Adarsh Institute of Technology & Research

Centre, Vita

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Laboratory Journal

SE Part III
According to the Syllabus of Shivaji University, Kolhapur
Effective From Jully 2008

Department of civil

Adarsh Institute of Technology & Research Centre,

Vita

EXPERIMENT NO. 1
STUDY OF UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE
TITLE:- Study of Universal Testing Machine.
THEORY:The behavior of various materials is the study with the help of this machine.
This machine does test like tensile, compression, bearing, shearing etc.
The UTM contain two main parts
i)
ii)

Control panel
Loading panel

Loading panel:This panel contains main three parts.

a) Upper cross head
b) Middle cross head
c) Lower cross head
Upper cross head: - It is connected between two plane bars. It has two
jaws with jaw handle .For upper cross head remains constant for tension
test.
Middle cross head: - It is connected between two screwed bar. It has also a
jaw with jaw handle similar to upper cross head. It moves upward for tension
test and downward for compression, shear, hardness and bending test.
Lower cross head: - It is situated on hydraulic ram. Loading panel is
connected to control panel with the help of oil pipes .Tension test is done
between upper and middle cross head compression, shear, hardness and
bending test are taken in between middle and lower cross head.
Control Panel: - It has maximum capacity 60 ton. Circular dial is main part
of the panel. This dial show reading from 6-60 tone. It has two pointer,
reading and dummy pointer. These pointers are adjustable. This panel also
contains release and loading value. When specimen is fail during any test
then loading valve is closed and up slowly. Releasing valve move up and

down and loading valve is on or off as per requirement graph is drawn in

between two panels.

EXPERIMENT NO. 1 (B)

TENSILE TEST ON METALS
OBJECTIVE: - Tensile test on mild steel specimen.
PURPOSE AND DISCUSSION:-

Purpose: - purpose of the test is to know the elastic properties,

tensile strength and the ductility of steel. From this test we obtain.
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)

Stress strain relationship of steel

Modulus of elasticity.
Yield strength.
Ultimate tensile strength.
Percentage elongation of steel at failure under tensile load.

DISCUSSION:BEHAVIOUR OF STEEL UNDER STRESS:Steel is an important material used in structure as well as

machines. While designing a steel member the designer should have an idea
of properties mentioned above. The knowledge of behavior of steel under
stress is very essential upto a certain stress limit the steel behaves as an
elastic material but beyond that the steel behaves differently. The designer
should have an idea of youngs modulus of elasticity, the elastic limit and the
maximum tensile strength. Also the percentage elongation at failure is a
measure of ductility of steel. We get all this information from one single test
i.e. Tensile test on steel , (or for the matter on other metals also) in which
specimen is subjected to tensile load gradually till it fails.

DEFINITIONS:a) Stress strain diagram: - The relation between stress and strain in a
tensile test, drawn graphically with stress along x- axis, is called as
stress strain diagram
b) Elasticity: - it is property of material due to which a loaded material
returns to its initial shape after the load is removed.
c) Proportional limit and elastic limit: - the limit of stress up to which the
stress is proportional to strain is called a limit of proportionality. The stress

limit up to which if load is removed the deformation disappears is called

elastic limit. Both these limits are so closed that for all practical purposes
limit of proportionality and limit of elasticity are considered as same.
Then,
A 1 A
100
A0

Then percentage reduction in area d =

BEHAVIOUR OF VARIOUS MATERIALS:

a) Mild steel has got definite yield point. It contains carbon content less
than 0.3%. Medium carbon steel contains carbon 0.3% to 0.8%. High
carbon steel contains carbon 0.8% to 1.5%. As the carbon content
increases the strength also increases, but the ductility is reduced. High
carbon steel does not show clear yield point.
b) Cast iron is brittle, it does not exhibit any yield point, and it has a low
limit of proportionality Its ductility is low.
c) Non ferrous metals and their alloys:- These also do not show a definite
yield point and their limit of proportionality is low. But they are ductile.

APPARATUS AND MATERIALS:APPARATUS:i)

ii)
iii)
iv)

Tensile testing machine or universal testing machine.

Extensometer.
Vernier calipers.
Scales.

