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Howard Hughes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Howard Hughes
Born
Died
Occupation
Net worth
Spouse(s)
Howard Robard Hughes, Jr. (December 24, 1905 April 5, 1976) was an American
aviator, industrialist, film producer and director, philanthropist, and one of the
wealthiest people in the world. He gained fame in the late 1920s as a maverick film
producer, making big budget and often controversial films like Hell's Angels, Scarface,
and The Outlaw. Hughes was one of the most influential aviators in history. He set
multiple world air-speed records (for which he won many awards, including the
Congressional Gold Medal), built the Hughes H-1 Racer and H-4 "Hercules" aircraft,
and acquired and expanded Trans World Airlines. Hughes is remembered for his
eccentric behavior and reclusive lifestyle in later life, caused in part by a worsening
obsessivecompulsive disorder. Hughes' legacy is maintained through the Howard
Hughes Medical Institute.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early years
2 Hollywood years
3 Aviator and engineer
4 RKO
5 Medical Institute
6 Watergate Scandal
7 Glomar Explorer
8 Managing the financial empire
9 Mental and Physical Decline
10 Las Vegas Baron and Recluse
11 Death
12 Estate
13 Awards
14 Popular culture
15 References
16 External links
Showing great aptitude in engineering at an early age, Hughes erected Houston's first
wireless broadcast system when he was eleven years old.[7] At 12, Hughes was
photographed in the local newspaper as being the first boy in Houston to have a
"motorized" bicycle, which he had built himself from parts taken from his father's steam
engine.[8] He was an indifferent student with a liking for mathematics and flying, taking
flying lessons at 14 and later auditing math and engineering courses at Caltech.[7][8]
Allene Hughes died in March 1922 from complications of an ectopic pregnancy. In
January 1924, Howard Hughes Sr. died of a heart attack. Their deaths apparently
inspired Hughes to include the creation of a medical research laboratory in his will that
he signed in 1925, at age 19. Because Howard Sr.'s will had not been updated since
Allene's death, Hughes inherited 75% of the family fortune.[9] On his 19th birthday,
Hughes was declared an emancipated minor, enabling him to take full control of his
legacy.[10]
Hughes dropped out of Rice University shortly after his father's death. On June 1, 1925,
he married Ella Botts Rice (1904-1992), daughter of David Rice and Martha Lawson
Botts of Houston, Texas. They moved to Los Angeles, where he hoped to make a name
for himself making movies.
His first two films, 1927's Everybody's Acting and 1928's Two Arabian Knights, were
financial successes, the latter winning an Academy Award for Best Director of a
Comedy Picture. 1928's The Racket and 1931's The Front Page were nominated for
Academy Awards. Hughes spent US$3.8 million to make Hell's Angels, a flying film,
released in 1930. He produced another hit, Scarface, in 1932. Later he made The
Outlaw which featured Jane Russell, for whom Hughes designed a special bra (although
Russell decided against wearing the bra because of a mediocre fit). Scarface and The
Outlaw both received considerable attention from industry censors; Scarface for its
violence, The Outlaw due to Russell's revealing costumes.
Hughes' wife returned to Houston in 1929 and filed for divorce. Hughes went out with
many famous women, including Billie Dove, Bette Davis, Ava Gardner, Olivia de
Havilland, Katharine Hepburn, and Gene Tierney. He also proposed to Joan Fontaine
several times, according to her autobiography No Bed of Roses. Bessie Love was a
mistress during his first marriage. Jean Harlow accompanied him to the premiere of
Hell's Angels, but Noah Dietrich, wrote many years later that the relationship was
strictly professionalHughes personally disliked Harlow. In his 1971 book, Howard:
The Amazing Mr. Hughes, Dietrich said that Hughes genuinely liked and respected Jane
Russell but never sought romantic involvement with her. According to Russell's
autobiography, however, Hughes once tried to bed her after a party. Russell (who was
married at the time) refused him and Hughes promised it would never happen again.
