Car

For other types of motorized vehicles, see Motor vehicle. by an internal combustion engine, fueled by deagration
For other uses, see Car (disambiguation), Automobile of gasoline (also known as petrol) or diesel. Both fuels
(disambiguation), and Cars (disambiguation).
cause air pollution and are also blamed for contributing
to climate change and global warming.[5] Vehicles using
alternative fuels such as ethanol exible-fuel vehicles and
natural gas vehicles are also gaining popularity in some
countries.
Road trac accidents are the largest cause of injuryrelated deaths worldwide.[6] The costs of car usage, which
may include the cost of: acquiring the vehicle, repairs
and auto maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time,
parking fees, taxes, and insurance,[7] are weighed against
the cost of the alternatives, and the value of the benets perceived and real of vehicle usage. The benets may include on-demand transportation, mobility,
independence and convenience.[8] The costs to society
of encompassing car use, which may include those of:
maintaining roads, land use, pollution, public health,
health care, and of disposing of the vehicle at the end
of its life, can be balanced against the value of the benets to society that car use generates. The societal benets
may include: economy benets, such as job and wealth
creation, of car production and maintenance, transportation provision, society wellbeing derived from leisure and
travel opportunities, and revenue generation from the tax
opportunities. The ability for humans to move exibly
from place to place has far-reaching implications for the
nature of societies.[9]

Vehicles in use per country from 2001 to 2007. It shows the

signicant growth in BRIC.

World map of passenger cars per 1000 people

The term motorcar has formerly also been used in the

context of electried rail systems to denote a car which
functions as a small locomotive but also provides space
for passengers and baggage. These locomotive cars were
often used on suburban routes by both interurban and intercity railroad systems.[10]

A car is a wheeled, self-powered motor vehicle used for

transportation. Most denitions of the term specify that
cars are designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to typically have four wheels,
and to be constructed principally for the transport of people rather than goods.[3][4] The year 1886 is regarded as
the birth year of the modern car. In that year, German
inventor Karl Benz built the Benz Patent-Motorwagen.
Cars did not become widely available until the early 20th
century. One of the rst cars that was accessible to the
masses was the 1908 Model T, an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. Cars were rapidly
adopted in the United States of America, where they replaced animal-drawn carriages and carts, but took much
longer to be accepted in Western Europe and other lessdeveloped parts of the world.

It was estimated in 2010 that the number of cars had

risen to over 1 billion vehicles, up from the 500 million of
1986.[11] The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially
in China, India and other NICs.[12]

1 Etymology
The word car is believed to originate from the Latin
word carrus or carrum (wheeled vehicle), or the Middle
English word carre (meaning cart, from Old North
French). In turn, these originated from the Gaulish word
karros (a Gallic chariot). The Gaulish language was a
branch of the Brythoic language which also used the word

Cars are equipped with controls used for driving, parking,

and passenger comfort and safety. New controls have also
been added to vehicles, making them more complex. Examples include air conditioning, navigation systems, and
in car entertainment. Most cars in use today are propelled
1

Karr; the Brythonig language evolved into Welsh (and

Gaelic) where 'Car llusg' (a drag cart or sledge) and 'car
rhyfel' (war chariot) still survive.[13][14] It originally referred to any wheeled horse-drawn vehicle, such as a cart,
carriage, or wagon.[15][16] Motor car is attested from
1895, and is the usual formal name for cars in British English.[4] Autocar is a variant that is also attested from
1895, but that is now considered archaic. It literally
means self-propelled car.[17]
The word automobile is a classical compound derived
from the Ancient Greek word auts (), meaning
self, and the Latin word mobilis, meaning movable.
It entered the English language from French, and was
rst adopted by the Automobile Club of Great Britain in
1897.[18] Over time, the word automobile fell out of
favour in Britain, and was replaced by motor car. It
remains a chiey North American usage.[19]

History

Main article: History of the automobile

The rst working steam-powered vehicle was designed
and most likely builtby Ferdinand Verbiest, a Flemish
member of a Jesuit mission in China around 1672. It was
a 65-cm-long scale-model toy for the Chinese Emperor
that was unable to carry a driver or a passenger.[8][20][21]
It is not known if Verbiests model was ever built.[21]

HISTORY

The development of external combustion engines is detailed as part of the history of the car, but often treated
separately from the development of true cars. A variety of steam-powered road vehicles were used during the
rst part of the 19th century, including steam cars, steam
buses, phaetons, and steam rollers. Sentiment against
them led to the Locomotive Acts of 1865.
In 1807 Nicphore Nipce and his brother Claude created
what was probably the worlds rst internal combustion
engine (which they called a Pyrolophore), but they chose
to install it in a boat on the river Saone in France.[24] Coincidentally, in 1807 the Swiss inventor Franois Isaac de
Rivaz designed his own 'de Rivaz internal combustion engine' and used it to develop the worlds rst vehicle to be
powered by such an engine. The Nipces Pyrolophore
was fuelled by a mixture of Lycopodium powder (dried
spores of the Lycopodium plant), nely crushed coal dust
and resin that were mixed with oil, whereas de Rivaz
used a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen.[24] Neither design was very successful, as was the case with others, such
as Samuel Brown, Samuel Morey, and Etienne Lenoir
with his hippomobile, who each produced vehicles (usually adapted carriages or carts) powered by internal combustion engines.[25]
In November 1881, French inventor Gustave Trouv
demonstrated a working three-wheeled car powered by
electricity at the International Exposition of Electricity,
Paris.[26]

Cugnots 1771 fardier vapeur, as preserved at the Muse des

Arts et Mtiers, Paris.

Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is widely credited with building

the rst full-scale, self-propelled mechanical vehicle or
automobile in about 1769; he created a steam-powered
tricycle.[22] He also constructed two steam tractors for the
French Army, one of which is preserved in the French
National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts.[23] His inventions were, however, handicapped by problems with water supply and maintaining steam pressure.[23] In 1801,
Richard Trevithick built and demonstrated his Pung
Devil road locomotive, believed by many to be the rst
demonstration of a steam-powered road vehicle. It was
unable to maintain sucient steam pressure for long peKarl Benz, the inventor of the modern car
riods, and was of little practical use.

3
Although several other German engineers (including
Gottlieb Daimler, Wilhelm Maybach, and Siegfried Marcus) were working on the problem at about the same time,
Karl Benz generally is acknowledged as the inventor of
the modern car.[25]

A photograph of the original Benz Patent-Motorwagen, rst built

in 1885 and awarded the patent for the concept

In 1879, Benz was granted a patent for his rst engine,

which had been designed in 1878. Many of his other inventions made the use of the internal combustion engine
feasible for powering a vehicle. His rst Motorwagen was
built in 1885 in Mannheim, Germany. He was awarded
the patent for its invention as of his application on 29
January 1886 (under the auspices of his major company,
Benz & Cie., which was founded in 1883). Benz began
promotion of the vehicle on 3 July 1886, and about 25
Benz vehicles were sold between 1888 and 1893, when
his rst four-wheeler was introduced along with a model
intended for aordability. They also were powered with
four-stroke engines of his own design. Emile Roger of
France, already producing Benz engines under license,
now added the Benz car to his line of products. Because
France was more open to the early cars, initially more
were built and sold in France through Roger than Benz
sold in Germany. In August 1888 Bertha Benz, the wife
of Karl Benz, undertook the rst road trip by car, to prove
the road-worthiness of her husbands invention.

Bertha Benz, the rst long distance car driver in the world

which they retrotted with an engine of their design. By

1895 about 30 vehicles had been built by Daimler and
Maybach, either at the Daimler works or in the Hotel
Hermann, where they set up shop after disputes with
their backers. Benz, Maybach and the Daimler team
seem to have been unaware of each others early work.
They never worked together; by the time of the merger
of the two companies, Daimler and Maybach were no
longer part of DMG.
Daimler died in 1900 and later that year, Maybach
designed an engine named Daimler-Mercedes that was
placed in a specially ordered model built to specications
set by Emil Jellinek. This was a production of a small
number of vehicles for Jellinek to race and market in his
country. Two years later, in 1902, a new model DMG
car was produced and the model was named Mercedes
after the Maybach engine, which generated 35 hp. Maybach quit DMG shortly thereafter and opened a business
of his own. Rights to the Daimler brand name were sold
to other manufacturers.