MATERIALS:Mild steel specimens of circular cross section with gauge length

equal to five times bar diameter (do). The specimen should extend beyond
gauge length with a parallel length equal to 5.5 to 7 time diameter and then
further sufficient length for graph at each end. The test piece should have
preferable larger cross section at the end to ensure that the piece does not
fail at ends. Transition curves with radius equal to do should be provided
from the middle portion to the thickened ends.
The gauge length should be marked by fine scribed lines. Incised
marking should not been done

PROCEDURE:i)

ii)
iii)

Measure the diameter (do) of the bar accurately in mm at 3 places

and find the mean value correct up to 2 places of decimals. Also
measure the gauge length accurately (L0).
Fix the specimen in the grip holders of the tensile testing machine
firmly in such a way that the load is applied as axially as possible.
Attach an extensometer firmly so as to measure the elongation
during the loading between the gauge marks.

iv)

v)
vi)
vii)

viii)
ix)

x)
xi)

Bearing the load indicating pointer of the dial to zero and apply load
slowly at the rate of about 1 kg/mm2/sec. the loading rate should be
as uniform possible and any change should be as uniform as possible
and any change should be made gradually without any shocks.
Note down the reading of load and elongation at regular intervals of
100kg. load.
Also observe at what load the machine shows sudden increase in the
deformation. This occurs when yielding take place.
Beyond the yield point the extensometer may be removed and the
reading of elongation taken on scale. The rate of loading may be
increased to about 3N/mm2/sec. as the stress starts increasing after
plastic stage.
Note down the maximum load, the breaking load and the
corresponding elongation.
Remove the fractured pieces of the specimen, place them together
touching at the fracture and measure the length (Li) between the
gauge marks. Also measure the diameter of the specimen at the
fracture (di).
Calculate stress and strain and plot the stress and strain diagram.
Calculate stress at yield point, maximum stress, breaking stress,
percentage elongation and percentage reduction in area. Also
calculate the modulus of elasticity from the straight line portion of
the graph.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:OBSERVATIONS:i)

ii)
iii)

Original diameter of the specimen = do =

Original gauge length= L0 =5d0 =
Hd 20
Area of original cross section =A0=
4

iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
viii)
ix)

Load at yield point =

Maximum load =
Breaking load =
Final length between gauge marks = L1 =
Diameter of section after failure =d1=
Hd 21
Area of cross section at failure = A1=
4

OBSERVATION TABLE:SR.
NO.

LOAD
P(N)

ELONGATION
e(mm.)

STRESS

=
P
A0

STRAIN
=
l
L0

Remarks Yield Point,

Maximum load Break
point.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

CALCULATIONS:i)

Calculate stress and strain in column 4 and 5 of the observation

table.

ii)

Stress at yield point =

yield load
A0

maximumload
A0

iii)

Tensile strength =

iv)

breaking load
Breaking strength =
A0

v)
vi)

Percentage elongation = [(L1-L0) /L0]100

Y 2Y 1
Modulus of elasticity = X 2X 1

RESULTS:1) Yield point =

2) Tensile strength =
3) Breaking strength=
4) Percentage Elongation =
5) Modulus of elasticity=

REQUIREMENTS:Mild steel should have following properties.

1) Yield point =
2) Tensile strength =
3) Percentage Elongation =
4) Modulus of elasticity=

CONCLUSION:-

EXPERIMENT NO. -2
TITLE: - To determine the absorption of water of burnt clay building bricks.
PURPOSE: - The purpose of the test is get an idea of quality of bricks
using the
methods of water absorption of bricks immersed in water for a
specified period or by boiling them in water.
ABSORPTION OF WATER:(1)Bricks have pores in them. Due to this porosity the dry bricks when come
in to contact with the water, absorb water through these pores. Larger
the porosity more the absorption. Poorer the quality of bricks greater in
the absorption of water and vice versa. The absorption is found out as
weight of water absorbed as percentage of weight of dry bricks.
(2)Bricks which are under burnt or which contain much of calcium carbonate
or are made of such soil that they become porous and brittle have high
absorption of moisture. Well burnt bricks, which are hard and dense with
good ringing sound are less porous and absorb less water and so are
preferred, for contraction.