The two maintained a professional and private friendship for many years. Hughes
remained good friends with Tierney when Tierney's daughter Daria was born deaf and
blind with severe mental retardation due to Tierney being exposed to German Measles
(rubella) during her pregnancy; he saw to it that she received the best medical care and
paid all expenses. [11]
On July 11, 1936, a car driven by Hughes struck and killed a pedestrian named Gabriel
Meyer at the corner of 3rd Street and Lorraine in Los Angeles. Although Hughes was
certified as sober at the hospital to which he was taken after the accident, a doctor there
made a note that Hughes had been drinking. He was taken to jail and booked on
"suspicion of negligent homicide." A witness to the accident told police that Hughes was
driving erratically and too fast, and that Meyer had been standing in the safety zone of a
streetcar stop. By the time of the coroner's inquiry, however, the witness had changed
his story and claimed that Meyer had moved directly in front of Hughes' car. Hughes
made the same claim to reporters outside the inquiry, saying, "I was driving slowly and
a man stepped out of the darkness in front of me." The District Attorney recommended
that Hughes be cleared of responsibility for Meyer's death.
On January 12, 1957, Hughes married actress Jean Peters, whom he had known in
Hollywood for several years.
a four-man crew) fitted with all of the latest radio and navigational equipment. Hughes
wanted the flight to be a triumph of technology, illustrating that safe, long-distance air
travel was possible. In 1938, the William P. Hobby Airport in Houston, Texas, known at
the time as Houston Municipal Airport, was re-named "Howard Hughes Airport," but
the name was changed back after people objected to naming the airport after a living
person.
He also had a hand in the design and financing of both the Boeing 307 Stratoliner and
Lockheed L-049 Constellation. [14]
Hughes received many awards as an aviator, including the Harmon Trophy in 1936 and
1938, the Collier Trophy in 1938, the Octave Chanute Award in 1940, and a special
Congressional Gold Medal in 1939 "in recognition of the achievements of Howard
Hughes in advancing the science of aviation and thus bringing great credit to his country
throughout the world." According to his obituary in the New York Times, Hughes never
bothered to come to Washington to pick up the Congressional Gold Medal. It was
eventually mailed to him by President Harry S. Truman.
Many attribute his long-term addiction to opiates to his use of morphine as a painkiller
during his convalescence. The trademark moustache he wore afterward was meant to
cover a scar on his upper lip resulting from the accident.
Hughes Aircraft Company, a division of Hughes Tool Company, was originally founded
by Hughes in 1932, in a rented corner of a Lockheed Aircraft Corporation hangar in
Burbank, California, to carry out the expensive conversion of a military aircraft into the
H-1 racer. During and after World War II, Hughes fashioned his company into a major
defense contractor. The Hughes Helicopters division started in 1947 when helicopter
manufacturer Kellett sold their latest design to Hughes for production.
In 1948, Hughes created a new division of the company, the Hughes Aerospace Group.
The Hughes Space and Communications Group and the Hughes Space Systems
Division were later spun off in 1948 to form their own divisions and ultimately became
the Hughes Space and Communications Company in 1961. In 1953, Howard Hughes
gave all his stock in the Hughes Aircraft Company to the newly formed Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, thereby turning the aerospace and defense contractor into a taxexempt charitable organization. The Howard Hughes Medical Institute sold Hughes
Aircraft in 1985 to General Motors for US$5.2 billion. In 1997, General Motors sold
Hughes Aircraft to Raytheon and in 2000, sold Hughes Space & Communications to
Boeing. A combine of Boeing, GM and Raytheon acquired the Hughes Research
Laboratories.
[edit] Airlines
In 1939, at the urging of Jack Frye, president of TWA, Hughes quietly purchased a
majority share of TWA stock for nearly US$7 million and took control of the airline.
Upon assuming ownership, Hughes was prohibited by federal law from building his
own aircraft. Seeking an aircraft that would perform better than TWA's fleet of Boeing
307 Stratoliners, Hughes approached Boeing's competitor, Lockheed. Hughes had a
good relationship with Lockheed since they had built the aircraft he used in his record
flight around the world in 1938. Lockheed agreed to Hughes' request that the new
aircraft be built in secrecy. The result was the revolutionary Constellation and TWA
purchased the first 40 of the new airliners off the production line.
In 1956, Hughes placed an order for 63 Convair 880s for TWA at a cost of US$400
million. Although Hughes was extremely wealthy at this time, outside creditors
demanded that Hughes relinquish control of TWA in return for providing the money. In
1960, Hughes was ultimately forced out of TWA, although he owned 78% of the
company and battled to regain control.
