International Journal of Pharmaceutical Invention

NAGA BHASMA: AN OVERVIEW

Deshmukh Smita1, Bhingare Chandrashekhar*.
1

AISSMS College of Pharmacy, Pune,Maharashtra.India. 411001, *MM College of Pharmacy,

Thergaon (Kalewadi), Pune, Maharashtra, India. 411033.
Email: cbhingare@gmail.com. Mob No.-9552569955

Abstract
In Ayurveda Lead is called as Naga. Naga bhasma (which includes lead and different
herbs) is one of such metallic preparation commonly used in various diseases such as
diaorrhea, spleen enlargement and diabetes. Though some research work has been
carried out on the different curative applications of naga bhasma such as testicular
regenerative application, comparative study of different type of naga bhasma, it is an
essential requirement to discuss its non-toxicity and therapeutic value. Naga bhasma
was found to be totally safe in histopathology study on rats at a dose of 6 mg/100
g/day. The different characterization techniques used present a role model for the
quality control and standardization of such kinds of herbo-metallic medicines. The
clinical studies of naga bhasma show no untoward effect in any of the patients during
and after the clinical study. The satiputa naga bhasma can be recommended as a
medicine and also as an adjuvent along with synthetic medicines for the management
of diabetes mellitus. The review summarizes the preparation, characterization,
comparative studies, applications, histopathological, and clinical studies of naga
bhasm.

Keywords: Shodhan, marana, bhasmikaran, histopathology, satiputa.

Introduction:

of medicines, including ayurveda make use

Herbal medicines have been important

of herbal preparations for their curative

ingredients in human life since earliest times

effects. Use of metallic herbal preparations

and it has recently acquired increasing

(also called Bhasma), in which a process

importance due to its harmless nature and

termed bhasmikarana is use to prepare the

effectiveness1. Different alternative systems

drug, is unique to the ayurveda. It is

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Bhingare Chandrashekhar et al

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believed that bhasmikarana process converts

characteristics of the drug

the metal into its specially desired chemical

d)

compound which eliminates the toxicity of

Various steps involved in the preparation of

the metal and has the necessary medicinal

bhasma (or bhasmikaran) are:

benefits 2, 3. Ayurvedic texts provide a list of

1.

Shodhan Purification

tests for the efficacy of the bhasmikarana

2.

Jaran Addition of Ashes of herbs

process. Bhasmas are inorganic form of

3.

Maran - Powdering

metal converting it into its compounds like

4.

Bhavan- Coating with herbal extract

carbonates, oxides, etc. Bhasmas of iron,

5.

Sandharan- Preservation

calcium, copper, tin, silver, gold, lead and

Selection of these steps depends on the

zinc are commonly used. They are use for

specific metal8, 9.

both, oral administration as well as external

1. Shodhan: The principle objective of

applications. They are prepared according to

Shodhan is to remove unwanted part from

the methods mentioned in the ayurvedic

the raw material and separate out impurities.

texts and the overall preparation and

Ayurveda classifies shodhan into

Enhancement of therapeutic action.

procedure involves converting the metal into

a. General process

a non-metallic form by treating the metal

b. Specific process

with herbal products and some ayurvedic

c.

General process for shodhan:

mixtures4-7.

The sheets of metals are heated till red hot

Preparation of Bhasma:

and are successively dipped into liquids like

General Procedure:

oil, buttermilk, cows urine, kanji, kulith

Bhasmikaran is a process by which a

kwatha etc. The procedure is repeated seven

substance,

times.

which

is

otherwise

bioincompatible, it made biocompatible by

b. Specific process for shodhan:

certain processes.

For some metals a specific process is

The objectives of process are:

described for shodhan e.g. for purification of

a)

Jasad, the molten mass is poured in cows

Elimination of harmful matters from

the drug

milk 21 times.

b)

2. Jaran: In this processes addition of

Modification of undesirable physical

properties of the drug

c)

Conversion of some

January 2012 Vol.2(1)

ashes of different types of herbs takes place.

of

the
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3. Maran: Maran literally means killing.

2. Iron based Bhasma: Iron nourishes

As the name suggests in maran process, a

blood, enhances vigour. It is an essential

change is

element, a part of hemoglobin playing an

brought about in the chemical

form or state of the metal. Thus there are 3

important role in oxygen transport. etc.

methods given for maran. It is carried out by

3. Zinc based bhasmas: Zinc plays a vital

heating the metal in presence of 1) mercury

role as a constituent of many enzymes in

2) plants and 3) sulfur.

the human body. More than hundred

4. Galan: The product obtained after

zinc metallo enzymes are needed in

marana process is then sifted either through

almost all stages of nucleic acid and

a fine cloth or through sieves of suitable

protein synthesis.

mesh to separate residual material larger in

4. Mercury based bhasmas: Mercury is

size.

primarily an environmental contaminant

5. Bhavan: This process is used for the

and industrial hazard known for its

coating the product obtained from galan

toxicity causing Minimata disease10.

process.