SIGNIFICANCE:1) The bricks should be as impervious to water as possible. But bricks

being porous do absorb water. The bricks which absorb comparatively
more water have comparatively lower compressive strength, resulting in
lower strengths of walls.
2) Also as the bricks absorb water from rain etc. create dampness inside
the building resulting in unhealthy environment inside.
3) Bricks which absorb more water from cement mortal during construction
of walls. Reducing the water content in the mortar which is vital for
hydration and setting and thus reduce the strength of mortar and so of
walls.
4) It is therefore necessary to use bricks which absorb as less water as
possible. The absorption of water by bricks by weight varies from 5% to
25%. For good work the absorption should be less than 15% and in no
case should exceed 20%. Also bricks should be wetted to saturation
before using in walls and brick walls should be kept well watered, for
curing , so as to avoid absorbing of water from mortar.

METHODS OF TEST:There are two methods of finding out absorption of water by bricks.
1) 24 hours immersion cold water test.
2) 5 hours boiling water test.
Sampling and sample size:For testing for water absorption select 5 brick specimen at random
and truly representative of the lot of 35,000 bricks and 15 nos. for a lot of
50,000 bricks.

APPARATUS AND MATERIALS:APPARATUS:1) A weighing balance correct up to 0.1 gm.

2) A ventilated oven.
3) Container for water in which bricks can be immersed, with arrangement
for heating the water to boiling.

MATERIALS:1) Cold water test:i)

Dry the brick specimens in a ventilated oven at a temperature of
1050C to 1100C till the same attain substantially constant weight.
ii)
Cool the specimens at room temperature and weigh each
specimen separately(w1)
iii)
Immerse completely the dried specimens in clean water at a
temperature of 250Cto 290C for 24 hours.
iv)
Remove the specimens after 24 hours. Wipe out any traces of
water with damp cloth and weigh each specimen separately (w2)
the weighing should be completed in 3 minutes after removal
from water
v)
Calculate the percentage of water absorbed by the bricks equal
to

W 2W 1
100
W1

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:-

Bricks
identificati
on

Weight of
brick when
dry(w1)

Weight of
saturated
brick (w2)

Percentage of
water absorbed
W 2W 1
Pn =
W1

Average
water
absorption.

100
B1
B2
B3

P =Average of result =

P1 =

W 2W 1
100
W1

P1 + P2 + P3
3

P2 =

W 2W 1
100
W1

P3 =

W 2W 1
100
W1

RESULT:The absorption of water as percent by weight of given burnt clay brick is

_____%

CONCLUSION:-

EXPERIMENT NO. 03
TITLE:- Shear testing on mild steel.
AIM :- To determine the shear strength of steel in
i)

ii)

Single shear
Double shear.

PURPOSE:The purpose of the test is to find out the shear strength

of steel specimen subjected to single shear as well as to double shear. This
test is useful in the design of riveted joints, as the rivets may be either in
single shear or may be in double shear.
Shear stress:- It is produced in a body when it is subjected to two equal
and opposite forces spaced at an infinite decimal distance or tangentially
across the resisting section.
Shear stress, fs =

Shearing force
arearesisting force

In case of a rivet the rivet has a circular cross section.


A= 4

P
2
d , fs = d
4

in single shear,

Test:Actually shear test is not yet standardized. I.S. has not specified any
test. Reason IS that it is difficult to produce conditions of pure shear as some
bending effect is likely to occur due to shearing load resulting in equal and
opposite forces at a small finite distance. However a proper shear
attachment as shown in the sketch can be used fairly satisfactorily. In this
arrangement an upper anvil thus creating two shearing planes between their
adjoining stresses. Specimen can be inserted to be sheared along either one
section or two sections , by loading the upper anvil, keeping the whole
assembly in a universal testing.

APPARATUS:i)
ii)

Universal testing machine.

Shearing attachment with cutters.

MATERIAL:A round bar of 16mm dia. of mild steel of sufficient length for
single and double shear testing.

PROCEDURE:i)
ii)
iii)

iv)

Measure the diameter of the specimen.