In 1896, Benz designed and patented the rst internalcombustion at engine, called boxermotor. During the
last years of the nineteenth century, Benz was the largest
car company in the world with 572 units produced in
1899 and, because of its size, Benz & Cie., became a
Karl Benz proposed co-operation between DMG and
joint-stock company.
Benz & Cie. when economic conditions began to deteThe rst motor car in central Europe and one of the riorate in Germany following the First World War, but
rst factory-made cars in the world, was produced by the directors of DMG refused to consider it initially. NeCzech company Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau (later renamed gotiations between the two companies resumed several
to Tatra) in 1897, the Prsident automobil.
years later when these conditions worsened and, in 1924
Daimler and Maybach founded Daimler Motoren they signed an Agreement of Mutual Interest, valid unGesellschaft (DMG) in Cannstatt in 1890, and sold their til the year 2000. Both enterprises standardized design,
rst car in 1892 under the brand name Daimler. It was a production, purchasing, and sales and they advertised or
horse-drawn stagecoach built by another manufacturer, marketed their car models jointly, although keeping their

4
respective brands. On 28 June 1926, Benz & Cie. and
DMG nally merged as the Daimler-Benz company, baptizing all of its cars Mercedes Benz, as a brand honoring
the most important model of the DMG cars, the Maybach design later referred to as the 1902 Mercedes-35 hp,
along with the Benz name. Karl Benz remained a member of the board of directors of Daimler-Benz until his
death in 1929, and at times his two sons also participated
in the management of the company.

3 MASS PRODUCTION
with gasoline internal combustion engines achieving
dominance in the 1910s.
Although various pistonless rotary engine designs have
attempted to compete with the conventional piston and
crankshaft design, only Mazda's version of the Wankel
engine has had more than very limited success.

3 Mass production

In 1890, mile Levassor and Armand Peugeot of France

began producing vehicles with Daimler engines, and so
See also: Automotive industry
laid the foundation of the automotive industry in France.
The large-scale, production-line manufacturing of afIn 1891, Auguste Doriot and his Peugeot colleague Louis
Rigoulot completed the longest trip by a petrol-powered
vehicle when their self-designed and built Daimler powered Peugeot Type 3 completed 2,100 kilometres (1375
miles) from Valentigney to Paris and Brest and back
again. They were attached to the rst ParisBrestParis
bicycle race, but nished 6 days after the winning cyclist,
Charles Terront.
The rst design for an American car with a gasoline internal combustion engine was made in 1877 by George
Selden of Rochester, New York. Selden applied for a
patent for an car in 1879, but the patent application expired because the vehicle was never built. After a delay
of sixteen years and a series of attachments to his application, on 5 November 1895, Selden was granted a United
States patent (U.S. Patent 549,160) for a two-stroke car Ransom E. Olds
engine, which hindered, more than encouraged, development of cars in the United States. His patent was chal- fordable cars was debuted by Ransom Olds in 1902 at
lenged by Henry Ford and others, and overturned in 1911. his Oldsmobile factory located in Lansing, Michigan and
based upon the assembly line techniques pioneered by
In 1893, the rst running, gasoline-powered American
Marc Isambard Brunel at the Portsmouth Block Mills,
car was built and road-tested by the Duryea brothers of
England, in 1802. The assembly line style of mass proSpringeld, Massachusetts. The rst public run of the
duction and interchangeable parts had been pioneered in
Duryea Motor Wagon took place on 21 September 1893,
the U.S. by Thomas Blanchard in 1821, at the Springeld
[27][28]
on Taylor Street in Metro Center Springeld.
The
Armory in Springeld, Massachusetts.[33] This concept
Studebaker Automobile Company, subsidiary of a longwas greatly expanded by Henry Ford, beginning in 1914.
established wagon and coach manufacturer, started to
[29]:p.66
build cars in 1897
and commenced sales of electric As a result, Fords cars came o the line in fteen-minute
intervals, much faster than previous methods, increasing
vehicles in 1902 and gasoline vehicles in 1904.[30]
productivity eightfold, while using less manpower (from
In Britain, there had been several attempts to build steam
12.5 man-hours to 1 hour 33 minutes).[34] It was so succars with varying degrees of success, with Thomas Rickcessful, paint became a bottleneck. Only Japan black
ett even attempting a production run in 1860.[31] Santler
would dry fast enough, forcing the company to drop the
from Malvern is recognized by the Veteran Car Club of
variety of colors available before 1914, until fast-drying
Great Britain as having made the rst petrol-powered car
Duco lacquer was developed in 1926. This is the source
in the country in 1894[32] followed by Frederick William
of
Fords apocryphal remark, any color as long as its
Lanchester in 1895, but these were both one-os.[32] The
black.[34] In 1914, an assembly line worker could buy a
rst production vehicles in Great Britain came from the
Model T with four months pay.[34]
Daimler Company, a company founded by Harry J. Lawson in 1896, after purchasing the right to use the name Fords complex safety proceduresespecially assigning
of the engines. Lawsons company made its rst automo- each worker to a specic location instead of allowing
them to roam aboutdramatically reduced the rate of inbiles in 1897, and they bore the name Daimler.[32]
jury. The combination of high wages and high eciency
In 1892, German engineer Rudolf Diesel was granted
is called "Fordism, and was copied by most major indusa patent for a New Rational Combustion Engine. In
tries.
The eciency gains from the assembly line also co1897, he built the rst diesel engine.[25] Steam-, electricincided with the economic rise of the United States. The
, and gasoline-powered vehicles competed for decades,
assembly line forced workers to work at a certain pace

Ford Model T, 1927

Pontiac; by the 1990s, corporate powertrains and shared

platforms (with interchangeable brakes, suspension, and
other parts) were common. Even so, only major makers
could aord high costs, and even companies with decades
Portrait of Henry Ford (ca. 1919)
of production, such as Apperson, Cole, Dorris, Haynes,
or Premier, could not manage: of some two hundred
American car makers in existence in 1920, only 43 surGreat Depression, by 1940,
with very repetitive motions which led to more output per vived in 1930, and with the
[34]
only
17
of
those
were
left.
worker while other countries were using less productive
methods.
In Europe much the same would happen. Morris set up
In the automotive industry, its success was dominating, its production line at Cowley in 1924, and soon outsold
and quickly spread worldwide seeing the founding of Ford Ford, while beginning in 1923 to follow Fords practice of
France and Ford Britain in 1911, Ford Denmark 1923, vertical integration, buying Hotchkiss (engines), Wrigley
Ford Germany 1925; in 1921, Citroen was the rst native (gearboxes), and Osberton (radiators), for instance, as
European manufacturer to adopt the production method. well as competitors, such as Wolseley: in 1925, Morris
Soon, companies had to have assembly lines, or risk go- had 41% of total British car production. Most British
ing broke; by 1930, 250 companies which did not, had small-car assemblers, from Abbey to Xtra, had gone under. Citroen did the same in France, coming to cars in
disappeared.[34]
1919; between them and other cheap cars in reply such
Development of automotive technology was rapid, due as Renault's 10CV and Peugeot's 5CV, they produced
in part to the hundreds of small manufacturers compet- 550,000 cars in 1925, and Mors, Hurtu, and others could
ing to gain the worlds attention. Key developments in- not compete.[34] Germanys rst mass-manufactured car,
cluded electric ignition and the electric self-starter (both the Opel 4PS Laubfrosch (Tree Frog), came o the line
by Charles Kettering, for the Cadillac Motor Company at Russelsheim in 1924, soon making Opel the top car
in 19101911), independent suspension, and four-wheel builder in Germany, with 37.5% of the market.[34]
brakes.
Since the 1920s, nearly all cars have been mass-produced
to meet market needs, so marketing plans often have 4 User interface
heavily inuenced car design. It was Alfred P. Sloan who
established the idea of dierent makes of cars produced See also: Automobile controls
by one company, so buyers could move up as their for- Cars are equipped with controls used for driving, pastunes improved.
senger comfort and safety, normally operated by a comReecting the rapid pace of change, makes shared parts bination of the use of feet and hands, and occasionally
with one another so larger production volume resulted by voice on newer cars. Modern cars controls are now
in lower costs for each price range. For example, in standardised, such as the location for the accelerator and
the 1930s, LaSalles, sold by Cadillac, used cheaper brake, but this was not always the case. Controls are
mechanical parts made by Oldsmobile; in the 1950s, evolving in response to new technologies, for example
Chevrolet shared hood, doors, roof, and windows with the electric car and the integration of mobile communi-