Before Hughes' ouster, the TWA jet financing issue precipitated the end of Hughes'
relationship with Noah Dietrich. Dietrich claimed Hughes developed a plan by which
Hughes Tool Company profits were to be inflated in order to sell the company for a
windfall that would pay the bills for the 880s. Dietrich agreed to go to Texas to
implement the plan on the condition that Hughes agreed to a capital gains arrangement
he had long promised Dietrich. When Hughes balked, Dietrich resigned immediately.
"Noah," Dietrich quoted Hughes as replying, "I cannot exist without you!" Dietrich
stood firm and eventually had to sue to retrieve personal possessions from his office
after Hughes ordered it locked.
In 1966, Hughes was forced by a U.S. federal court to sell his shares in TWA due to
concerns over conflict of interest between his ownership of both TWA and Hughes
Aircraft. The sale of his TWA shares netted him a profit of US$547 million. During the
1970s, Hughes went back into the airline business, buying the airline Air West and
renaming it Hughes Airwest.
[edit] RKO
that the balance of Hughes' estate would go to the institute, although it ultimately was
divided among his cousins and other heirs, given the lack of a will to the contrary. The
Howard Hughes Medical Institute is America's second largest private foundation[citation
needed]
and the largest devoted to biological and medical research, with an endowment of
US$16.3 billion as of June 2007.
donated all his stock in Hughes Aircraft to the Howard Hughes Medical Institute,
thereby turning the military contractor into a tax-exempt charity. In addition to avoiding
income taxes, this had the effect of silencing the upper management in Hughes Aircraft,
who for many years had clamored for stock in the company as part of their
compensation.
Another time, he became obsessed with the 1968 film Ice Station Zebra and had it
running on a continuous loop in his home. According to his aides, he watched it 150
times.[28]
Hughes insisted on using tissues to pick up objects, so that he could insulate himself
from germs. He would also notice dust, stains or other imperfections on people's clothes
and demand that they take care of it.
As a result of numerous plane crashes, Hughes spent much of his later life in pain,
eventually becoming severely addicted to codeine, morphine, and other pain
medication. It is believed that this addiction compounded the symptoms of Hughes'
obsessivecompulsive disorder.
Once one of the most visible men in America, Hughes ultimately vanished from public
view, although the tabloids continued to follow rumors of his behavior and whereabouts.
He was variously reported to be terminally ill, mentally unstable, or even dead.
Eventually, Hughes only had his hair cut and nails trimmed once a year. Several doctors
were kept in the house, but Hughes rarely saw them and usually refused to follow their
advice. Toward the end of his life, his inner circle was largely composed of Mormons,
as they were the only people he considered trustworthy, even though Hughes himself
was not a member of their church.
Hughes equipped this 1954 Chrysler New Yorker with an aircraft-grade air filtration
system which took up the entire trunk
and Silver Slipper). An unusual incident marked an earlier Hughes connection to Las
Vegas. During his 1944 engagement at the Last Frontier hotel in Las Vegas, flamboyant
entertainer Liberace mistakenly took Howard Hughes for his light director, instructing
him to instantly bring up a blue light should he start to play "Claire De Lune". The
alleged staff member nodded in accordance as the hotel's entertainment director
approached the scene, properly introducing Howard Hughes to Liberace.[31]
Hughes wanted to change the image of Las Vegas to something more glamorous than it
was. As Hughes wrote in a memo to an aide, "I like to think of Las Vegas in terms of a
well-dressed man in a dinner jacket and a beautifully jeweled and furred female getting
out of an expensive car". Hughes bought several local television stations (including
KLAS-TV).
Hughes' considerable business holdings were overseen by a small panel unofficially
dubbed "The Mormon Mafia" because of the many Latter-day Saints on the committee.
[32]
In addition to supervising day-to-day business operations and Hughes' health, they
also went to great pains to satisfy Hughes' every whim. Hughes once became fond of
Baskin-Robbins' Banana Nut ice cream, so his aides sought to secure a bulk shipment
for himonly to discover that Baskin-Robbins had discontinued the flavor. They put in
a request for the smallest amount the company could provide for a special order, 350
gallons (1,300 L), and had it shipped from Los Angeles. A few days after the order
arrived, Hughes announced he was tired of Banana Nut and wanted only French Vanilla
ice cream. The Desert Inn ended up distributing free Banana Nut ice cream to casino
customers for a year, until the 350 gallons were gone.[33]
As an owner of several major businesses in Las Vegas, Hughes wielded enormous
political and economic influence in Nevada and elsewhere. During the 1960s and early
1970s, Hughes disapproved of the underground nuclear testing that was then occurring
in Nevada. Hughes was concerned about the risk posed by the residual nuclear radiation
from the tests. Hughes attempted to halt the nuclear tests. When the tests finally went
through despite Hughes' efforts, the detonations were powerful enough that the entire
hotel in which he was staying trembled with the shock waves. In two separate, last-ditch
maneuvers, Hughes instructed his representatives to offer million-dollar bribes to both
presidents Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard Nixon. His aides, however, never offered the
bribes, instead reporting to Hughes that Johnson declined the offer and they were unable
to contact Nixon.
