IISEE Lecture Note

2009-2010

Structural Testing
By
T. MUKAI

Feb. 19, 2010

International Institute of
Seismology and Earthquake Engineering,
Building Research Institute

IISEE Lecture Note

2009-2010

STRUCTURAL TESTING

by
Tomohisa MUKAI
( SRI)

February 19, 2010

International Institute of Seismoloav and Earthouake Enaineerina

Structural Test of RC Beams

( 2009-2010 IISEE Earthquake Engineering Course)
by
Tomohisa MUKAI ( BRI )
Objective
Objectives of the structural test are to experience the test technique and to
observe the failure mechanism of RC members. The cracking strengths, flexural
strengths, shear strengths, bond splitting strengths and load - deflection
relationships of the specimens should be calculated in advance to predict the
damaging process, capacities and failure pattern to compared with the test results.
It is a clarification of the prediction equations written in the codes.
Test Specimens
The test specimens are RC beams with rectangular cross section of 20x30 cm.
Fig. 1 shows the dimensions of the specimens. The specimen-A is designed to
fail by shear before yielding of longitudinal steel bar. The specimen-B is designed
not to fail by shear. However, the flexural strength of specimen-B caused by yielding
of longitudinal steel bar is almost the same as bond splitting strength. The
predicted failure pattern of specimen-A is brittle shear failure and that of specimen-B
is bond splitting after yielding of longitudinal steel bar.
Variable of this test is shear reinforcement ratio in the test area. The out of the
test area of both specimens are reinforced with 010-@65. 016 steel bars are
arranged as longitudinal reinforcement.
ISpecimen-lAJ: 06 steel bar are arranged in dir~ction perpendicular to longitudinal
reinforcement in the test area as shear reinforcement. Spacing of the shear
reinforcements is 195 mm. Shear reinforcement ratio (p w) in the test area is 0.164
%.
ISpecimen-ij : 010 steel bar are arranged in direction perpendicular to
longitudinal reinforcement in the test area as shear reinforcement. Spacing of the
shear reinforcements is 65 mm. Shear reinforcement ratio (p w) in the test area is
1.10 %.

o Dimensions and

strength of materials used in the design of specimens

2
016 : Cross section area (As) 1.99cm , Circumference (ljJ) 5cm
06 : Cross section area (As) = 0.32cm2
010 : Cross section area (As) 0.71cm2
2
Expected yield strength of steel bars (cry) is 3500 kgf/cm .

... C,,,,,,,,,,,,f.,,,.,1 _ ....... """"_I1" . . . . ,..~i"o ~ .. I1"~ ..... ,.,. ... h

-

L...At-J\J""'LvU

\JVIIIt-'lv~~IYv

~U"""II~UI

I""\.~

,.'u'" ..... _ ... o .. o

VI

vVllvl\;o\V"

I". \ it!' -1 on 1,,....fJ_1"'V'\2

\V ' I~ I V V "~IIVIII

Loading
The 50 tonf capacity loading machine for flexural test will be used. Antisymmetrical moment distribution will be represented by Ohno-type loading set up.

-1-

Measurement
Load, displacement, strains of steel bar and crack pattern will be measured.
Channel information is as follows,
CH.1 : Load (tf)
CH.2 & 3 : Displacement (mm)
CH.4 to 13 : Strain of longitudinal steel bar (micro=1 0. 6 )
CH.14 to 18 : Strain of shear reinforcement (micro=10 6 )
Material test
Yield strengths, tensile strengths, Young's moduli and stress - strain
relationships of steel bars and compressive strength, Young's modulus and stress strain relationship of concrete will be measured by material test, which will be
conducted before the structural test.

-2-

Specimen-A
06 @1 95

D1 0 @6 5

4 0

01 0 @6 5

o
o

i-

~ ~

II

M,_

r--

1/

I-- r- !- I--

Specimen-B
010 @6 5
/
~

"-- '

ML

,
I -

~L

I
ir-

I
"

'"

112 0

5 20

780
2 060

Test area

40

D10 @6 5

o
o

01 0 @6 5
7

tf-

---

f-

----'

Or

40

~l ll~)1
0

1_

520

\120 I

J:- ;

06

O~

:::..

J t r ai n g auq e

~ I 01 6

C\J 1
C\J I

6.

11

O !