Place the specimen in the cutter of shear attachment in such a
way that only one section of the bar is subjected to shear.
Place the shear attachment in the universal testing machine.
Apply a load and increase it gradually till the specimen fails.
Note down the maximum load at failure .
For testing the specimen in the double shear insert the specimen
so that it extends on both sides of the upper anvil and rests on
both sides on the lower anvil. Apply and increase the load
gradually till the specimen fails, by shearing off on both sides.
Note down the maximum load at failure.

OBSERVATIONS:-

Sr.No.

Material

Dia.
(d)

Area(A
)

Load
P1
(kg)

Stress
p1
A

Load
P2
(kg)

(kg/mm
)
1

Stress
p2
A

Remar
k

(kg/mm
)

Mild
steel

RESULTS:-

EXPERIMENT No:- 04
TITLE:- Compression test on timber.
AIM:- To find compression strength of timber.
1) Load applied parallel to grain
2) Load applied across to grain

APPARATUS :1) Universal testing machine.

2) Timber pieces.

PROCEDURE:1) Measure the dimension of timber or wooden block.

2) Place wooden block in compression jaws.
3) Apply load and increase it gradually till the specimen fails. Note
down the maximum load reading.
4) This above process carry for two blocks first is grain is parallel and
other for grain is across.

5) Testing the compression on the two blocks and written reading of

failure of specimen.
6) Then remove the specimen from machine and seen the breaking
structure of specimen.

OBSERVATION TABLE:Sr.
No.

Specimen Size
mmmmmm

Load applied

1
2

CALCULATIONS:Compression strength =

Load at failure
c /s area

RESULT:1) Load applied perpendicular to grain =

2) Load applied across the grain =

Load at
failure
(N)

Remark

EXPERIMENT NO:- 05
TITLE: - Hardness test on metals.
AIM: - To conduct the following hardness tests on metals.
1) Brinell hardness test.
2) Rockwell hardness test.

PURPOSE AND DISCUSSION:PURPOSE:The purpose of the test is to know the effect of heat treatment
such as
hardening temperature, tempering etc and to check the quality
and uniformity of products . To resist the wearing away of the material
certain material is required in materials used for the rollers, tooth gear, slide
ways, tool steels, Die steels etc. So materials for such uses is given heat
treatment for hardening .The test can given us the idea of hardness of the
metals.

HARDNESS:Hardness is defined as the resistance to local penetration or

scratching or abrasion. It indicates the ability of the material to withstand the
deformation under a locally applied load. Various tests have been developed
to test resistance to either indentation (i.e. local penetration) or abrasion or

scratching. But the indention test is the most widely used test. It is quick test
and also a non destructive test.

METHODS OF INDENTION TESTS:The various methods of hardness tests are

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Brinell hardness test

Rockwell hardness test
Vickerss hardness test
Dynamic indentation test
Rebound test etc.

Out of these tests the first three tests are very common the
tests, mainly a) The Brinell hardness test b) the Rockwell hardness tests
will be explained here.

Brinell hardness test:In this test a hard steel ball is forced into the surface of the
test specimen, under standard conditions and the hardness is calculated by
dividing the load by the curved surface area of the indention caused.

Rockwell hardness tests :In this test a diamond conical point or a hard steel ball of
standard dimensions is forced into the surface of the test specimen in two
consecutive loads and the depth of indentation is measured which is taken
as measure of hardness.

APPARATUS AND MATERIALS:A) Brinell hardness test

i)
Brinell hardness testing materials with or without microscope
ii)
Measuring instrument to measure the diameter of the
indentation.
The hard steel balls as indentators may be of varying sizes,
10mm, 5mm,
2.5mm. the loads to be applied with the balls shall be
Diameter
10 mm

Load
3000kg

5mm
2.5mm

750kg
187.50 kg

B) Rockwell hardness test:Rockwell hardness testing machine with the indentators.

i)

ii)

Conical diamond indentator, in the form of right circular cone

with an included angle of 1200, tip rounded to the 0.2 mm
radius.
Hardened and polished steel ball of diameter 1.5875 mm
made of hardened steel of hardness 850HV.
Two scales C scale and B scale are used for measuring
indentation .The C scale is used for diamond penetrator and
B scale is used in case of steel ball indentator. The scale
reads indentation in units of 0.002mm.

MATERIAL:Specimens for testing should have smooth surface, the thickness

of the specimen being at least 8 times the indentation.

