DC

MACHINES
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Objectives
1) Faradays Law and Lenzs Law
2) How voltage can be generate by passing a
wire through a magnetic field.
3) Simple generator Sketch and Operation
4) Commutator and brush assembly - how
it works.
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Objectives
5) How the force produced on a current-carrying

wire in a magnetic field.

6) Differences between a shunt and compound dc
generator - performance characteristics of each.
7) Simple dc motor Sketch and operation.

8) Differences among a shunt, series, and

compound dc motor- performance characteristics
and application examples of each.
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1) Magnetic Induction and the DC Generator

Faradays Law e = N d / dt
e = the induced voltage in volts (V)
N = the number of series-connected turns of wire in turns (t)
d/dt = rate of change in flux in Webers/second (Wb/s)

e=BLv
B = the flux density in teslas (T)
L = the length of the conductor that is in the magnetic field in
meters (m)
v = the relative velocity between the wire and the flux, in
meters/second (m/s)
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Magnetic induction in a wire moving in a

field.

Right-hand rule for magnetic induction.

Wire loop rotating in a magnetic field.

AC generator with slip rings and brushes.

DC generator with commutator and brushes.

DC generator output waveform.

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DC generator with field control.

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DC generator four-pole field.

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DC generator rotor with two coils.

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Coil and output waveforms for a two-winding

rotor.

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Rotor with several rotor coils and commutator

segments.

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Shunt and Compound DC Generator

Shunt Generator Model
Compound Generator Model
Efficiency

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DC shunt generator model.

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More precise dc shunt generator model.

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Shunt dc generator with field rheostat.

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Separately excited shunt dc generator.

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Compound generator, (a) short shunt and (b)

long shunt.

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Generator Efficiency
Pin = T nr / 7.04
Pin = the input power in watts (W)
T = the input shaft torque in foot-pounds (ft-lbs)
nr = the rotation speed of the shaft in revolutions per
minute (rpm)

= Pout / Pin = Vt It / (T nr / 7.04)

= the efficiency (dimensionless)
Vt = the generator terminal voltage in volts (V)
It = the generator output current in amperes (A)
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Generator Losses
Rotor Copper Loss
This is the I2R loss in the rotor due to the resistance of the wire.
This loss varies with the square of the rotor current.

Rotor Core Loss

Because the rotor core (the iron upon which the rotor windings are
wound) is rotating inside a magnetic field, there will be eddy current
and hysteresis losses in the rotor core.
These losses vary with the field flux and the rotor speed.

Field Copper Loss

The I2R loss in the field windings due to the resistances of the wire.
This loss varies with the square of the field current.
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Generator Losses (continued)

Brush Loss
There is power loss in the brush-commutator interface.
This loss is proportional to the rotor current and brush drop and is VbIa.

Friction
These are losses due to mechanical friction.
They include the friction of the shaft bearings and the friction created
by the commutator and brush assembly.

Windage
These are losses due to the wind resistance of the rotor.
In most generators, cooling fins are attached to the rotor to circulate air
through the generator, thus promoting cooling and allowing the
generator to be operated at higher output currents.
These cooling fins increase the windage loss.
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Motor Action and the DC Motor

F=BLI
F = the resulting mechanical force in newtons (N)
B = the flux density in teslas (T)
L = the effective length of the wire (meters) in the field multiplied by
the number of turns
I = the current in the conductor in amperes (A)

Ia(start) = (Vt Vb) / Ra

Ia(start) = the armature starting current in amperes (A)

Vt = the applied voltage in volts (V)
Vb = the brush drop in volts (V)
Ra = the armature resistance in ohms ()

Ia = (Vt Vb Vcemf) / Ra

Vcemf = the induced counter emf in the armature windings in volts (V).
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Force on a current-carrying wire in a

magnetic field.

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Flux compression and resulting force.

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Simple dc motor.

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DC motor with electromagnetic field.

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Shunt, Series, and Compound DC Motor

Shunt Motor
Series Motor
Compound Motor

Motor Efficiency
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Shunt dc motor.

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Series dc motor.

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Compound dc motor.

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Motor Efficiency
= Pout / Pin = (T nr / 7.04) / (Vt It)

= the efficiency (dimensionless)

Pout = the output power in watts (W)
Pin = the input power in watts (W)
T = the shaft torque in foot pounds (ft-lb)
nr = the rotor speed in revolutions per minute (rpm)
Vt = the applied input voltage in volts (V)
It = the applied input current in amperes (A)

For a separately excited motor:

= (T nr / 7.04) / (Vt It + Vf If)
Vf = the field voltage in volts (V)
If = the field current in amperes (A)
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Dynamic Braking of DC Motors

In dynamic braking the armature is connected to a
resistive load after removing power, the energy stored
in the rotor in the form of angular momentum will be
transferred to the resistive load, rapidly decreasing
the rotor speed.
When plugging a motor, the motor is momentarily
reconnected in such a way as to reverse the direction
of rotation. This can cause excessive line currents
and excessive torque on the rotor.
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