I
r--1 r -

I--

0,V'-

4 0

!2 0 0 I

D16
01

390

910

Load ( P)

CII. I

Q Displacement

520

780

CII.2&3

\S 2 0

Test area ~

Fig. 2 Loading method and measuring method

5
6
7
8
CH . 4 \~~~------------------------------------\7
,
t--
t---
f--

16

15

14

f--

f---

r--

10

11

18

17
r-

12

r--

~\

L
780
-J
~f--_
.=-_
-_
- _ --Te-s-t-ar-e-a--~
Fig. 3 Location of strain gauges

13

Report (Requirement)

Submit a report on structural testing of RC beams. Items of the following

contents should be included in the report. This report is an examination for your
assessment.
Submit a report by March 19th to T. MUKAI, who is the lecturer of RC Structure, or
IISEE staff by papers.

Tentative Contents of Report

1. Objective
2. Test Specimens

~Fig.

3. Loading Setup and Measuring Methods

~Fig.

4. Material Test
4.1 Concrete
4.2 Steel bars

~ Strength, Young's modulus,

a-f. concrete -> ~'N)00 1

~ Strengths, Young's modulus, a-f. 06,010,016 bar ---3>
f,'-1 1"""0 J
1'4J..J

5. Test Results
5.1 Failure pattern and Damage state
5.2 Shear force - deflection relationship
5.3 Strain distribution of longitudinal steel bar
5.4 Strain distribution of shear reinforcement bars
6. Comparison between Test Results and Prediction

~Photos & drawings

~f.~f.-

-.j)

C~O(.V\

~I",.J )
.

~V-o

location relationship
location relationship

(Ptv \5)

7. Personal Impression
Participants should describe your personal impression individually.

-5-

->

I(dSwov

Calculation of Strengths
1. Dimensions
Dimensions and strengths of materials used in the calculation are as follows.

= beam width ( =20 cm)

=beam depth ( =30 cm)

= distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of longitudinal

L
LID
M
P
V
MNd
cr B

reinforcement ( 26 cm)
distance from the centroid of the compressive resultant to the centroid
of the tensile resultant ( = (7/8) d = 22.25 cm)
distance between top and bottom bars in a beam ( 22 cm)
clear span of a beam ( 78 cm)
= length-depth ratio ( = 2.6 )
= moment ( = 15.6 P = 15.6x2.5V = 39 V (kgf . cm))
== Load (kgf)
shear force (kgf)
= shear span ratio ( = 1.5 )
concrete compressive strength ( 180 kgf/cm 2)

=
=

=
=

Longitudinal reinforcement (016) :

Ag
nominal cross section area ( 1.99 cm 2)
d b
diameter of longitudinal reinforcement ( 1.6 cm)
lj.I
nominal circumference ( 5 cm)
cr y
= nominal yield strength ( = 3500 kgf/cm 2)
A l
gross cross section area of tensile longitudinal steel ( 5.97 cm 2)
Pl
= ratio of tension reinforcement ( = (A g t) lb d) = 0.015 = 1.15 % )

=
=

Shear reinforcement (06) :

A ~
nominal cross section area ( 0.320 cm 2)
cr w y
nominal yield strength ( 3500 kgf/cm 2)
s
spacing of shear reinforcement ( 19.5 cm)
= shear reinforcement ratio (= 2 A vI (b' s) = 0.00164 = 0.164 %)
pw
( P w 0' Wy= 5.74 kgf/cm 2)

=
=
=

Shear reinforcement (010) :

nominal cross section area ( 0.71 cm 2)
A v
cr w y
nominal yield strength ( 3500 kgf/cm 2)
s
spacing of shear reinforcement ( 6.5 cm)
= shear reinforcement ratio ( = 2 A v I (b . s) = 0.0110 = 1.10 % )
pw
( P w cr wy= 38.5 kgf/cm 2)

=
=
=

- 6-

2. Calculation of Moment - Rotation relationship of RC beam specimens

2.1) Initial stiffness
3
I = b0 31 12 = 20x30 /12 = 45000 cm 4
Ie = b031 12 = 1.44x20x3031 12 = 64800 cm 4
E c = 2.1x105 x(2.3/2.3) 1.5X f
(1801200) =1.99x105 kgf/cm 2
S = 6 E c II L = 6x1.99x10 5 x45000 178 = 6.89x10 8 kgf-cm
S' =6 E c Ie I L = 6x1 .99x10 5 x64800 178 = .9,..9.2 x 10 8 kgf-cm
2.2) Flexural cracking moment (steel are ignored in this case for simplicity)
Z c = 45000 I 15 = 3000 cm 3