FUEL AND PROPULSION TECHNOLOGIES

These cars are only single-seaters (still falling within the

denition of a car, although 4-seater cars are more common), but they nevertheless demonstrate the amount by
which car weights could still be reduced, and the subsequent lower fuel use (i.e. up to a fuel use of 2560
km/l).[38]

7 Seating and body style

See also: Car body style
Most cars are designed to carry multiple occupants, often with four or ve seats. Full-size cars and large sport
utility vehicles can often carry six, seven, or more occupants depending on the arrangement of the seats. In
the other hand, sports cars are most often designed with
only two seats. The diering needs for passenger capacity and their luggage or cargo space has resulted in the
availability of a large variety of body styles to meet indications. Since the car was rst invented, its controls have vidual consumer requirements that include, among othbecome fewer and simpler through automation, for ex- ers, the sedan/saloon, hatchback, station wagon/estate,
ample all cars once had a manual controls for the choke and minivan.
valve, clutch, ignition timing, and a crank instead of an
electric starter. However new controls have also been
added to vehicles, making them more complex. Exam- 8 Fuel and propulsion technologies
ples include air conditioning, navigation systems, and in
car entertainment. Another trend is the replacement of
physical knob and switches for secondary controls with
touchscreen controls such as BMW's iDrive and Ford's
MyFord Touch.
In the Ford Model T the left-side hand lever sets the rear wheel
parking brakes and puts the transmission in neutral. The lever to
the right controls the throttle. The lever on the left of the steering
column is for ignition timing. The left foot pedal changes the two
forward gears while the centre pedal controls reverse. The right
pedal is the brake.

Lighting

Main article: Automotive lighting

Cars are typically tted with multiple types of lights, The Nissan Leaf is an all-electric car launched in December
these are used to illuminate the way so that the vehicle can 2010
be used at night, to indicate turn intentions of the driver,
and to display that the vehicle is braking. Additionally See also: Alternative fuel vehicle
courtesy lights are usually tted for the passengers.
Most cars in use today are propelled by an internal combustion engine, fueled by deagration of gasoline (also
known as petrol) or diesel. Both fuels are known to
6 Weight
cause air pollution and are also blamed for contributing to
climate change and global warming.[5] Rapidly increasThe weight of a car inuences fuel consumption and per- ing oil prices, concerns about oil dependence, tightenformance, with more weight resulting in increased fuel ing environmental laws and restrictions on greenhouse
consumption and decreased performance. According to gas emissions are propelling work on alternative power
research conducted by Julian Allwood of the University systems for cars. Eorts to improve or replace existing
of Cambridge, global energy use could be heavily reduced technologies include the development of hybrid vehicles,
by using lighter cars, and an average weight of 500 kg has plug-in electric vehicles and hydrogen vehicles. Vehicles
been said to be well achievable.[35]
using alternative fuels such as ethanol exible-fuel vehiIn some competitions such as the Shell Eco Marathon, av- cles and natural gas vehicles are also gaining popularity
erage car weights of 45 kg have also been achieved.[36][37] in some countries.

7
Oil consumption in the twentieth and twenty-rst centuries has been abundantly pushed by car growth; the
19852003 oil glut even fuelled the sales of low-economy
vehicles in OECD countries. The BRIC countries are
adding to this consumption; in December 2009 China was
briey the largest car market.[39]

Similarly the costs to society of encompassing car use,

which may include those of: maintaining roads, land use,
pollution, public health, health care, and of disposing of
the vehicle at the end of its life, can be balanced against
the value of the benets to society that car use generates. The societal benets may include: economy benets, such as job and wealth creation, of car production
and maintenance, transportation provision, society wellbeing derived from leisure and travel opportunities, and
9 Safety
revenue generation from the tax opportunities. The ability for humans to move exibly from place to place has
Main articles: Car safety, Trac accident, Low speed vefar-reaching implications for the nature of societies.[9]
hicle and Epidemiology of motor vehicle collisions
Road trac accidents are the largest cause of injury-

11 Environmental impact
See also: Exhaust gas

Result of a serious car accident

related deaths worldwide.[6] Mary Ward became one of

the rst documented car fatalities in 1869 in Parsonstown,
Ireland,[40] and Henry Bliss one of the United States rst
pedestrian car casualties in 1899 in New York City.[41]
There are now standard tests for safety in new cars,
such as the EuroNCAP and the US NCAP tests,[42] and
insurance-industry-backed tests by the Insurance Institute
for Highway Safety (IIHS).[43]
Worldwide, road trac is becoming ever safer, in part
due to eorts by the government to implement safety
features in cars, and by implementing safety components
such as speed bumps on the roads themselves.

While there are dierent types of fuel that may power

cars, most rely on gasoline or diesel. The United States
Environmental Protection Agency states that the average
vehicle emits 8,887 grams of carbon dioxide per gallon
of gasoline. The average vehicle running on diesel fuel
will emit 10,180 grams of carbon dioxide.[44] Many governments are using scal policies (such as road tax or the
US gas guzzler tax) to inuence vehicle purchase decisions, with a low CO2 gure often resulting in reduced
taxation.[45] Fuel taxes may act as an incentive for the
production of more ecient, hence less polluting, car
designs (e.g. hybrid vehicles) and the development of
alternative fuels. High fuel taxes may provide a strong incentive for consumers to purchase lighter, smaller, more
fuel-ecient cars, or to not drive. On average, todays
automobiles are about 75 percent recyclable, and using
recycled steel helps reduce energy use and pollution.[46]
In the United States Congress, federally mandated fuel efciency standards have been debated regularly, passenger
car standards have not risen above the 27.5 miles per US
gallon (8.6 L/100 km; 33.0 mpg- ) standard set in 1985.
Light truck standards have changed more frequently, and
were set at 22.2 miles per US gallon (10.6 L/100 km; 26.7
mpg- ) in 2007.[47]

The manufacture of vehicles is resource intensive, and

many manufacturers now report on the environmental
performance of their factories, including energy usage,
[48]
Main articles: Economics of automobile usage, Car costs waste and water consumption.
and Eects of the automobile on societies
The growth in popularity of the car allowed cities to
sprawl, therefore encouraging more travel by car resultThe costs of car usage, which may include the cost ing in inactivity and obesity, which in[49]turn can lead to
of: acquiring the vehicle, repairs and auto maintenance, increased risk of a variety of diseases.

10

Costs and benets

fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees, taxes, and

insurance,[7] are weighed against the cost of the alternatives, and the value of the benets perceived and
real of vehicle usage. The benets may include
on-demand transportation, mobility, independence and
convenience.[8]

Transportation (of all types including trucks, buses and

cars) is a major contributor to air pollution in most industrialised nations. According to the American Surface
Transportation Policy Project nearly half of all Americans are breathing unhealthy air. Their study showed air
quality in dozens of metropolitan areas has worsened over

13

INDUSTRY

the last decade.[50]

Animals and plants are often negatively impacted by cars
via habitat destruction and pollution. Over the lifetime of
the average car the loss of habitat potential may be over
50,000 square meters (540,000 sq ft) based on primary
production correlations.[51] Animals are also killed every
year on roads by cars, referred to as Roadkill. More recent road developments are including signicant environmental mitigations in their designs such as green bridges
to allow wildlife crossings, and creating wildlife corridors.
Growth in the popularity of vehicles and commuting
has led to trac congestion. Brussels was considered Europes most congested city in 2011 according to A robotic Volkswagen Passat shown at Stanford University is a
driverless car
TomTom.[52]

12

Future car technologies

Car propulsion technologies that are under development

include gasoline/electric and plug-in hybrids, battery
electric vehicles, hydrogen cars, biofuels, and various alternative fuels. Research into future alternative
forms of power include the development of fuel cells,
Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI),
Stirling engines,[53] and even using the stored energy of
compressed air or liquid nitrogen.
New materials which may replace steel car bodies include duralumin, berglass, carbon ber, and carbon nanotubes.
Telematics technology is allowing more and more people
to share cars, on a pay-as-you-go basis, through car share
and carpool schemes.

son. Children could be chaueured in supervised safety,

DUIs would no longer exist, and 41,000 lives could be
saved each year in the US alone.[55][56]

12.2 Open source development

Main article: Open source car
There have been several projects aiming to develop a
car on the principles of open design. The projects include OScar, Riversimple (through 40res.org)[57] and
c,mm,n.[58] None of the projects have reached signicant success in terms of developing a car as a whole both
from hardware and software perspective and no mass production ready open-source based design have been introduced as of late 2009. Some car hacking through onboard diagnostics (OBD) has been done so far.[59]

Communication is also evolving due to connected car systems.