In 1971, Jean Peters filed for divorce; the two had not lived together for many years.
Peters requested a lifetime alimony payment of US$70,000 a year, adjusted for inflation,
and waived all claims to Hughes' estate. Hughes offered her a settlement of over a
million dollars, but she declined it. Hughes did not insist upon a confidentiality
agreement from Peters as a condition of the divorce; aides reported that Hughes never
spoke ill of her. She refused to discuss her life with Hughes and declined several
lucrative offers from publishers and biographers. Peters would state only that she had
not seen Hughes for several years before their divorce and had only dealt with him by
phone.
Hughes was living in the Intercontinental Hotel near Lake Managua in Nicaragua,
seeking privacy and security,[34] when a magnitude 6.5 earthquake damaged Managua in
December 1972. As a precaution, Hughes moved to the Nicaraguan National Palace and
stayed there as a guest of Anastasio Somoza Debayle before leaving for Florida on a
private jet the following day.[35] He subsequently moved into the Penthouse at the
Xanadu Princess Resort on Grand Bahama Island, which he had recently purchased. He
lived almost exclusively in the penthouse of the Xanadu Beach Resort & Marina for the
last four years of his life.
Hughes had spent a total of US$300 million on his many properties in Las Vegas.[30]
[edit] Death
A subsequent autopsy noted kidney failure as the cause of death. Hughes was in
extremely poor physical condition at the time of his death; X-rays revealed broken-off
hypodermic needles still embedded in his arms and severe malnutrition. While his
kidneys were damaged, his other internal organs were deemed perfectly healthy.
Hughes is buried in the Glenwood Cemetery in Houston, Texas, next to his parents.
[edit] Estate
Approximately three weeks after Hughes' death, a handwritten will was found on the
desk of an official of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Salt Lake City.
The so-called "Mormon Will" gave US$1.56 billion to various charitable organizations
(including US$625 million to the Howard Hughes Medical Institute); nearly US$470
million to the upper-management in Hughes' companies and to his aides; US$156
million to first cousin William Lummis; US$156 million split equally between his two
ex-wives Ella Rice and Jean Peters; and US$156 million to a gas-station owner named
Melvin Dummar. Dummar initially denied any knowledge about the will but changed
his story when his fingerprints were found on the envelope containing the will.
Dummar claimed to reporters that late one evening in December 1967, he found a
disheveled and dirty man lying along U.S. Highway 95, 150 miles (250 km) north of
Las Vegas. The man asked for a ride to Las Vegas. Dropping him off at the Sands Hotel,
Dummar said the man told him he was Hughes. Dummar then claimed that days after
Hughes' death, a "mysterious man" appeared at his gas station, leaving an envelope
containing the will on his desk. Unsure if the will was genuine, and unsure of what to
do, Dummar left the will at the LDS Church office. In a trial lasting seven months, the
Mormon will was eventually rejected by the Nevada court in June 1978 as a forgery.
The court declared that Hughes had died intestate.
Hughes' US$2.5 billion estate was eventually split in 1983 among 22 cousins, including
William Lummis who serves as a trustee of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Dummar was largely discounted by the public as a phony and an opportunist. Jonathan
Demme's film Melvin and Howard (starring Jason Robards and Paul Le Mat), was based
on Dummar's tale.
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Hughes Aircraft was owned by the Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, who sold it to General Motors in 1985 for US$5.2 billion. Suits
brought by the states of California and Texas claiming they were owed inheritance tax
were both rejected by the court. In 1984, Hughes' estate paid an undisclosed amount to
Terry Moore, who claimed to have been secretly married to Hughes on a yacht in
international waters off Mexico in 1949 and never divorced. Although Moore never
produced proof of a marriage, her book, The Beauty and the Billionaire, became a
bestseller.