M c = 1.8 f a B . ' Z c
1.8 f 180x3000 = 72449 kgf-cm 72.4 tf'cm
V c = M cI 39 = 1858 kgf = 86
P c = V c x2.5 4645 kgf = 4.65 tf
Following calculation is a case when the steel is taken into account.
<p = 12(1/3-g 1 +g 12)+12n'p t{(1-g 1-d t1) 2+(g 1-d c1) 2. y} = 1.52
'. 1+n' Pt(1.5+2y) =1 +11 . Pt(1.5+2y) =1.44
Ze= le/(O/2) = 1.44' 45000 I 15 = 4320cm 3
Mc=1.8(fal3)Zc
1.8 ( f 180) . 4320
= 107224 kgfcm = 104.33 tf'cm
V c = M cl 39 = 2.68 tf
P c V c x2.5 = 6.69 tf

2.3) Yielding moment of the member

M y = 0.9 A g t a y d = 0.9x3x 1.99x3500x26
= 488943 kgfcm = 489 tf'cm
V y = M y/39 = 12537 kgf = 12.5tf
P y = V y x2.5 = 31343 kgf = 3 .3 f
2.4) Stiffness degrading ratio
a

= (0.043 +1.64
= (0.043 + 1.64

:. p t + 60.043 ~ + 0.33 h 0 )x(d/O)

0
2.1 x1
xO.0115 + 0.043x (39/30)x(26/30) 2
1.99x10 5

= 0.2988xO.7511
= 0.224

2.5) Deflection at flexural cracking

R c = M cl S =0.000105
is c = R c xL = 0.00820 cm = 0.0820 mm
2.6) Yieiding defiection
a y S = 1.546x10 8 kgfcm
R y = M yl (a y S) = 0.00316
is y = R y xL = 0.247 cm = 2.47 mm

-7-

3. Calculation of shear strength and bond splitting strength

3.1) Shear Cracking Strength (Arakawa's equation)
V

c = b .j .k

(500 +0 B) .

(V. c)

~.~~5+ 1.7

M 1 (V

= 20 . 22.75 . 0.77 . (500+180) . 0.0851 (1.5+1.7)

= 6328 kgf
= 6.33 tf
where, k c: coefficient depend on d
(see Fig.4 in the lecture note for RC structure)
Pc1 =6.33*2.5=15.8tf

3.2) Shear strength (Arakawa's equation) (V u)

Vu

=Vc +Vs
where, V c: shear strength provided by concrete
V s: shear strength provided by shear reinforcement

V c

= b . j {k u . k p (180 +0 B) .

d~

M 1 (V .0 2+ O. 12

= 20x22.75 [0.833 . 0.847 . (180+180) . 0.12 1 (1.5+0.12) ]

= 8560 kgf = 8.56 tf
where, k u : coefficient depend on d
k p : coefficient depend on P t (= 0:82 p l 0.23= 0.847)
(see Fig.4 and Fig.5 in the lecture note for RC structure by Mukai)
= b . j {2. 7 ,,(p 0 Y)}
.
= 20x22.75 x2.7 ,,(p wOw Y)
= {2943 kgf (Specimen-A)
7623 kgf (Specimen-B) ]
\V

8560 + 2943 = 11.50 tf (Specimen-A)

8560 + 7623 16.28 tf (Specimen-B)
Pu 1=11.50*2.5=28. 75tf (Specimen-A)
Pu 1=16.18*2.5=40.45tf (Specimen-B)

Vu

=Vc +Vs =

(Specimen-A)
Vu (11.5tf) < V y (12.5tf)
~ Specimen-A will fail by shear before yielding of member.
(Specimen-B)
V u( 16.3 tf) > V y ( 12.5 tf )
~ Specimen-B will not fail by shear before yielding of member.