13 Industry
12.1

Autonomous car

Main article: Autonomous car

Fully autonomous vehicles, also known as driverless cars,
already exist in prototype (such as the Google driverless car), and are expected to be commercially available
around 2020. According to urban designer and futurist
Michael E. Arth, driverless electric vehiclesin conjunction with the increased use of virtual reality for work,
travel, and pleasurecould reduce the worlds 800 million vehicles to a fraction of that number within a few
decades.[54] This would be possible if almost all private
cars requiring drivers, which are not in use and parked
90% of the time, would be traded for public self-driving
taxis that would be in near constant use. This would also
allow for getting the appropriate vehicle for the particular
needa bus could come for a group of people, a limousine could come for a special night out, and a Segway
could come for a short trip down the street for one per-

Main articles: Automotive industry and Automotive

market
The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures,
markets, and sells the worlds motor vehicles. In 2008,
more than 70 million motor vehicles, including cars and
commercial vehicles were produced worldwide.[60]
In 2007, a total of 71.9 million new cars were sold worldwide: 22.9 million in Europe, 21.4 million in the AsiaPacic Region, 19.4 million in the USA and Canada, 4.4
million in Latin America, 2.4 million in the Middle East
and 1.4 million in Africa.[61] The markets in North America and Japan were stagnant, while those in South America and other parts of Asia grew strongly. Of the major
markets, China, Russia, Brazil and India saw the most
rapid growth.
About 250 million vehicles are in use in the United States.

9
Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and 15 See also
light trucks on the road in 2007; they burn over 260 billion
US gallons (980,000,000 m3 ) of gasoline and diesel fuel Main article: Outline of automobiles
yearly. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in
China and India.[12] In the opinion of some, urban transport systems based around the car have proved unsustain Car costs
able, consuming excessive energy, aecting the health of
Car classication
populations, and delivering a declining level of service despite increasing investments. Many of these negative im Carfree city
pacts fall disproportionately on those social groups who
are also least likely to own and drive cars.[62][63][64] The
List of countries by automobile production
sustainable transport movement focuses on solutions to
List of countries by vehicles per capita
these problems.
In 2008, with rapidly rising oil prices, industries such as
the automotive industry, are experiencing a combination
of pricing pressures from raw material costs and changes
in consumer buying habits. The industry is also facing
increasing external competition from the public transport sector, as consumers re-evaluate their private vehicle
usage.[65] Roughly half of the USs fty-one light vehicle
plants are projected to permanently close in the coming
years, with the loss of another 200,000 jobs in the sector, on top of the 560,000 jobs lost this decade.[66] Combined with robust growth in China, in 2009, this resulted
in China becoming the largest car producer and market
in the world. China 2009 sales had increased to 13.6 million, a signicant increase from one million of domestic
car sales in 2000.[67] Since then however, even in China
and other BRIC countries, the automotive production is
again falling.[68]

Lists of automobiles
Motor vehicle theft
Noise pollution
Peak car
Steering
Trac collision
Trac congestion

16 References
[1] The Motocycle / Automobile (magazine), November Vol
1, No. 2, 1895, pp. 1645
[2] The Mercedes-Benz book by Victor Boesen, Doubleday
1981, p. 22, ISBN 0-385-12554-2
[3] compiled by F.G. Fowler and H.W. Fowler. (1976).
Pocket Oxford Dictionary. London: Oxford University
Press. ISBN 0-19-861113-7.

14

Alternatives to the car

Main article: Alternatives to the automobile

[4] motor car, n.. OED Online. Oxford University Press.

September 2014. Retrieved 2014-09-29.
[5] Global Climate Change. U.S. Department of Energy.
Archived from the original on 2007-02-25. Retrieved
2007-03-03.

Established alternatives for some aspects of car use in- [6] Peden M; Scureld R; Sleet D (eds.) (2004). World report
on road trac injury prevention. World Health Organizaclude public transit such as buses, trolleybuses, trains,
tion. ISBN 92-4-156260-9. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
subways, tramways light rail, cycling, and walking. Carshare arrangements and carpooling are also increasingly [7] Car Operating Costs. my car. RACV. Retrieved 2009popular, in the US and Europe.[69] For example, in the
12-22.
US, some car-sharing services have experienced doubledigit growth in revenue and membership growth be- [8] Setright, L. J. K. (2004). Drive On!: A Social History of
the Motor Car. Granta Books. ISBN 1-86207-698-7.
tween 2006 and 2007. Services like car sharing oering a residents to share a vehicle rather than own a car [9] John A. Jakle, Keith A. Sculle. (2004). Lots of Parking:
in already congested neighborhoods.[70] Bike-share sysLand Use in a Car Culture. Charlottesville: Univ. of Virtems have been tried in some European cities, includginia Press. ISBN 0-8139-2266-6.
ing Copenhagen and Amsterdam. Similar programs have
been experimented with in a number of US Cities.[71] Ad- [10] atchison_177. Laparks.org. Retrieved 2011-02-13.
ditional individual modes of transport, such as personal [11] Sousanis, John (2011-08-15). World Vehicle Population
rapid transit could serve as an alternative to cars if they
Tops 1 Billion Units. Wards Auto. Retrieved 2012-07prove to be socially accepted.[72]
17.

10

16

REFERENCES

[12] Plunkett Research, Automobile Industry Introduction

(2008)

[33] Industrialization of American Society. Engr.sjsu.edu.

Retrieved 2011-07-17.

[13] Car. (etymology). Online Etymology Dictionary.

Archived from the original on 2008-05-24. Retrieved
2008-06-02.

[34] Georgano, G. N. (2000). Vintage Cars 1886 to 1930.

Sweden: AB Nordbok. ISBN 1-85501-926-4.

[14] 'Car' derived from 'carrus

[35] Possible global energy reducstion. New Scientist. Retrieved 2011-07-17.

[15] car, n.1. OED Online. Oxford University Press.

September 2014. Retrieved 2014-09-29.

[36] 45 kg as average car weight in Shell Eco-Marathon.

Wn.com. Retrieved 2011-07-17.

[16] University of Wales Dictionary on-line; accessed 5 October

[37] Shell Eco-Marathon car weight

[17] auto-, comb. form2. OED Online. Oxford University

Press. September 2014. Retrieved 2014-09-29.
[18] Prospective Arrangements, The Times, 4 December
1897: 13
[19] automobile, adj. and n.. OED Online. Oxford University
Press. September 2014. Retrieved 2014-09-29.

[38] mindfully.org. Andy Greens 8000-mile/gallon car.

Mindfully.org. Retrieved 2011-07-17.
[39] Chris Hogg (2009-02-10). Chinas car industry overtakes US. BBC News.
[40] Mary Ward 18271869.
Universityscience.ie.
Archived from the original on 2008-03-11. Retrieved
2008-10-27.

[20] 1679-1681R P Verbiests Steam Chariot. History of

the Automobile: origin to 1900. Herg. Retrieved 200905-08.

[41] CityStreets Bliss plaque.

[21] A brief note on Ferdinand Verbiest. Curious Expeditions. 2007-07-02. Archived from the original on 200804-03. Retrieved 2008-04-18. Note that the vehicle pictured is the 20th century diecast model made by Brumm,
of a later vehicle, not a model based on Verbiests plans.

[43] Insurance Institute for Highway Safety.

[42] SaferCar.gov NHTSA.