[edit] Awards
This section requires expansion.
Howard Hughes flying boat maiden test run and flight, Parts 1 & 2.
[soundrecording] (1947). LCCN 20-646215, LCCN 20-646218
The Amazing Howard Hughes (1977), directed by William A. Graham. Tommy
Lee Jones stars as Howard Hughes.
Melvin and Howard (1980), directed by Jonathan Demme and starring Jason
Robards (a distant cousin) as Howard Hughes and Paul Le Mat as Melvin
Dummar. The film won Academy Awards for Best Original Screenplay and Best
Supporting Actress (Mary Steenburgen). The film focuses on Melvin Dummar's
claims of meeting Hughes in the Nevada desert and subsequent estate battles
over his inclusion in Hughes' will. Critic Pauline Kael called the film "an almost
flawless act of sympathetic imagination."[39]
Hughes is featured briefly in the 1988 film Tucker: The Man and His Dream,
where he is played by Dean Stockwell.
Hughes was portrayed by Terry O'Quinn in Disney's The Rocketeer (1991),
substituting for the "mystery inventor" (Doc Savage) in the original comic book
version. In the film, Hughes had designed the rocket for use by soldiers,
regretted the project, and declined to manufacture any more rockets. In the first
scene with Hughes, he is arguing with two War Department people about his
decision.
Before The Aviator (2004), there were several attempts to create a bio-pic based
on the life of Hughes. For years, director-actor Warren Beatty wanted to play
Hughes and direct a big-screen film of the mogul. It was to be released alongside
Beatty's film Reds, but due to the lack of the right script, the project was
abandoned. In the 1990s, producers with Touchstone Pictures wanted to do it
with John Malkovich, Edward Norton, or Johnny Depp as Hughes, but, due to
climbing costs, that venture was abandoned. Castle Rock Entertainment also
tried to develop a biopic called Mr. Hughes with Jim Carrey starring and with
Christopher Nolan directing and re-writing a script originated by David Koepp
and Brian De Palma. When The Aviator began production, the idea was
scrapped, and Nolan went on to direct Batman Begins.
The Aviator (2004), directed by Martin Scorsese and starring Leonardo DiCaprio
as Hughes. Nominated for 11 Academy Awards, and winning five, the acclaimed
film takes the usual bio-pic liberties (Ella Rice is not seen or mentioned although
Hughes was married to her during the making of Hell's Angels). The film
focuses primarily on Hughes' achievements in aviation and in the movies and on
the increasing handicaps imposed on him by his obsessivecompulsive behavior.
The Hoax (2007), directed by Lasse Hallstrm. The story depicts events in the
life of Clifford Irving, an American novelist who became well known in the
early 1970s when his "authorized autobiography" of Howard Hughes was
exposed as a hoax.
Iron Man, directed by Jon Favreau. An adaptation of a comic book about a
wealthy weapons manufacturer, Tony Stark, who designs armor giving him
[edit] Television
[edit] Music
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this
article by adding reliable references (ideally, using inline citations). Unsourced
material may be challenged and removed. (September 2007)
John Hartford's 1972 album Morning Bugle includes the song "Howard Hughes
Blues" which describes his solitary life of "poor old Howard Hughes and all of
his blues".[42] The song was covered by Laura Cantrell on her 2008 digital-only
release, Trains and Boats and Planes.
The soul trio Hues Corporation, whose biggest hit was "Rock the Boat",
originally called themselves "Children of Howard Hughes", but changed their
name after 1973 for fear of a lawsuit.[43]
The Boomtown Rats released the song "Me And Howard Hughes" on their
record Tonic For The Troops in 1978.
The British punk rock band The Tights wrote a song "Howard Hughes" which
was the title track of their "Howard Hughes" single (1978).
Gary Numan said the suited visage he used for the Dance (1981) and I, Assassin
albums were patterned in part after Howard Hughes, whom he identified as one
of his heroes.
Stan Ridgway mentions being like Howard Hughes in his song, "I Wanna Be A
Boss" (1992). The lyric states, "And everyone will know me, I'll be more famous
than Howard Hughes. I'll grow a long beard and watch Ice Station Zebra in the
nude!"[44]
The British shoegazer band Ride mentioned Howard Hughes in their song
"Castle on the Hill"[45] In addition, they have a song titled "Howard Hughes" on
their 1992 CD single Twisterella.
