Why dye wastewater is dangerous?

Wastewater could spread into

environmental and become hazardous to living organism. The dyeing
substance that are used in textile industry gives colour to the water. Colored
textile wastewater accumulates in water environment and deteoriates the aesthetic
appearance of the water and decreases the light permeability. Decrease in the
light permeability and the amount of decomposed oxygen causes the
extinction of living beings and restricts the reuse of the water. Furthermore it
is known that some dying substance contain toxic materials .Not only the
dyes but also wastewater caused by chemical materials cause vital
problems. For this reasons refining the textile industry wastewater is very
important.

Why methylene blue is the stress in the journal? Most frequently used dyes in
all industries

May cause eye burns, irritations to the gastrointestinal, vomiting, diarrhea,

irritation to the skin

What is methylene blue? Organic dye

What is Activated Carbon?

Activated carbon, also known as activated charcoal, is a crude form of graphite, the substance used for
pencil leads. It differs from graphite by having a random, imperfect structure which is highly porous over a
broad range of pore sizes from visible cracks and crevices to molecular dimensions. The graphite structure
gives the carbon its very large surface area which allows the carbon to adsorb a wide range of compounds.
Activated carbon (activated charcoal) has the strongest physical adsorption forces, or the highest volume of
adsorbing porosity, of any material known to mankind.
Activated carbon (activated charcoal) can have a surface of greater than 1000m/g. This means 3g
of activated carbon can have the surface area of a football field.

What is adsorption ?
Adsorption is the process by which liquid or gaseous molecules are
concentrated on a solid surface, in this case activated carbon (activated
charcoal). This is different from absorption, where molecules are taken
up by a liquid or gas.
Click here for more information on adsorption.

What is activated carbon made from ?

Activated carbon (activated charcoal) can made from many substances containing a high carbon content
such as coal, coconut shells and wood. The raw material has a very large influence on the characteristics and
performance of the activated carbon (activated charcoal).

Forms of activated carbon

There are three main forms of activated carbon (activated charcoal).

Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) - irregular

shaped particles with sizes ranging from 0.2 to 5
mm. This type is used in both liquid and gas phase
applications.

Powder Activated Carbon (PAC) - pulverised

carbon with a size predominantly less than 0.18mm
(US Mesh 80). These are mainly used in liquid phase
applications and for flue gas treatment.

Extruded Activated Carbon (EAC) - extruded and

cylindrical shaped with diameters from 0.8 to 5 mm.
These are mainly used for gas phase applications
because of their low pressure drop, high mechanical
strength and low dust content.

Charcoal Activated Carbon Cloth (ACC) Activated carbon is also available in special forms
such as a cloth and fibres.

Activated Carbon Briquettes (ACB) - Activated

carbons can be agglomerated and formed into a
variety of briquettes.

"The Customer Can Have Any Color He Wants

So Long As It's Black". - Henry Ford - If you
need activated carbon in a different colour
pleasecontact us to discuss your requirements.

Adsorption / Active Carbon

Activated carbon adsorption

Adsorption is a process where a solid is used for removing a soluble substance from the water. In this process active ca
1500 m2/g). This big internal surface makes active carbon ideal for adsorption. Active carbon comes in two variations: P
treatment, it can adsorb the following soluble substances:
Datasheet Active Carbon

Adsorption of organic, non-polar substances such as:

o

Mineral oil

BTEX

Poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PACs)

(Chloride) phenol

Adsorption of halogenated substance: I, Br, Cl, H en F

Odor

Taste

Yeasts

Various fermentation products

Non-polar substances (Substances which are non soluble in water)

Examples from active carbon in different processes:

Ground water purification

The de-chlorination of process water

Water purification for swimming pools

The polishing of treated effluent

Process description:

Water is pumped in a column which contains active carbon, this water leaves the column through a draining system. Th
through the column constantly, which gives an accumulation of substances in the filter. For that reason the filter needs
easily by oxidizing the organic matter. The efficiency of the active carbon decreases by 5 - 10% 1). A small part of the a
in series, you can assure that you will not have a total exhaustion of your purification system.

Description of adsorption:

Molecules from gas or liquid phase will be attached in a physical way to a surface, in this case the surface is from the a

Macro transport: The movement of organic material through the macro-pore system of the active carbon (macr

Micro transport: The movement of organic material through the meso-pore and micro-pore system of the active

Sorption: The physical attachment of organic material on the surface of active carbon in the meso-pores and m

The activity level of adsorption is based on the concentration of substance in the water, the temperature and the polarit
active carbon, a non-polar substance can be removed totally by active carbon. Every kind of carbon has its own adsorp
Freundlich.