[44] US EPA. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Typical Passenger Vehicle (". Retrieved 2013-04-25.

[23] Encyclopdia Britannica

[45] A Review and Comparative Analysis of Fiscal Policies

Associated with New Passenger Vehicle CO2 Emissions.
International Council on Clean Transportation. February
2011. Retrieved 2013-10-15.

[24] speos.fr.
Niepce Museum, Other Inventions.
Niepce.house.museum. Retrieved 2010-08-26.

[46] Automobiles and the Environment. Greenercars.com.

Archived from the original on 14 February 2008.

[25] Ralph Stein (1967). The Automobile Book. Paul Hamlyn

Ltd.

[47] CAFE Overview Frequently Asked Questions. National Highway Trac Safety Administration.

[26] Wakeeld, Ernest H. (1994). History of the Electric Automobile. Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. pp. 23.
ISBN 1-56091-299-5.

[48] Volvos carbon-free car factory. Ends Report. October

2005. Retrieved 2013-10-15.

[22] Encyclopdia Britannica Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot.

[49] Our Ailing Communities. Metropolis Magazine.

[27] The First Car A History of the Automobile. Ausbcomp.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16.
Retrieved 2011-07-17.

[50] Clearing the Air. The Surface Transportation Policy

Project. 2003-08-19. Retrieved 2007-04-26.

[28] The Duryea Brothers Automobile History. Inventors.about.com. 16 September 2010. Retrieved 2011-0717.

[51] Ball, Jerey (2009-03-09). Six Products, Six Carbon

Footprints. Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2011-01-25. Retrieved 2011-01-10.

[29] Longstreet, Stephen. A Century on Wheels: The Story of

Studebaker. New York: Henry Holt and Company. p.
121. 1st edn., 1952.

[52] Which is Europes most congested city?". What Car?.

Retrieved 2011-12-18.

[30] Clymer, Floyd. Treasury of Early American Automobiles,

18771925 (New York: Bonanza Books, 1950), p.178.
[31] Burgess Wise, D. (1970). Veteran and Vintage Cars. London: Hamlyn. ISBN 0-600-00283-7.
[32] Georgano, N. (2000). Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile. London: HMSO. ISBN 1-57958-293-1.

[53] Paul Werbos. Who Killed the Electric car? My review.

Retrieved 2007-04-10.
[54] Oliver, Rachel (2007-09-16). Rachel Oliver All About:
hydrid transportation"". CNN. Retrieved 2009-03-05.
[55] Arth, Michael (Spring 2008). New Pedestrianism: A
Bridge to the Future. Carbusters Magazine. Retrieved
2009-03-06.

11

[56] Birch, Alex (23 May 2008). Most Cars Can be Eliminated in 20 Years says Urban Designer Michael E. Arth.
Corrupt.org. Retrieved 2009-03-06.
[57] FortyFires: Main. 40res.org. Archived from the original on 2010-07-01. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
[58] open source mobility: home. c,mm,n. Retrieved 201007-11.
[59] Geek My Ride presentation at linux.conf.au 2009.
Google. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
[60] World Motor Vehicle Production by Country: 2007
2008. OICA.
[61] 2008 Global Market Data Book, Automotive News, p.5
[62] Kenworthy, J R (2004). Transport Energy Use and
Greenhouse Emissions in Urban Passenger Transport Systems (PDF). Institute for Sustainability and Technology
Policy. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
[63] World Health Organisation, Europe. Health eects of
transport. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
[64] Social Exclusion Unit, Oce of the Prime Minister (UK).
The Connections nal report on transport and social
exclusion. Retrieved 2003-02-01.
[65] IBISWorld Newsletter, June 2008, GLOBAL TRENDS
Oil The Crude Reality of Current trends, IBISWorld
[66] Je Rubin (2 March 2009). Wrong Turn (PDF). CIBC
World Markets.
[67] Indonesia: Towards a one trillion dollar economy. The
Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2011-07-17.
[68] Trends in the automotive industry
[69] Younger generations shifting to other modes of transport
[70] Flexcar Expands to Philadelphia. Green Car Congress.
2007-04-02.
[71] About Bike Share Programs.
Tech Bikes MIT.
Archived from the original on 2007-12-20.
[72] Jane Holtz Kay (1998). Asphalt Nation: how the automobile took over America, and how we can take it back.
Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. ISBN 0520-21620-2.

17

Further reading

Halberstam, David, The Reckoning, New York,

Morrow, 1986. ISBN 0-688-04838-2
Kay, Jane Holtz, Asphalt nation : how the automobile took over America, and how we can take it back,
New York, Crown, 1997. ISBN 0-517-58702-5
Heathcote Williams, Autogeddon, New York, Arcade, 1991. ISBN 1-55970-176-5

Wolfgang Sachs: For love of the automobile: looking back into the history of our desires, Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1992, ISBN 0-52006878-5