Cello trio, Rasputina have a song entitled "Howard Hughes" in Thanks for the
Ether (1996).[46]
Alice in Chains guitarist Jerry Cantrell wrote a song called "Bargain Basement
Howard Hughes" included in his Degradation Trip solo album (2002).
On his variety program, Dean Martin sang the lines "Fairy tales can come true/It
can happen to you/If you're Howard Hughes..."
Genesis mention Howard Hughes among a string of other celebrities on the song
"Broadway Melody of 1974" from their 1974 album The Lamb Lies Down on
Broadway.
The Rock Band Kansas has a song titled "Closet Chronicles" (Point of Know
Return) that is a biography of the life of Howard Hughes.
The British band The Teardrop Explodes 1980 hit single "Reward" contains the
line "Death in solitude like Howard Hughes".
The band Bayside has a track on the album Shudder titled Howard that is named
for, and contains many references to, Howard Hughes.
[edit] References
[edit] Notes
1. ^ Wealthy historical figures 2008 - February 2008
2. ^ (1958 Forbes 400)
3. ^ No time of birth is listed. Record nr. 234358, of December 29, 1941, filed
January 5, 1942, Bureau of Vital Statistics of Texas Department of Health.
4. ^ The handwriting of the baptismal record is a rather trembling one. The clerk
was an aged person and there is a good chance that, supposedly, being hard of
hearing they misheard "December 24" as "September 24" instead. This is
speculative.
5. ^ Tombo do Guarda-Mr Guarda-Mr-Edio de Publicaes Multimdia, Lda
Lisboa, 2000
6. ^ "Howard Robard Hughes Jr". Geneall.net. 1905-12-24.
http://www.geneall.net/U/per_page.php?id=303839. Retrieved on 2009-03-17.
7. ^ a b "Howard Hughes." MSN Encarta online. Retrieved: January 5, 2008.
8. ^ a b "Howard Hughes." century-of-flight.net. Retrieved: January 5, 2008.
9. ^ "Howard Hughes." about.com. Retrieved: January 5, 2008.
10. ^ "Golf's Bizarre Billionaire". Retrieved September 4, 2007.
11. ^ Tierney and Herskowitz 1978, p. 97.
12. ^ "Howard R. Hughes, Jr. The Record Setter." centennialofflight.gov, 2003.
Retrieved: January 5, 2008.
13. ^ Aviator Howard Hughes H-1 Racer History Retrieved: January 5, 2008.
14. ^ "Hughes Aircraft." centennialofflight.gov, 2003. Retrieved: August 5, 2008.
15. ^ "Crash of the XF-11." Retrieved: January 5, 2008.
16. ^ Barlett and Steele 2004, p. 140.
17. ^ "Howard Hughes: XF-11." UNLV Libraries' Howard Hughes Collection.
Retrieved: January 5, 2008.
18. ^ Hughes Designs Hospital Bed." Associated Press wire article, August 14,
1946.
19. ^ "Largest Plane in the World." Aerospaceweb.org . Retrieved: March 18, 2009.
20. ^ Lasky 1989, p. 229.
21. ^ Brown and Broeske 1996, p. 34.
22. ^ "Records of the Watergate Special Prosecution Force". Archives.gov.
http://www.archives.gov/research/independent-counsels/watergate/. Retrieved on
2009-03-17.
23. ^ counsels/watergate/hughes-investigation.html Campaign Contributions Task
Force #804 - Hughes/Rebozo Investigation[dead link]
24. ^ "Hughes Nixon and the C.I.A." Playboy Magazine, September 1976.
25. ^ Bellett, Gerald. Age of Secrets: The Conspiracy that Toppled Richard Nixon
and the Hidden Death of Howard Hughes. Osceola, Wisconsin: Voyageur Press,
1995. ISBN 0-921842-42-2.
26. ^ Burleson 1997, p. 33.
27. ^ Burleson 1997, pp. 157158.
28. ^ Doviak, Scott Von. "Howard Hughes: His Women and His Movies (2000)."
culturevulture.net, 2000. Retrieved: April 11, 2009.
29. ^ "News". Vancourier.com.
http://www.vancourier.com/issues04/123204/news/123204nn1.html. Retrieved
on 2009-03-17.
30. ^ a b Levitan, Corey. "Top 10 Scandals: Gritty City." Las Vegas Review-Journal.
Retrieved: March 3, 2008.