PROCEDURE:Brinell hardness test:1) Carry out test at room temperature between 100 to 350 C.
2) Place the test piece on a horizontal platform, just under the indenting
steel ball touching the specimen. Apply load slowly is 2 to 8 seconds
time, maintain load for 10 to 15 seconds.
3) Remove the load.
4) Measure the diameter of indentation with the help of microscope or a
suitable measuring device, in two directions at right angles and take
arithmetic means of two.
5) Record the load (P), the diameter of ball (D) and diameter of
indentation (d)
6) The distance between any indentation and the edge of the test
specimen shall be minimum 2.5 times the indentation and the distance
between centers of two adjacent indentations shall be minimum 4
times the dia. of the indentation.
Rockwell hardness test:-

1) Place the specimen on the horizontal platform so as to be in contact

with the indentator.
2) Apply the minor load of 10 kg by raising the platform.
3) Set the dial of the indicator of the depth gauge of suitable scale, as the
initial position. Apply major load without shock within 2 to 8 seconds,
value of load shall be 140 kg for diamond cone , 90 kg for ball, this
load is in addition to the initial mirror load of 10 kg.
4) Maintain the load till the indicator stops moving.
5) Remove the major load.
6) Record the indentation e of appropriate scale and calculate the
Rockwell hardness number
7) During test take same precaution as under Brinell test.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:

RESULT:1)

The Brinell hardness number of material _________ kg/mm to

_______kg /mm.
2) The Rockwell hardness number of the material ___________ to _________

EXPERIMENT NO.:- 06
TITLE:- Compression test on metals.
PURPOSE AND DISCUSSION:The purpose of this test is to observe the behavior of metals under
compression. Mild steel is ductile, hence does not fail into pieces, shows

large deformation where as brass or cast iron is brittle, hence fails into two
pieces.

APPARATUS AND MATERIALS:a) Mild steel specimen of size.

1) Diameter = 16mm height = 10mm.
2) Diameter = 16mm height = 50mm.

PROCEDURE:1) Place the specimen on the bottom cross head of U.T.M.

2) Attach the magnetic base dial gauge at the bottom cross head of U.T.M.
to measure the axial deformation in the mild steel specimen.
3) Apply the load at the constant rate and record the deformation on at an
interval of 1000kg. Till permanent deformation is observed for cast iron
/brass specimen applying the load till the specimen fails in to two pieces.
4) Repeat the procedure for remaining specimen.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:Sr.

No.

Description of
specimen.

Load
(kg)

Load
(N)

Remark

1
2

CONCLUSION:Mild steel is ductile metal hence does not fail into pieces. The
specimen which is greater in height shows the tendency of bulking and that
of lesser height is found to bulge for same load. Deformation is more in
specimen 2 in specimen 1.

EXPERIMENT NO.:- 07
TITLE: - Impact test on metals.
i)
ii)

Izod impact test.

Charpy impact test.

PURPOSE AND DISCUSSION:PURPOSE:The purpose of this test is to study the toughness of materials.
Toughness means the ability of the materials to absorb energy during the
plastic deformation when subjected to suddenly applied loads.

IMPACT STRENGTH:1) It is the resistance of material to shock or suddenly applied load. It is

equal to the work performed in breaking a specimen in a testing
machine. Brittle materials have low toughness since they have only
small plastic deformation before failure. Thus they absorb very little
energy before failure and so are dangerous if used in structures.
Ductile materials absorb considerable energy before they break and so
are comparatively tougher, thus ductile material has greater resistance
to shock loading.
2) Other tests such as tensile test, compression test etc.are conducted
using gradually applied loads. In practice we become across some
loads which are suddenly applied. The stress induced due to impact
loads is higher than those in case of gradually applied loads. Thus
structural members who are safe to bear gradually applied loads may
fail under impact loads due to development of higher stresses. Impact
may be in tension or compression or shear or in bending.

3) The impact strength also depends upon temperature. The strength at

zero temp. and at very high temp, are required in some cases

Methods of impact test:Impact tests are based on the following principals.

i)
ii)

The amount of energy absorbed by material before breaking under

impact loading depends upon the nature of the metal.
If the specimen with the notch is tested in impact test instead of
prismatic specimen without notch, much less energy is required to
break the specimen.