The function of Freundlich:

x/m = adsorbed substance per gram active carbon
Ce = concentration difference (between before and after)
Kf, n = specific constants

The second curve from active carbon (see figure 2) shows the exhausting of a filter. Normally we place a UV-disinfection

What is the difference between adsorption and absorption??

When a substance is attached to a surface is is called adsorption, is this case the substance is attached to the internal s
taken in a solution it is called absorption.

Factors that influence the performance of active carbon in water:

The type of compound to be removed. Compounds with high molecular weight and low solubility are better abso

The concentration of the compound to be removed. The higher the concentration, the higher the carbon consum

Presence of other organic compounds which will compete for the available adsorption sites.

The pH of the waste stream. For example, acidic compounds are better removed at lower pH.

According to this we can classify some chemicals by their probability of being efficiently adsorbed by active carbon in w
1.- Chemicals with very high probability of being adsorbed by active carbon:
2,4-D

Deisopropyltatrazine

Linuron

Alachlor

Desethylatrazine

Malathion

Aldrin

Demeton-O

MCPA

Anthracene

Di-n-butylphthalate

Mecoprop

Atrazine

1,2-Dichlorobenzene

Metazachlor

Azinphos-ethyl

1,3-Dichlorobenzene

2-Methyl benzenamine

Bentazone

1,4-Dichlorobenzene

Methyl naphthalene

Biphenil

2,4-Dichlorocresol

2-Methylbutane

2,2-Bipyridine

2,5-Dichlorophenol

Monuron

Bis(2-Ethylhexyl)Phthalate

3,6-Dichlorophenol

Napthalene

Isopropyl alcohol

Urea

Methyl chloride

Factors that influence the performance of active carbon in air:

Type of compound to be removed: In general compounds with a high molecular weight, lower vapor pressure/h

Concentration: The higher the concentration, the higher the carbon consumption.

Temperature: The lower the temperature, the better the adsorption capacity.

Pressure: The higher the pressure, the better the adsorption capacity.

Humidity: The lower the humidity, the better the adsorption capacity.

Read more: http://www.lenntech.com/library/adsorption/adsorption.htm#ixzz32ciKwLTl

Physically, activated carbon binds materials by van der Waals force or London dispersion force.
Activated carbon does not bind well to certain chemicals, including alcohols, glycols,
strong acids and bases, metals and most inorganics, such
as lithium, sodium, iron, lead,arsenic, fluorine, and boric acid.
Activated carbon adsorbs iodine very well. The iodine capacity, mg/g, (ASTM D28 Standard Method
test) may be used as an indication of total surface area.
Carbon monoxide is not well adsorbed by activated carbon. This should be of particular concern to
those using the material in filters for respirators, fume hoods or other gas control systems as the gas
is undetectable to the human senses, toxic to metabolism and neurotoxic.
Substantial lists of the common industrial and agricultural gases adsorbed by activated carbon can
be found online.[14]
Activated carbon can be used as a substrate for the application of various chemicals to improve the
adsorptive capacity for some inorganic (and problematic organic) compounds such as hydrogen
sulfide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), formaldehyde (HCOH), mercury (Hg) and radioactive iodine-131(131I).
This property is known as chemisorption.

Methylene blue[edit]

Some carbons have a mesopore (20 to 50 , or 2 to 5 nm) structure which adsorbs medium size
molecules, such as the dye methylene blue. Methylene blue adsorption is reported in g/100g (range
1128 g/100g).

Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal, is a form of carbon that has been
processed with oxygen to create millions of tiny pores between the carbon atoms. This
increases the surface area of the substance from 500 to 1500m2/g, or 300-2,00 square
meters per gram. One pound of activated carbon has the surface area equivalent of six
football fields.
The increased surface area of activated carbon makes the material suitable for adsorption,
a process by which impurities in substances such as fluids, vapors or gas are removed.
Impure molecules are held within the carbons internal pore structure by electrostatic
attraction or chemisorption. The adsorption process helps carbon reduce dangerous matter,
activate chemical reactions, and act as a carrier of biomass and chemicals.
Activated carbon is usually made from charcoal, but can be produced from wood, peat or
even coconut shells. There are over 150 grades of activated carbon, each with their own
uses and applications. Commercially, there are three major product groups:

Powdered activated carbon; particle size 1-150 m

Granular activated carbon, particle size 0.5-4 mm

Extruded activated carbon, partilce size 0.8-4 mm

The pore size distribution is highly important for the practical application. Ideally, the carbon
material used should have a pore structure that is larger in size than the material it is trying
to adsorb. The best fit depends on the compounds of interest, the matrix (gas, liquid) and
treatment conditions.
According to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, there are three distinct
groups of pores:

Macropores (> 50 nm diameter)

Mesopores (2-50 nm diameter)
Micropores (< 2 nm diameter)

Micropores generally contribute to the major part of the internal surface area. Macro and
mesopores can generally be regarded as the highways into the carbon particle, and are
crucial for kinetics. Macropores can be visualized using scanning electron microscopy.
The most common process is high temperature steam activation though it can also be manufactured with
chemicals. Along with the raw material, the activation process has a very large influence on the
characteristics and performance of activated carbon.
Our main line of granular activated carbons are produced by steam activation of selected grades of
pulverised and then re-agglomerated bituminous coal. Our powder activated carbon is mainly produced by
pulverisation of the final product.

Benefits of this process:

A pore structure containing a good mix of both larger transport

pores and smaller adsorption pores giving both high capacity and
good kinetics. This results in excellent adsorption in a wide range of
applications such as decolourisation and water treatment.
The transport pores between the agglomerated particles allow
the activation gases to penetrate much more within the structure of
the activated carbon. The whole granule, not just the outside, is
activated.
Combined with the high mechanical strength of the coal base,
these transport pores also give the carbon
excellent reactivation performance.
This process ensures the carbon can be rapidly wetted for easy
application in liquid phase applications.
By producing from a pulverised blend, the granules used in the
activation process are more uniform resulting in consistent high
quality products.

A surface already heavily contaminated by adsorbates is not likely to

have much capacity for additional binding. Freshly prepared
activated carbon has a clean surface. Charcoal made from roasting
wood differs from activated carbon in that its surface is
contaminated by other products, but further heating will drive off

these compounds to produce a surface with high adsorptive

capacity. Although the carbon atoms and linked carbons are most
important for adsorption, the mineral structure contributes to shape
and to mechanical strength. Spent activated carbon is regenerated
by roasting, but the thermal expansion and contraction eventually
disintegrate the structure so some carbon is lost or oxidized.
Carbonaceous materials are activated using two methods:

Steam activation
Chemical activation
Steam
Activation
Steam activation is the most widely used process to activate carbonaceous
materials. Steam activated carbons are produced in a two-stage process.
First, the raw material in the form of lumps, pre-sized material, briquettes or
extrudates is carbonized by heating in an low oxygen atmosphere so that
dehydration and devolatilization of the raw material occurs. Carbonization
reduces the volatile content of the source material to under 20%. A coke or
charcoal (depending on the raw material) is produced which has pores that
are either small or too restricted to be used as an adsorbent.
The second stage, which can take place later in the same kiln, is activation
which enlarges the pore structure, increases the internal surface area and
makes it more accessible. The carbonized product is activated with steam at
very high temperatures. The chemical reaction between the carbon and
steam takes place at the internal surface of the carbon, removing carbon
from
the
pore
walls
and
thereby
enlarging
the
pores.
The steam activation process allows the pore size to be readily altered and
carbons can be produced to suit specific end uses. The pore structure has to
be opened up more for the adsorption of small molecules from a solution, as
in water purification, than for the adsorption of large color molecules in
sugar
decolorization.
Gas phase activated carbons are more difficult and expensive to produce
than liquid phase carbon since they require a longer time inside the
activation
furnace.
Chemical
Activation
Chemical activation is generally used for the production of activated carbon

from sawdust, wood or peat. The process involves mixing an organic

chemical compound with the carbonaceous raw material, usually wood, and
carbonizing
the
resultant
mixture.
The raw material is mixed with an activating agent, usually phosphoric acid,
to swell the wood and open up the cellulose structure. The paste of raw
material and phosphoric acid is dried and then carbonized, usually in a
rotary kiln, at a relatively low temperature of 400 to 500 degree Celsius. On
carbonization, the chemical acts as a support and does not allow the
charcoal produced to shrink. It dehydrates the raw material, resulting in the
charring and amortization of the carbon, thereby creating a porous structure
and
an
extended
surface
area.
Activated carbons produced by this method have a suitable pore distribution
to be used as an adsorbent without further treatment. The process used
means that the activated carbons are acid washed carbons although they
have a lower purity than specifically acid washed steam activated carbons.
This chemical activation process normally yields a powdered activated
carbon. If granular material is required, granular raw materials are
impregnated with the activating agent and the same method is used.
Granular activated carbons (GACs) produced have a low mechanical
strength, and are not suitable for many gas phase uses. In some cases,
chemically activated carbons are given a second activation with steam to
impart additional physical properties.