31. ^ Thomas 1987, p. 41.
32. ^ "The Keepers of the King." Time Magazine, Retrieved: January 5, 2008.
33. ^ "News from me - Archives." Retrieved: January 5, 2008.
34. ^ Mallin, Jay. The Great Managua Earthquake
35. ^ Channel 4 - History - Howard Hughes: A chronology Retrieved: January 5,
2008.
36. ^ Irving 1999 pp. 3-309.
37. ^ Lisheron, Mark. "Obituary for Lex Dale Owens, owner of Air Ambulance,
Inc." Statesman.com, January 3, 2009. Retrieved: March 17, 2009.
38. ^ Hack 2002, pp. 1618.
39. ^ Shannon, Jeff. Melvin and Howard (1980) - Movie Preview . RopeofSilicon,
2008. Retrieved: August 5, 2008.
40. ^ "Mask of the Iron Man." Game Informer vol. 1, no. 177, January 2008. p. 81.
41. ^ Lee, Stan (December 1997). "Stan's Soapbox" from Bullpen Bulletins: Marvel
Comics.
42. ^ "Morning Bugle: John Hartford." Georgegraham.com, March 9, 2004.
Retrieved: March 17, 2009.
43. ^ "Hues Corporation." Soultracks.com. Retrieved: March 17, 2009.
44. ^ "Stan Ridgway impact." Btmon.com, July 2, 2007. Retrieved: March 17, 2009.
45. ^ "Ticket to Ride." Ticket2ride.it, March 11, 1996. Retrieved: March 17, 2009.
46. ^ "Rasputina." Last.fm, November 21, 2008. Retrieved: March 17, 2009.
[edit] Bibliography
Barton, Charles. Howard Hughes and his Flying Boat. Fallbrook, CA: Aero Publishers,
1982. Republished in 1998, Vienna, VA: Charles Barton, Inc. ISBN 0-9663175-0-5.
Barlett, Donald L. and James B. Steele. Empire: The Life, Legend and Madness of
Howard Hughes. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1979. ISBN 0-393-07513-3,
republished in 2004 as Howard Hughes: His Life and Madness.
Brown, Peter Harry and Pat H. Broeske. Howard Hughes: The Untold Story. New York:
Penguin Books, 1996. ISBN 0-525-93785-4.
Burleson, Clyde W. The Jennifer Project. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M
University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-89096-764-4.
Dietrich, Noah and Bob Thomas. Howard: The Amazing Mr. Hughes. New York:
Fawcett Publications, 1972. ISBN 0-0-44902-565-1.
Drosnin, Michael. Citizen Hughes: In his Own Words, How Howard Hughes Tried to
Buy America. Portland, Oregon: Broadway Books, 2004. ISBN 0-76791-934-3.
Hack, Richard. Hughes: The Private Diaries, Memos and Letters: The Definitive
Biography of the First American Billionaire. Beverly Hills, California: New
Millennium Press, 2002. ISBN 1-893224-64-3.
Irving, Clifford. The Hoax. New York: E. Reads Ltd., 1999. ISBN 978-0759238688.
Marrett, George J. Howard Hughes: Aviator. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute
Press, 2004. ISBN 1-59114-510-4.
Kistler, Ron. I Caught Flies for Howard Hughes. Chicago: Playboy Press, 1976. ISBN
0-87223-447-9.
Lasky, Betty. RKO: The Biggest Little Major of Them All, 2d ed . Santa Monica,
California: Roundtable, 1989. ISBN 0-91567-741-5.
Maheu, Robert and Richard Hack. Next to Hughes: Behind the Power and Tragic
Downfall of Howard Hughes by his Closest Adviser. New York: Harper Collins, 1992.
ISBN 0-06016-505-7.
Moore, Terry. The Beauty and the Billionaire. New York: Pocket Books, 1984. ISBN 067150-080-5.
Moore, Terry and Jerry Rivers. The Passions of Howard Hughes. Los Angeles: General
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Phelan, James. Howard Hughes: The Hidden Years. New York, Random House, 1976.
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Real, Jack. The Asylum of Howard Hughes. Philadelphia: Xlibris Corporation, 2003.
ISBN 1-4134-0875-3.
Thomas, Bob. Liberace: The True Story. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987. ISBN 0312-01469-4.
Tierney, Gene with Mickey Herskowitz. Self-Portrait. New York: Peter Wyden, 1979.
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