18 External links
Fdration Internationale de l'Automobile
Forum for the Automobile and Society

12

19

19
19.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Car Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car?oldid=653980827 Contributors: Derek Ross, WojPob, Mav, Robert Merkel, Rolf,
DanKeshet, Andre Engels, Scipius, JeLuF, Fredbauder, Atn55, Rmhermen, Christian List, Aldie, Qbmessiah, Roadrunner, SimonP, DavidLevinson, Merphant, DrBob, Mjb, Heron, Hotlorp, Camembert, Mintguy, Icarus, Montrealais, Topory, Olivier, Ericd, Leidolf, Edward,
Patrick, Infrogmation, Michael Hardy, Jeromewiley, Llywrch, Modster, Bewildebeast, Lexor, Jtdirl, Norm, Liftarn, Stewacide, Sam Francis, Tannin, Ixfd64, Zeno Gantner, Zanimum, Cameron Dewe, Fwappler, Delirium, Arpingstone, Minesweeper, Alo, Blimpguy, Egil,
Jptwo, Ellywa, Ahoerstemeier, DavidWBrooks, Mac, Snoyes, Jdforrester, Kingturtle, Glenn, Dietary Fiber, Bogdangiusca, AugPi, Netsnipe, Samw, Ghewgill, Mxn, BRG, GRAHAMUK, Ylbissop, Mulad, Markb, Charles Matthews, Guaka, Dcoetzee, Andy G, RickK, Wik,
Steinsky, DJ Clayworth, Tpbradbury, Kierant, Terrorist420x, Maximus Rex, Greglocock, Saltine, Jnc, Val42, VeryVerily, Ed g2s, Moros,
Bevo, Morven, Joy, Vaceituno, Trent, Fvw, Bloodshedder, Cuye, Jph, MD87, Lumos3, Nufy8, AlexPlank, Robbot, Fredrik, Korath, Chris
73, Jredmond, Avarame, Altenmann, Kowey, Romanm, Chris Roy, Cornellier, Henrygb, Academic Challenger, Nilmerg, SchmuckyTheCat,
Blainster, Rasmus Faber, Tcotrel, Hadal, Wikibot, DougieLawson, Nerval, Lord Ramza, Mushroom, Ambarish, Lupo, HaeB, MikeCapone,
Adam78, Alan Liefting, Craig Butz, JuliusJackson, Justinlovesmonica, Marc Venot, Ancheta Wis, Giftlite, DocWatson42, Christopher
Parham, Djinn112, DavidCary, Akadruid, Kim Bruning, Inter, Wolfkeeper, Lapuwali, Tom harrison, Lupin, Ferkelparade, Zigger, Marcika,
Obli, Monedula, Peruvianllama, Average Earthman, Everyking, Bkonrad, Alison, Henry Flower, Gamaliel, Alexdi, Niteowlneils, Leonard
G., Jorge Stol, Ptk, Zoney, Youngoat, Node ue, Solipsist, Matt Crypto, PlatinumX, Bobblewik, Edcolins, Mateuszica, Wmahan, Pgan002,
Andycjp, Sohailstyle, Calm, UNIXCOFFEE928, Quadell, Antandrus, HorsePunchKid, Beland, Joeblakesley, OverlordQ, SamH, Tbjablin,
Kiteinthewind, Jossi, Rdsmith4, Kesac, DragonySixtyseven, Icairns, Sfoskett, Sam Hocevar, Kar98, Joyous!, Exia, Jh51681, Syvanen,
Kevyn, M1ss1ontomars2k4, Zondor, Adashiel, Trevor MacInnis, Dryazan, Mike Rosoft, Freakofnurture, JTN, Ultratomio, Mindspillage,
Erc, Naryathegreat, Discospinster, ElTyrant, Rich Farmbrough, Rhobite, Guanabot, Sladen, Milkmandan, BlueMars, Cacycle, Lucasgarsha, Andrewferrier, JunkyardDawg, HeikoEvermann, Xezbeth, Mjpieters, Zazou, Mani1, Pavel Vozenilek, Paul August, SpookyMulder,
ESkog, Sc147, Pc13, Jaberwocky6669, Djordjes, Kaisershatner, Brian0918, Gertjan R., Kiand, Anphanax, Stombs, Aude, Shanes, Spearhead, Sietse Snel, RoyBoy, Just zis Guy, you know?, Mairi, Coolcaesar, Stude62, Jpgordon, JRM, Your vexation, Bobo192, NetBot,
Fir0002, AmosWolfe, Meggar, Chan Han Xiang, Wipe, Duk, Shenme, Brim, Pokrajac, Kjkolb, Nk, NickSchweitzer, TACD, Silverback,
SPUI, Foxandpotatoes, Jjron, Perceval, Jumbuck, Alison9, Bongle, Gary, JYolkowski, Hektor, ChrisUK, Mark Dingemanse, Duman,
AntonyGDines, Interiot, Borisblue, Neonumbers, Sjschen, Andrewpmk, Bathrobe, Lord Pistachio, Linmhall, Minority Report, Thewalrus,
Riana, Lectonar, MarkGallagher, Lightdarkness, Mailer diablo, Ynhockey, Swift, CJ, Eukesh, Mysdaao, Spangineer, Sobolewski, Stephan
Leeds, Evil Monkey, Mcmillin24, Jesvane, LFaraone, Teilas, Dave.Dunford, Gene Nygaard, Alai, Redvers, Recury, Kazvorpal, Aliceinlampyland, Ceyockey, Ken6en, Dismas, Oleg Alexandrov, Ott, Kevin Hayes, Bobrayner, Velho, Boothy443, Richard Arthur Norton (1958), Firsfron, Mel Etitis, OwenX, Ylem, Rocastelo, Uncle G, Barrylb, BillC, Splintax, Ikescs, Seant, EnSamulili, BlankVerse, MrDarcy, Miss
Madeline, Sir Lewk, CiTrusD, Marcus22, Wikiklrsc, KFan II, SCEhardt, Wayward, Prashanthns, Palica, Icydid, Dysepsion, Peligroso,
Paxsimius, Graham87, Deltabeignet, Magister Mathematicae, Descendall, SamuraiClinton, Newfoundlanddog, FreplySpang, JamesBurns,
Kane5187, Canderson7, Sjakkalle, Rjwilmsi, Erebus555, IRT.BMT.IND, Wikibofh, Ikh, Bruce A. McHenry, Eyu100, Quiddity, Teklund, Sdornan, Soakologist, MZMcBride, Kazrak, Sohmc, SenorAnderson, Bhadani, Ttwaring, Dar-Ape, Hermione1980, DirkvdM, Abkovalenko, Titoxd, Conufsed, FlaBot, G Clark, RobertG, Ground Zero, Musical Linguist, Latka, Crazycomputers, Nivix, Hottentot, Themanwithoutapast, SuperDude115, Yihfeng, RexNL, Gurch, New Thought, Karrmann, Kuribosshoe, Alphachimp, SteveBaker, ApolloBoy,
Snailwalker, Vanished user psdwnef3niurunuh234ruhfwdb7, Ian Tindale, Chobot, Mhking, JesseGarrett, Digitalme, Yoshi348, Gwernol,
Tone, S.M., Siddhant, YurikBot, Wavelength, TexasAndroid, Sceptre, Wester, Jimp, StuOfInterest, RussBot, Freiberg, Arado, Red Slash,
Jtkiefer, Muchness, Zaroblue05, Gardar Rurak, DanMS, Fabricationary, BrowardBulldawg, Jobe457, Stephenb, Rintrah, Cate, Polluxian,
SteveLoughran, CambridgeBayWeather, Chaos, Bovineone, Wimt, RadioKirk, DavidMcKenzie, David R. Ingham, Zeno of Elea, Theuion,
NawlinWiki, Wiki alf, Wiktionary4Prez!, Msikma, Spike Wilbury, Keithonearth, DJ Bungi, Robertvan1, Grafen, Welsh, ONEder Boy,
Ocicatmuseum, Leenewton, Aaron Brenneman, Nucleusboy, Malcolma, Anetode, Cholmes75, Jodis, CecilWard, Padajtsch-kall, Yoasif,
Adam Rock, Jononon, Number 57, Mlouns, Scs, Saberwyn, Misza13, Grakm fr, Syrthiss, Aaron Schulz, Samir, Brat32, TastyCakes,
DeadEyeArrow, Darkfred, Soriamic, Nlu, User27091, Wknight94, Cadillac, Boivie, Pawyilee, 21655, Iamvered, Zzuuzz, Ali K, Jules.LT,
Theda, Closedmouth, Fang Aili, Flyerhell, Esprit15d, Tsunaminoai, Sean Whitton, BorgQueen, GraemeL, JoanneB, TBadger, Shawnc, Peter, Contaldo80, Kevin, Emc2, JLaTondre, ArielGold, Spooksh, Terra-rent, AGToth, Thomasdelbert, Tkeller62, DisambigBot, KJBracey,
Katieh5584, Junglecat, RG2, NeilN, Teryx, Roke, DVD R W, Jonearles, Luk, Crystallina, Stalfur, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Aim Here,
Ashenai, Avengerx, Waldopepper, Bobet, KnowledgeOfSelf, Royalguard11, Bggoldie, CopperMurdoch, Pgk, CyclePat, Blue520, Tbonnie, KVDP, Delldot, Mgreenbe, SkiBumMSP, KelleyCook, Frymaster, Brossow, The Ronin, IronDuke, ZS, Hbackman, Candyman36ws,
Nil Einne, Punchup, Srnec, Yamaguchi , Aksi great, Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, Quadratic, Andy M. Wang, SportWagon, Qtoktok, Anwar
saadat, Clampton, Bluebot, Kurykh, Geneb1955, Persian Poet Gal, Fantadrink11, Rmt2m, Master of Puppets, Snori, MalafayaBot, Hibernian, BrendelSignature, Bonaparte, Etiquette, Pigeon.dyndns.org, DHN-bot, Antonrojo, AKMask, Springeragh, Camaro96, Chendy, Zsinj,
Quaque, Trekphiler, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, All in, MyNameIsVlad, DeFacto, OrphanBot, Snowmanradio, Magain, WikEditor,
Yidisheryid, Wikipedia brown, God of War, TheKMan, Stepho-wrs, Jasca Ducato, Krsont, GeorgeMoney, Midnightcomm, Kyle sb, GVnayR, AndySimpson, Maniacgeorge, Nyletak, Dharmabum420, Jmlk17, Digitize, Emre D., Flyguy649, BostonMA, Cowboy Ray, Jwy,
Berney, Gtapro91, Nakon, Kntrabssi, StephenMacmanus, RJN, Elmicker, Revcanon, AlexWilkes, Shadow1, Past-man, Ala.foum, Xagent86, Excaliburo, The PIPE, BryanG, Minority2005, Xen 1986, Tristarmotors, Kendrick7, BeelzebubJNR, Acdx, Daniel.Cardenas, Panchitaville, Mion, Nyvhek, FelisLeo, Kukini, Cookie90, InNuce, Wilt, Ohconfucius, IGod, Bhludzin, Kuzaar, The undertow, Superkevin95,
SashatoBot, Vildricianus, Nishkid64, Rory096, Jon442, Ummakynes, Xerocs, JzG, Dbtfz, Sunroof, Kuru, Khazar, J. Finkelstein, JackLumber, Writtenonsand, Scientizzle, Wtwilson3, J 1982, Jan.Smolik, Kipala, Jpogi, Ontopic, JohnCub, Jaganath, Sir Nicholas de MimsyPorpington, Benesch, Ninnnu, Ddgonzal, Wickethewok, Mr. Lefty, PseudoSudo, SavoySison, Chrisd87, Rodrigue, Anand Karia, Ekrubntyh, Ian Dalziel, Smith609, BillFlis, Slakr, Thalia42, Tasc, GPrestidge, Beetstra, Noah Salzman, Martinp23, Laogeodritt, Zombiebaron,
Waggers, Limp10, Shashwatrocks, Geologyguy, Funnybunny, Anonymous anonymous, Whomp, Sharnak, Graufbold, KurtRaschke, Peter
Horn, AEMoreira042281, MTSbot, Jose77, Dodo bird, Galadh, Autonova, Zepheus, Keycard, Hu12, Levineps, BranStark, OnBeyondZebrax, EricStyles, The Giant Pun, Anwar Javed, Adamkelly, Johnie, JoeBot, Walton One, J Di, Exander, Beno1000, Richard75, Marysunshine, -hiphop-, Az1568, 2586, BECPL, Nkayesmith, Eluchil404, Fdp, Pjbynn, Tawkerbot2, Dave Runger, DAMurphy, Pithecanthropus, Ghaly, Schlichtinator, Orangutan, Covalent, Joshthejedi3, Jwhyte, Tifego, Xcentaur, JForget, Lugomasa, KyleGardiner, Ghostshark,
CmdrObot, Ric36, Flonase, Van helsing, Gary99, Hi.ro, Hezzy, Stickman sam, DeLarge, R9tgokunks, Basawala, Jesse Viviano, Green
caterpillar, NaBUru38, Argon233, GargoyleMT, Bravada, Moreschi, Neelix, Doctorevil64, Muppppet, Mike 7, Petewailes, WongFeiHung, Razbox, Nilfanion, Arrenlex, Doctormatt, Cydebot, Kanags, Meznaric, Whiteshoes, Mike Christie, Hbird18, Steel, Gogo Dodo,