-8-

3.3) Shear strength (AIJ Guidelines * 1, pp.77-89) (V u)

*1: AIJ Design Guidelines for Earthquake Resistant Reinforced Concrete Buildings
Based on Ultimate Strength Concept (1990), Chapter 6 Design for shear and bond

= b .j t . p

wy

cot<p + tanS(1-13) b D 'va of 2

a) when yield hinge is not planned;

v=v 0 = 0.7 -a of 2000 = 0.610
va 0= 109.8 kgffcm 2
tanS= {F[ (LlD)2+1 ] - LID} = {F(2.6 2+1 ) - 2.6 } = 0~ 1857
2.0
cot<p= min
{ j tf (D tanS) = 4.08
{ 4.26 (specimen-A)
F [va of (p w a w y) - 1 ] =
1.361 (specimen-B)
_ {2.0
(specimen-A)
1.361 (specimen-B)
13= [ (1 +cot 2 <p) P w a wY] f (va 0)
= {0.261 (specimen-A)
1
(specimen-B)
(Specimen-A)
V u = 20 . 22 . 5.74 . 2 + 0.1857 (1-0.261) 20 . 30 109.8 f 2
= 5051 + 4520
= 9571 kgf = 9.6 tf
(Specimen-B)
V u = 20 . 22 . 38.5 . 1.361
= 23055 kgf = 23.1 tf
Pu2=9.6*2.5=24.otf (Specimen-A)
Pu2=23.1*2.5=57. 75tf (Specimen-B)
b) when yield hinge is planned;
{(1-15 R p)v 0
(0 < R p~ 0.05)
0.25v 0
(0.05 < R p)
2 - 50 R p (0 < R p ~ 0.02), 1.0 (0.02
cot<p = min
~ tf (D tanS) = 4.08
F[vaof(pwawy)-1] ~ 1.0

v=

(for Specimen-B)
R p
0
0.025
v
cot<p
V u (tf)

0.61
1.361
23.1

0. 564
1.361
21.7

0 005
.
0.519
1.361

20.3

-9-

I 0.01
0.473
1.25

18.7

<

p)

~.015
0.427
1.0

16.9

0 02
.
0.381
1.0

16.9

The shear force of specimen-B at yielding of member is 12.5 tf.

Then shear failure will not occur in specimen-B after yielding.
(Specimen-A)
Vu (9.6tf) < V y (12.5tf)
~ Specimen-A will fail by shear before yielding of member.
(Specimen-B)
V u ( 23.1 tf) > V y ( 12.5 tf )
V u (Rp ~ O. 0 25 ) (16. ~ tf) > V y( 12.5tf)
~ Specimen-B will not fail by shear before and after yielding of member.

3.4) Shear strength (ACI Building Code * 2) (V u)

*2: Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318-2002), Chapter
11 Shear and Torsion
Notation of the following equations are that of ACI code.
Following are conversion factors.
0.07031 kgf/cm 2
1 psi
1 in
= 2.54 cm
0.453592 kgf
1 Ib

(ACI318, Eq.11-2)

Vn

=V c +V 5

=( 1.9..r fc+ 2500p

=A

'

y'

w'

(V u . d)1 M u)b

w'

(AC1318, Eq.11-5)
(AC1318, Eq.11-15)

dIs

= 180 I 0.07031 = 2560 psi

..r f c
50.6 psi
P w (~ l lJi~A1i lt) = A 51 b w ' d = 3 . 1.991 (20 ' 26) = 0.0115
V u . dIM u 0.667
bw
20 I 2.54 7.874 in
26 I 2.54 10.236 in
d
{2' 0.320/6.45163 0.0992 in 2 (Specimen-A)
Av
2 . 0.713/6.45163 0.2210 in 2 (Specimen-B)
f y
3500 I 0.07031 49780 psi
= {19 .5/2.54 = 7.677 in (Specimen-A)
s
6.5 I 2.54 2.559 in
(Specimen-B)

=
=

=
=

= ( 1.9' 50.6 + 2500'0.01150.667) 7.874' 10.236

= 9294 Ib = 9294x0.453592 kgf = 4216 kgf = 4.22 tf
Vc ~ 3.5 (..r f c) b w d = 14273.951b = 6.47tf ~ OK
V

- 10 -

(Specimen-A)
V s
= 0.0992 . 49780 . 10.236/7.677
= 6584 Ib = 6584x0.453592 kgf = 2987 kgf = 2.99 tf
(Specimen-B)
V
= 0.221 . 49780 . 10.236/2.559
= 44006 Ib
V s :-::;; 8 (.r f c) b w d = 32626 Ib
Then
V s = 32626x0.453592 kgf = 14799 kgf = 14.8 tf
5

V
u

= {4.22 + 2.99 tf = 7.2 tf

4.22 + 14.8 tf = 19.0 tf

(Specimen-A)
(Specimen-B)

Pu3=7.2*2.5=18.0tf (Specimen-A)
Pu3=19.0*2.5=47.5tf (Specimen-B)

(Specimen-A)
Vu (7.2tf) < V y(12.5tf)
- Specimen-A will fail by shear before yielding of member.
(Specimen-B)
Vu( 19.0tf) > V y(12.5tf)
- Specimen-B will not fail by shear before yielding of member.

