x
2x
(a)
5x
x
1 x x x 2
x 1 x
23.
dx is :
24.
19.
If
5 3
is
dx
2 1 x3 x
5 2
+ (b)
x 2 2x
1 x
(a) A =sin a
(b) B = cos a
(c) A = cos a
(d) B = sina
xie x C
(b)
i 0
x e
i x
i 1
(c)
x e
i x
(d) N/T
i 1
20.
x 1 1
x
2
x x
ex
dx =
(b) log | cot-1 ex | + c
x x 1
n 5
dx
dx =
25.
(d) xe x x c
is
(a) x f (logx) + c
(b) x -1 f (logx) + c
(c) f (logx) + c
(d) N/T
If
dx is
e x 3x 5 x 1
x
x 1
2
2x 1
x 1
2
x2
(c) ex
+c
7 x 5 6 x 4 5x 3 4 x 2 3x 1 e x dx is
6
(a)
(a) ex
(b) ex
(d) ex
x2
x 2 1
2x 1
x 2 1
sin x
dx = Ax + B log sin (xa)+C then
sin( x a)
1 x x e
2x
(c) x.e x x c
(d) 2 (1+x)3/2 + C
x 10
1 e tan
c (d) N/T
(c) (1+x)1/2 + C
12
ex
n6
/ 2c
1
2
(1+x)1/2 + C (b)
(1+x)3/2 + C
3
2
(a)
2 / 3
The value of
(b) 1 x 3
(c) 1 x 3
n4
x 1 / x n 6
C (b)
dx
3 2/3
17.
(a)
x x 1
(a) 1 x
3
x 1 / x n 4
log10 a
21.
cos ec 1 x
16.
1
| x | x 2 1
cos ec x
log10 cos ec 1x
26.
(a) 1/3, 1, 2
(b) 1/3, 2, -1
(c) 1/3, 0, 1
(d) N/T
x1/ 4
1 x
1/ 2
dx is equal to:
x3/ 4
(a) 4
x 1 / 4 tan 1 x 1 / 4
3
x3/ 4
(b) 4
x 1 / 4 tan 1 x 1 / 4
3
x3/ 4
(c) 4
x 1 / 4 tan 1 x 1 / 4
3
(d) N/T
27.
28.
29.
x sin x
1 cos x dx is:
The value of
(x / 2 )
(a) x sin ( x / 2)
(b) x cos
(c) x tan ( x / 2 )
33.
1 x
1 x
+c
(d)
x 2 1
xe x
x x2 x3
(a) 2 tan-1
1
1 c
x
sin( x a)
c
sin x
(b) -2 tan-1
1
1 c
x
(b) cot a ln
sin( x a)
c
sin x
(c) -2 tan-1
1
1 c
x
(c) cot a ln
sin x
c
sin( x a)
(d) -2 tan-1
1
1 c
x
(d) cot a ln
cos x
c
cos( x a)
34.
x cos x
x
5 x 10
x 16
x
x cos x
35.
(d) None
r 1/ r
a (1 x 3 ) b where r N ,
(a) 6x2 - x -1 = 0
(b) 6x2 - x + 2 = 0
(c) 6x2 - x - 2 = 0
(d) 6x2 + x + 2 = 0
dx
1
5
1
50 x 10
dx
1
5
1
5
(a)
1 10 c (b)
1 10 c
75 x
50 x
(c)
x 1 x
r
(c) log
If
+c
dx
(a) tan a ln
30.
(c) ( x+1/x )
ex
1/ 2
c (d)
1
5
1
75 x 10
(a)
1 2
(x + 7)3/2 7(x2 + 7)1/2 + log|x +
3
x2 7 |
(b)
1 2 3/2
2
(x +7) +5(x2+7)1/2 + log|x +
3
3
x2 7 |
(c)
1 2 3/2 3 2 1/2
(x +7) (x +7) +log|x +
3
5
3/ 2
x2 7 |
31.
3 4 f (x)
f (x)dx
36.
32.
dx
(a) ex + c
x 2 1
e x dx
(c)
37.
is
(b)
x 2 1
e x
f ( x ) xe x f ( x) e x then f (x) is
(a) 1
x 1e
(b) x
ex
If f(x) =
(d) x -1
m 1
dx then f m1 ( x) 0
if m is
+c
(a) ve integer
(b) non-integer
(d) 0
38.
x(x
) (2 log x 1)dx
(a) (xx )x + c
(c) xx + c
(d) N/T
39. d
tan(cos 1 e x )e x
1 e 2x
ex
1 e 2x
dx =
(b) cos1 ex + C
(d) x + C