19.2

Images

13

Llort, Theonlycarmire, Puchscooter, Carfreek, Tawkerbot4, Yelsent, DumbBOT, Cory007, Chrislk02, Jasonstark, Sp, Lee, Joe11miles,
Kozuch, GangstaEB, Omicronpersei8, Natofyelsew, Rocket000, Train of thought, Legotech, FrancoGG, Thijs!bot, Poorleno, Epbr123,
Lord Hawk, Scheetor, Chu333222, RitKill, Lynndunn, Runch, Rusl, CSvBibra, Interested2, Smmf1, Daniel, Alexofdodd, Eco84, Jeremyster, Blah3, Mojo Hand, Berria, Oliver202, John254, Frank, RobDe68, Maximilian Schnherr, Nslsmith, AlexanderM, James086,
Tellyaddict, Cool Blue, Hoohp, Reswobslc, IamSuzie, WhaleyTim, Tolu600, Sean William, Escarbot, Porqin, EdJogg, $5forMe, AntiVandalBot, Konman72, CIMCOBILL, Luna Santin, Lda523287, CZmarlin, Jayron32, Puchu, BiroZombie, Chill doubt, OSX, Vanished
user p9j3rknejnykjsdk352, Noremacmada, Cheese wizzz, Asskikr1001, Bjenks, Myanw, Gurlpower Ca, Ingolfson, Barnie slyvester, Arsenikk, JAnDbot, AniRaptor2001, .K, MER-C, The Transhumanist, Fixa, Cleanupman, Charles01, Morther, Dorfd1, Andonic, Hut 8.5,
Cokebottlelol, I Dig Cars, Hoxxy, Talking goat, Ryan4314, Poypoyboiiii, Andrea244, Portiab, Tyhawkins, Bencherlite, Johnmccollim,
Meeples, Brakedust, Igor potkonjak, Ferracin, Jdrumgoole, Ihosvany, Aztune, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, Peas and corn, Wikidudeman,
Davidgoymt, Careless hx, Mateycow, Carmaniacx, Doug Coldwell, Lucyin, George737, Pomadeguy, WODUP, Midgrid, Jak Inn Thee
Been Stock, LuvWikis, Benzocane, Animum, Clich Online, FishUtah, 28421u2232nfenfcenc, Andycartland, Biswaranjan, Glen, DerHexer, Edward321, 92889, Pax:Vobiscum, Vsbhogadi, Jespersm, Patstuart, Charitwo, SirVulture, Gjd001, Richardearl, Fact check, FisherQueen, MartinBot, PAK Man, Rob230, Dman64, Hehehe111, Stapian, Jim.henderson, Btownsox13, Rettetast, Ultraviolet scissor ame,
Kateshortforbob, CommonsDelinker, AlexiusHoratius, Whale plane, Smokizzy, RockMFR, BGOATDoughnut, Tickerhead, J.delanoy,
Captain panda, Trusilver, Seoanalyzer, Rgoodermote, DiCa, Rlsheehan, Catmoongirl, Silverxxx, 04pandre, All Is One, Eliz81, Extransit,
Jerry, Century0, MrDarkChao, Phill up 007, AtholM, Dispenser, BrokenSphere, Shawn in Montreal, Katalaveno, DarkFalls, SpigotMap,
Slippered sleep, Dfoofnik, QIOY, 08toi, Ddmtrackstar, SamdupLama, Branden Gorecki, Gogoboots, Smidydevil, Bilbobee, Mikem77,
Pyrospirit, Sagesebas, Kdales, Vanished User 4517, NewEnglandYankee, Dr demon, Charmander trainer, Gregtzy, Cobi, 83d40m, Brian
Pearson, Olegwiki, Eternalnoob, Juliancolton, Mighty Antar, FenderTele, Parable1991, Cometstyles, WJBscribe, FuegoFish, Burzmali,
DH85868993, Vanished user 39948282, Js, Elenseel, Kvdveer, Dorftrottel, TheNewPhobia, Specter01010, CardinalDan, Idioma-bot,
Funandtrvl, Spellcast, Sk8er 4533, Clearbluepr, Scottwh, PeaceNT, Deor, Lucan8ter, VolkovBot, Murderbike, Jakslayer, JohnBlackburne,
CART fan, Chienlit, BlazeTheMovieFan, Johnny69420, Barneca, Million$Baby, Eric outdoors, Wetwilli, Terps21, TXiKiBoT, Icot, Speeddemonvegas, Teddey, Schicklgruber, Pellande12, Java7837, JeopardyTempest, Gansys, Technopat, Caster23, GDonato, Andrewrhchen,
Z.E.R.O., Anonymous Dissident, Greensidedown, Davidovarcherson, X3ni, Lvivske, Qxz, Carmenharvey, Birdthug, Beyond silence, Abdullais4u, Dlae, Raryel, Vgranucci, InnityAndBeyond, Shane0016, Jasz, Nikkul, Papaya07, Stuartclift, Relvin, Pladuk, , Eubulides,
Jakey981, Zmajjlu, W4zz0, ETO Bu, Andy Dingley, Enigmaman, Emarshizz, Meters, Belamp, Lesorcan, Buckley699, Selimbey, Altermike, Knight123, Krishowns, Toppersjcc, Meyers018, Yazeed M, Greentopia, Typ932, TrippingTroubadour, Myths245, Bobobo10547,
Spinningspark, Eddy3615, Valuecityauto, GeeTeeBee, Andygharvey, Omgwehavename, Brianga, Ngantengyuen, Asfadsfasdfasdfasdfreybhkiu, AlleborgoBot, Jimbobzeway, Symane, Logan, CT Cooper, Compass35, EmxBot, HybridBoy, Chief tin cloud, Mentor2007,
SieBot, Colleenthegreat, Asanchez1572, Heymrdrummer, YonaBot, Tiddly Tom, Moonriddengirl, BonesBrigade, BotMultichill, Jauerback, Krawi, Shacurthi, Frankn628, Winchelsea, Caltas, Xymmax, Warren Whyte, Gravitan, Henry1245, Lovenoble, Tiptoety, Radon210,
The Evil Spartan, Xkfusionxk, Mr.hankythepoo, Ireas, Oda Mari, Nopetro, Goodm08, Oxymoron83, World arm lamp, Steven Zhang,
Lightmouse, Globeclotter, Iain99, Happymango, Dino246, RedCoat1510, Pediainsight, Hatmatbbat10, Reginmund, LonelyMarble, Luapnampahc, Envirocorrector, Benny the wayfarer, Kobotbel, Byrule62, Randomblue, Kidpoker15, Dust Filter, Runner5k, Yitscar, DRTllbrg,
Regushee, Rzf3, EmanWilm, Tomdobb, Shazam3592, EyrianAtWork, Thelacerator, Ledpup, KBBEditors, Harold1234, Mdlutz, Mrc360,
Llywelyn2000, Pumbill, Super edd, Happynoodleboycey, Jimxu, ClueBot, Alskdjfdhwow, Mariordo, 113, HalsTireCentreAdBot,
Avenged Eightfold, Curley boi 69, Hutcher, PipepBot, UniQue tree, WalrusRescue, RWardy, Plastikspork, Cambrasa, Freekc, Moneypage,
Shoemoney2night, ImperfectlyInformed, Supertouch, Saket6, Geil ramirez, P0mbal, Blank7, Alexzor1, Highwaydude2007, Remag Kee,
Husainj, Trozig, Tstingert, StephanGFX, Watti Renew, Stagerd.thomas, Jonnogibbo, Yankees9043, Trekky3012, CounterVandalismBot,
Kageyose, ShinePhantom, Neverquick, Skull365, Greennecro8, DragonBot, Eye of the Mind, Kitsunegami, Drewster1829, Hiper15, Midorihana-, Alexbot, Rachelgiggles, Miguelisgay, Souljaboytellem44, LauLaunohow, Lucas the scot, Scole01, Vivio Testarossa, Archangel
x105, NuclearWarfare, MickMacNee, Stoopered, Jotterbot, , Paco1991, ATS 500, Qqwwwwwwww, RC-0722, Eddaido, Cm233lh,
Beckettc, Gciriani, Teutonic Tamer, Nukeless, Thehelpfulone, Guska, Thingg, DineshAdv, 80120t, 271292hrs, Bfar7122, Rujoesmith,
Danmore1101, Evankk, Casey8572, Rock427, Like 3, Mellisa Anthony Jones, Wnt, Mayank shah 89, Louisrix, DumZiBoT, Nju987, RMFan1, Spick And Span, Nonono123, Bobobobobobobobobobobobobobobobobobobobobobobobobob, IANMOORELOVESWIKI, Phntm,
10totti10, InternetMeme, Blorf, Historikos, XLinkBot, Hgvlyiwegv, Ahildaballa, Sqash, Will-B, Nathan Johnson, Freshbakedpie, SlimX,
Robitaille03, 10sh10, Addbot, Mikeymcbreen, Jackace911, Ghostbubbles, Harryt95, Michael1115, Phlamer26, Youpli, Non-dropframe,
Matron10, Mercury888, Wingspeed, Qwerty33, Bongohead222, Dragonyharasser, 2e2e2e3r3r4t4tt5y5y6u6u7ui8i, Staceybabesx, Mcluvin, Da man239, Bntsg, Pwnr77, CarsracBot, Coasting, CUSENZA Mario, Roux, LinkFA-Bot, Rent A Troop, 84user, Numbo3-bot, Unibond, Bguras puppy, Lightbot, Neil Martin India, Greyhood, Renamed user 24, Blablablob, Q5967, Enthusiast10, Hoover789, Tucson
Arizona Mexico, Luckas-bot, Bobjob455, Yobot, Themfromspace, Oilpanhands, Legobot II, Moscovite Knight, Beeswaxcandle, Kostan1,
South Bay, MacTire02, AnomieBOT, Fanoftheworld, Truth or consequences-2, Citation bot, GB fan, ArthurBot, Xqbot, Bjorn Elenfors,
K731, Gigemag76, A455bcd9, Hullo exclamation mark, Stars4change, Locos epraix, Mlpearc, Almabot, GrouchoBot, Armbrust, Nayvik,
Mark Schierbecker, RibotBOT, Celebration1981, Speednat, KeysHistorian, Chouette Sage, Bob332, Hornymanatee, Laservisor, Erik9bot,
Mclal1pt1, Green Cardamom, GliderMaven, FrescoBot, Tangent747, Ch Th Jo, Tobby72, Chupa me wevos, PeterEastern, Austria156,
Foxman95, Biker Biker, MacMed, MJ94, HowardJWilk, Fixer88, Richdude24, Horst-schlaemma, 10jlyn, Jirka.h23, TobeBot, Trappist
the monk, Winjay, Mr Mulliner, Benefactordyr, Dinamik-bot, Schwede66, GrahamTM, Qazwsx777, Nascar1996, Martin Kraft, Sjdsher,
Bernd.Brincken, FetchcommsAWB, Skamecrazy123, DASHBot, EmausBot, TurboBoostMan, YELKENN, Edson.ajj, Illdz, Rajkiandris,
Djembayz, Serketan, Joao.pimentel.ferreira, An Editor With a Self-Referential Name, Jacob1219, ZroBot, Wikicalvin299, Rppeabody,
RaymondSutanto, H3llBot, Music Sorter, KazekageTR, Gsarwa, Hvkhvk, Pun, Rangoon11, Spatulli, ChuispastonBot, Wakebrdkid,
Targaryen, Davey2010, Yamaea, Jabartlett7, Jacob12190, Nateho, LogX, Mcharris22, Jenova20, Braincricket, CaroleHenson, Helpful
Pixie Bot, Eleventh1, Yoshi2011, JWM83, BG19bot, Ahendrl, South Birmingham OK, Rabhach, Hashem sfarim, Northamerica1000,
Hurricanefan25, Furkaocean, Sandy13397, Anthro135 JDK, RGloucester, CeraBot, Khazar2, Ian.ruotsala, Dexbot, Hmainsbot1, Mdjrb,
BarbarellaTwo, Zziccardi, NightShadow23, Reatlas, Seqqis, Skeledzija, CsDix, Crwaterhouse, Dustin V. S., LeavemealoneNSA, Pravito,
Rk.prashan, Liam-dino, Paredes1995 and Anonymous: 1512