3.5) Bond Splitting Strength (AIJ Guidelines * 1 pp.105-112)

*1: AIJ Design Guidelines for Earthquake Resistant Reinforced Concrete Buildings
Based on Ultimate Strength Concept (1990), Chapter 6 Design for shear and bond
Notation of the following equations are that of AIJ Guidelines.
I

a) Design bond stress

a-1) Bond stress at member yielding point
The longitudinal steel yield in tension. Compressive steel is also assumed
yielding in compression as safety assumption.
T (1
d b fla/ (4 L) (= AtAa/ (ljJL ) )
= 1.6 . 2 . 3500 / (4 . 78)
= 35.9 kgf/cm 2

a-2) Bond stress at large deflection after yielding when the hinge length elongate to
D
T (2
d b fla/ [ 4 (L-D) ]
= 1.6 . 2 . 3500 / [4 . (78-26) ]

- 11 -

= 53.8 kgf/cm 2
a-3) Bond stress required for truss mechanism
T I 3
b . P w a w y cot<pIL4J
= { 20 5.74 . 2.0 1(3 . 5)= ~5.3 kgf/cm 2 2 (Specimen-A)
(Specimen-B)
b) Bond strengt~O . 38.5 . 1.361 1(3 . 5)- 69.9 kgf/cm

T b u = Teo +T 1
=(OAb i+0.5)~aB+[(20/N t+5Nu/N l)p'wb~aB]/db
where,
Teo: bond splitting strength provided by concrete
T t: bond splitting strength provided by shear reinforcement
S

bi
Nt
Nu

= ( b - Ld b) I Ld b = ( 20 - 3 . 1.6) I ( 3 . 1.6) = 3.167

=3
1

= 23.7 + 1397.5 p'w

b u

= {23.7 + 2.29 = 26.0 kgf/cm 2

(Specimen-A)
2
(Specimen-B)
23.7 + 15.37 = 39.1 kgf/cm

Calculated shear force at bond splitting failure

26.0 . 3 . 5 . 22 = 8580 kgf = 8.58 tf (Specimen-A)
{
V b u =T bu L4Jjt =
39.1 . 3 . 5 . 22 =12870 kgf = 12.87 tf (Specimen-B)

a) Design bond stress

T I I = 35.9 kgf/cm 2
T 12 = 53.8 kgf/c.m 2
__ {15.3 kgf/cm 2 (Specimen-A)
T 13
69.9 kgf/cm 2 (Specimen-B)
b) Bond strength
_ {26.0 kgf/cm 2 (Specimen-A)
39.1 kgf/cm 2 (Specimen-B)
T bu (Specimen-A)
TI3 <Tbu <TIl <T12
Bond stress required for truss mechanism is satisfied. Then Specimen-A can
exhibit it's shear capacity without bond splitting failure. (However V b u=8.87 tf is
smaller than shear strength V u=9.6 tf calculated by AIJ Guidelines. This may be
caused by inaccuracy of the equation for relationship between shear force and bond
strength, V bu=T bu L4Jj.) But bond stress requirements at member yielding point
and at large deflection after yielding when the hinge length elongate to D are not
satisfied.
(Specimen-B)
TIl <Tbu <T12 <T13
- 12 -

Since the bond stress requirement at member yielding is satisfied, though the
bond stress required for tress mechanism is not satisfied, Specimen-B will exhibit
member yielding. However, since the bond stress requirement at large deflection
after yielding when the hinge length elongate to D are not satisfied, Specimen-B will
fail by bond splitting after yielding of member.

4. Prediction of the behavior and failure pattern of specimens

4.1) Summary of the calculation
Initial stiffness
S
=6.89x10

kgfcm

Flexural cracking
V c =1.9tf
(5 c
0.082 mm

Member yielding
V y
12.5tf
(5 y
=2.47 mm

Shear Cracking
V
6.3 tf .
5

Shear strength
< Specimen-A>
V u(Arakawa's equation) = 11.5 tf
V u(AIJ Guidelines)
9.6 tf (without planning of yield hinge)
V u(ACI Building Code) = 7.2 tf
- Specimen-A will fail ~y shear before yielding of member.