Test with notched specimen:Thus in impact test, test pieces with a notch cut at a
suitable section , is subjected to a hammer blow, so as to ensure that the
specimen fails at the notch under a single blow. The energy required to break
the specimen is a measure of impact strength.

Test with Un-notched specimen:Impact tests can also be conducted on unnotched specimen. In un-notched specimens there is no concentration of
stress as in case of notched specimen, and the test determines the energy
required in rupturing the un-notched specimen. The test is suitable for brittle
material like cast iron whether the Izod impact method is used or Charpy
impact is used, the cast iron test specimens are un-notched.
Out of many impact tests devised, two tests are
generally employed:1) Izod test
2) Charpy test

IZOD TEST:In this test a pendulum which acts as a swinging hammer strikes a
cantilever specimen gripped vertically with bottom of the notch at the same
plane the upper face of the grips of vice and breaks it in one blow. The
energy absorbed is observed.
The testing machine consists of a heavy frame with a
heavy pendulum weight supported at the top of the frame. The pendulum

can be clamped at the certain height above the specimen and released for
the striking. The striking energy should be 16.56kg.m. The energy is read on
a circular scale at the top on which a pointer moves as the pendulum on
either side of the specimen.
The specimen is a square rod 10mm10mm75mmlong as shown in the
figure.
A V-notch is made at 28mm from one end. Depth of notch is
2mm and the internal angle of V is 450, with a root radius of 0.25mm. The
specimen is fixed in a vice with a notch facing the hammer blow and level
with an parallel to the top face of vice, with top at 28mm from the vice.
As per I.S. 1958-1877 the weight of the base and its foundation shall be
at least 40 times that the weight of the hammer. The plane of swing of the
hammer shall be perpendicular to the vice.
Figure shows how the specimen is fixed in the vice. The distance
between the base notch and the point of the specimen hit by hammer shall
be 22mm.
The angle of the tip of the hammer shall be 750 and the
angle between normal to the specimen and the underside the face of the
hammer at the striking point shall be 100. The energy absorbed is the initial
energy of the hammer before striking minus the final energy remaining in the
hammer after it breaks the specimen, as indicated by rise of the hammer by
swinging to the other side.

CHARPY TEST:In this test a beam type specimen with the notch at the center of
the span simply supported at the ends is used. A hammer strikes the
specimen on the face opposite the notch with certain energy to break the
specimen in one blow. The energy absorbed is measured.
The specimen is 10mm10mm55mm long. In the center of
one face there is a U-notch 5mm deep with a root radius of 1mm. The
specimen is fixed in the machine as a simples beam with clear distance
between the supports 40mm. The hammer strikes the face opposite the
notch with the speed of 5 to 5.5m/s and energy equal to the 30kg.meters.
The angle at the tip of the hammer is 300 and the radius of curvature is
2mm. the radius of the curvature of the supports is 1mm and the topper of
supports is 1.5. the planes of the swing of the hammer should be vertical and

midway between the supports. In the other respects the operation of the
machine is similar to Izod machine.

APPARUTUS:(A)Izod test : Izod impact testing machine scale

(B)Charpy test Chappy impact testing machine scale

MATERIALS:A) Izod test:The test specimen 10mm10mm75mm long with the Vnotch of 450, 2mm deep and a root radius of 0.25 at a distance of
28mm from one end. Notch axis should be at right angles to the
longitudinal axis of the specimen.
B) Chapy test:Test
specimen10mm10mm55mm long with a U-Notch at 27.5mm
from ends, 5mmdeep and a root radius of 1mm. Notch axis should
be at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the specimen

PROCEDURE:-

A)

Izod test:i)
ii)

iii)
iv)
v)

Fix the pendulum weight with the flat striking surface. Bring it
up and clamp.
Fix the specimen for the Izod test in the vice at the base with
the notch facing the blow of the hammer and at the distance
of the 28mm from top with the plane of the symmetry in the
same plane as of the top of vice. In this position the
pendulum will strike at 6mm from the top.
Adjust the pointer on the scale to the zero.
Release the pendulum from the clamp.
The pendulum will strike the specimen and break it and swing
to other side up due to some energy still left. After the
pendulum rises to the highest point on the other side. The
pointer on the scale will read the energy absorbed by the
specimen.