19.2

Images

File:1885Benz.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/1885Benz.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ?

Original artist: ?
File:1923_Ford_Model_T_UPS_interior.jpg Source:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/1923_Ford_Model_T_

14

19

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

UPS_interior.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

File:2011_Nissan_Leaf_WAS_2011_1040.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/2011_Nissan_Leaf_
WAS_2011_1040.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mariordo Mario Roberto Duran Ortiz
File:Benz-velo.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Benz-velo.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Berthabenzportrait.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Berthabenzportrait.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Automuseum Dr. Carl Benz, Ladenburg Original artist: Bhler, Mannheim
File:Car_crash_2.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Car_crash_2.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Carl-Benz_coloriert.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Carl-Benz_coloriert.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:FardierdeCugnot20050111.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/FardierdeCugnot20050111.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: own work. Avec l'aimable permission du Muse des Arts et Mtiers, Paris. Original artist:
Photo et photographisme Roby. Grand format sur demande
File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Hands-free_Driving.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Hands-free_Driving.jpg License: CC BY
2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as Hands-free Driving Original artist: Steve Jurvetson
File:Henry_ford_1919.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Henry_ford_1919.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs division under the digital
ID cph.3c11278.
This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information.

Original artist: Hartsook, photographer.

File:Late_model_Ford_Model_T.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Late_model_Ford_Model_T.jpg
License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia Original artist: Rmhermen
File:Olds2.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Olds2.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Originally
from en.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Original artist: Original uploader was Karrmann at en.wikipedia
File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Question_book-new.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0
Contributors:
Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:
Tkgd2007
File:Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg
License: CC0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Symbol_list_class.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Vehicles_map_2001-2007.gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Vehicles_map_2001-2007.gif License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Michael Hale
File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Rei-artur Original artist: Nicholas Moreau
File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Vector version of Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Fvasconcellos (talk contribs), based
on original logo tossed together by Brion Vibber
File:World_vehicles_per_capita.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/World_vehicles_per_capita.svg License: Public domain Contributors: self-made - An SVG version of previous PNG map. Used blank World Map here. Original artist:
TastyCakes (talk)

19.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0