< Specimen-B >

V u(Arakawa's equation)
V u(AIJ Guidelines)

=16.2 tf
=23.1 ,tf (without planning of yield hinge)
=16.9 tf (with planning of yield hinge: R
=19.0 tf

> 0.025)

V u(ACI Building Code)

- Specimen-B will not fail by shear before and after yielding of member.
Bond Splitting Strength
Design bond stress at member yielding point
T r1
35.9 kgf/cm 2
Design bond stress at large deflection when the hinge length elongate to D
Tr2
53.8 kgf/cm 2
Design bond stress required for truss mechanism

=
=

- 13 -

T r

15.3 kgf/cm
69.9 kgf/cm

2
2

(Specimen-A)
(Specimen-B)

Bond strength
{
{

26.0 kgf/cm 2
(Specimen-A)
39.1 kgf/cm 2
(Specimen-B)
8.6 tt (Specimen-A)
12.9 tt (Specimen-B)

4.2) Prediction of the behavior and failure pattern of specimens

Specimen-A
At beginning of the loading, initial stiffness (S) will be 6.89x10 8 kgf-cm.
First flexural crack will initiate at V= 1.9 tf, (5= 0.082 mm.
First shear Crack will initiate at V= 6.3 tt.
Before yielding of member, which shear force is predicted as V= 12.5 tt, shear
failure will occur. The predicted shear force when the shear failure occur will V=11.5
tt by Arakawa's equation, V=9.6 tf by AIJ Guidelines and V=7.2 tf by ACI Building
Code.
Since the bond stress required for truss mechanism is satisfied, Specimen-A can
exhibit it's shear capacity without bond splitting failure.
Then, Specimen-A is predicted as to fail by shear before yielding of member.
Bond splitting failure will not be observed.

Specimen-B
At beginning of the loading, initial stiffness (S) will be 6.89><10 8 kgf-cm.
First flexural crack will initiate at V= 1.9 tt, (5= 0.082 mm.
First shear Crack will initiate at V= 6.3 tt.
Since the predicted shear force at member yielding, V=12.5 tt, is smaller than
predicted shear force when the shear failure occur, V=16.2 tt by Arakawa's equation,
V=23.1 tt and 16.9 tt by AIJ Guidelines without and with planning of yield hinge (at
Rp > 0.025), respectively, and V=19.0 tt by ACI Building Code, and also since the
bond stress requirement at member yielding is satisfied, flexural yielding will be
exhibited at V=12.5 tt, (5=2.47 mm.
However, since the bond stress requirement at large deflection after yielding
when the hinge length elongate to D are not satisfied, Specimen-B will fail by bond
splitting after yielding of member.
Then, Specimen-B is predicted as to fail by bond splitting after yielding of
member. Shear failure will not be occurred even in the large deflection state after
yielding of member.

- 14-

[p(tfJJ
V(t{)

[37.5J

15.0

I Yielding I
[31.3tf!

12.5tf
S.bSl~r.Jllill~~~tY..Qf..s.I>~f.imSlg_~_.(A).
[25J

1l.5tf [28.8tflCArakawa's Eq.)

9.6tf [24. Otfl (AJ.J A - method, without hinge)
7.2tf f18.0tflCACI Code)

10.0

I Shear Cracking I
6.33tf [15.8tfl(Arakawa's Eq.)

......
VI

f12.5J

5.0

[4.8tfl

'"

,,

,,

,
,,

,,

,
,,

,,

,
,,

,,

,
,,

S.bSl~r.J:lill~~~tY ..Qf..s.I>_~f.imSlg_~_.m).

, .'

1?.9.ni.S.p'l}..Hin..K.S.tr..~J).,g,1;b_(._:r_.~.\l.2

. I

Specimen - (A)
r b u = 26.0kgflcm 2
Specimen - (B)
r b u = 39.1kgflcm 2

~ Flexural Cracking

~..........--

1.9tf

,,~

,/

w\",OS
S

0.082 nan

16.2tf [40. 5tfl CArakawa's Eq.)

23.ltf [57.8tfl(AJ.J A - method, without hinge)
16.9tf [42.3tfl(AJ.J A -method, with hinge, Rp=0.02)
19.0tf [47. 5tfl CACI Code)

,/

1.0

2.0

2.47 mm

>r

for truss mechanism

>r

at member yielding

3.0

Fig.4 Predicted V [pJ- 8 relationship of beam specimens

Notes) [pJ =
2.5V (tf)
<P>=9.812.5V (kN)

= 15.3kgflcm 2

35.9kgflcm2

4.0

8 (mm)