This reading in kg. meters. Is the impact strength of the specimen

and is noted.

B) Charpy test:i)
Fix the hammer used for charpy test. Bring it up to ensure
energy of 30 kg.meters. and clamp.
ii)
Place the specimen for Charpy test as described earlier,
squarely against supports with the notch on opposite side of
the hammer blow. The plane of symmetry of the notch should
be in the plane of the swing of the hammer
iii)
Adjust the scale to zero.
iv)
Release the hammer from the clamp.
v)
The hammer will break the specimen and will rise on either
side and come break. Note down the reading on the scale at
the time of highest rise on the other side. It indicates the
impact strength of the Charpy test.

OBSERVATIONS:-

Dimensions of the specimen.

Izod test: BWL
Charpy test: BWL

Sr.N

Material of

o.

specimen

Impact strength
(kg.m.)
Izod
Charpy
(kg.m)

1
2
3

Remark

kg.m.)

Copper
Brass
Mild Steel

OBSERVATION TABLE :

RESULT:Impact strength is as shown in the above table.

Advantages of Charpy Test:It is more convenient and useful for the tests at high as well as low
temperatures as the specimen do not have to be clamped and can be placed
in position quickly without significant change of temperature. It takes
comparatively more time to fix the specimen in the Izod test than in Charpy
test.

EXPERIMENT NO. 08
TITLE:- Flexural test on the Flooring tiles.
AIM:- To determine transverse strength (flexural Strength) of
i)

Flooring tiles cement concrete flooring tiles.

PURPOSE:The purpose of the test is to have an idea of quality of tiles

along with the water absorption test, we can judge the quality of the tiles
tested.

TRANSVERSE STRENGTH:The strength in bending is called as the

transverse strength or the flexural strength. Tiles are much thinner as
compared to bricks or cement concrete blocks and so their strength is
measured by breaking them by applying the bending load instead of a
compression load or tensile load. While using the roofing tiles they are
supported on wooden battens and so are subjected to bending also floor

tiles, which are laid on the mortar, may be unevenly supported by the mortar
and would be subjected to bending.

TEST:In the test wet tiles are tested placing them on steel rollers and loading
the same on mid span through similar rollers, as per latest I.S.
Recommended, only wet tiles are to be tested by soaking them into water
and dry tiles are not to be tested as per these specifications.

APPARATUS:1) Flexural tiles testing machine.

2) Lead shots.
3) Weighing balance.
The flexural testing machine has two parallel self aligning cylindrical
steel bearers. The bearing surface is rounded to 40mm dia. for testing of
Mangalore tiles. For testing of flooring tiles the rollers may be 20mm dia. The
distance between the rollers can be adjusted. The load is applied through the
third roller of the same shape and placed midway between the supports on
the tiles. The length of the all the bearers shall be more than maximum width
of the tile to be tested. The loading is done through a bucket which can be
gradually filled with the lead shots and connected to the loading bears
through the levers.

MATERIALS:1) 3 cement concrete flooring tiles.

2) 3mm 20mm plywood strips.

PROCEDURE:i)

ii)

Select six tiles to be representative of the lot of the tiles

manufactured. Soak the tiles in the water for 24 hours at a
temperature of 270 C 20C
Support the tiles flat wise on the bearers (rollers) with sides parallel
to the supports. In case of the Mangalore tiles keep the span of
25cm and the tiles should rest with the bottom surface on the
rollers. In case of the cement concrete flooring tiles place the tiles
with the bearing surface upwards and keep the span as follows:The size (mm)

Span (mm)

250250
iii)
iv)

200

Apply the load at the uniform rate of 45kg to 55kg/min, allowing the
lead shots to flow in bucket.
Apply the load till the specimen breaks.

OBSERVATION TABLE:Sr.No
.
1
2
3

Span (l)

Width (b)

Thickness
(t)

Breaking
load (p)(N)

F
(N/mm2)

Average
(N/mm2)

CALCULATIONS:-

RESULT:Cement concrete flooring tiles.

Average of transverse strength

CONCLUSION:The cement concrete flooring tiles tested satisfy the I.S.

requirement.