Characterization of Bhasmas:

6. Sandharan : Preservation.

Safety, efficacy and quality of a drug mainly

Types of Bhasmas:

depend on the method of preparation. To

Bhasmas are classified on the basis of colour

assess the quality of a finished product, there

and

this

should be some basic standards as well as

classification, bhasmas have been classified

methods of preparation. Inductively Coupled

as:

Argon

Silver based Bhasmas (Rajat bhasma):

Spectrometry

Rajat bhasma based on Ag, acts on the brain

Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-

and

nutritive

MS), Direct-Aspiration Or Flame Atomic

mechanism. In lower doses it acts as

Absorption Spectrometry (FLAA), Graphite

anxiolytic but in higher doses (1020

Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

mg/kg) it reduces behavioral despair.

(GFAA),

appearance.

nervous

1. Calcium

According

system

based

through

Bhasmas

to

(Praval

Plasma

(ICP-AES),

Emission
Inductively

Hydride-Generation

Atomic

Absorption Spectrometry (HGAA), Electron

bhasmas): Praval bhasmas is good

Spectroscopy

medicine in boosting the strength of

(ESCA),

bones by Ca supplements.

(PXRD),

January 2012 Vol.2(1)

Atomic

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For

Chemical

Powder

X-Ray

X-Ray

Analysis
Diffraction

Fluorescence

(XRF),
38

Bhingare Chandrashekhar et al

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Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy

Standardization of Naga Bhasma:

Dispersive X-Ray analysis (SEM-EDAX),

Naga Bhasma contains lead, various phases

Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) are the technique

of lead oxide. It may also contain various

used for characterization of bhasma

15,16

form of other heavy metals organic matter as

Classical and modern standardization

impurity that may be toxic for human health;

techniques for bhasma are as follows:

therefore, the need of standardization is

Pharmacopoeal standards for naga Bhasma

essential for its quality control and safety

by CCRAS: 11, 13.

evaluation.

Colour, Odour, Taste, Loss on drying, Loss

Lead in its most common form is a grayish

on ignition, Acid insoluble ash, Acid soluble

black metal. Lead forms two series of

ash, Water soluble extractive value, Total

compounds namely, those of bivalent (Pb++)

ash are used for standardization technique.

and quadrivalent (Pb++++)14.

Ayurvedic specifications for standardization

Arun

of naga bhasma: 12.

Standardization

Rasheed

et

al,

explains

techniques

and

the
its

17

This is a test to check the loss of the metallic

importance .

property of shine. An ideally prepared

Preliminary tests is done by the

bhasma should totally lose its shine i.e.

1. Floating test

Nishchandrika.

2. Fineness test

When bhasma is spread between index

3. Loss of metallic luster

finger and thumb, it should be so fine as to

4. Loss of metallic state18.

get easily into lines and crevices of the

Physicochemical evaluation

fingers i.e. Rekhapurita.

The various physicochemical evaluation

When small quantity is spread on cold and

include colour, odour, pH, taste, fineness,

still water, it should float on the surface i.e.

loss on drying, total ash, acid insoluble ash,

Varitaratwa.

water soluble ash and particle size mesh

The bhasma should not revert to the original

test.18-21 Tests for heavy/toxic metals should

state i.e.

be carried out for standard formulation and

Apunarbhava: Mitrapanchak

their permissible limits as per WHO / FDA

Niruttha - Rajat test

is given in lead 10.0 ppm.19,20,21,22.

Smokeless on heating i.e. Nirdhoom.

Microbiological evaluation

Tasteless i.e. Niswadu.

The various microbiological evaluations

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include total viable aerobic count, total

In view of high demand for the use of

Enterobacteriaceae and total fungal count,

bhasma.

test

coli,

formulation, there is an urgent need to bring

Salmonella spp. S. aureus, Pseudomonas

about standardization of their preparation

aeruginosa.23, 24.

process and the end product. In this article,

Analytical evaluation

an attempt has been made to bring forth the

Analytical evaluation of Naga bhasma was

importance of standardization of bhasma and

done by using various analytical instruments

the

like

microbiological and analytical methods

1. EDX-SEM Chemical nature, size and

available for standardization.

for

specific

pathogen:

E.

morphology of particles
2. TEM,

AFM

herbo-mineral

various

ayurvedic

physicochemical,

Pravin Tate, Patgiri B.J. et,al explains

Particle

size,

size

distribution
3. EPMA

The

standardization of naga bhasm for shodhana

process, Takra (butter milk) was prepared

Distribution

of

individual

with the reference of Sushruta Sutra (45/85).

elements

It is acidic in nature and used for Samanya

4. XRD Phase analysis

Shodhana of Naga. As Naga Bhasma was

5. XRF, PIXE Analysis Bulk chemical

intended to use on Madhumeha which is

analysis after making pellets Detecting

Meda and Kaphapradhana Vataja disorder,

metal as element

butter was separated from Takra, to impart

6. ESCA Electronic Nature and oxidation

Ruksha quality to Naga through Samskara

state of metal

(Dhalana). Kanji and Arnal are used as

7. Single crystal XRD To confirm exact

molecular

structure

of

synonyms. So for Samanya Shodhana, Kanji

crystalline

intermediates or products

preparation mentioned in Vigyanabodhini.

8. Extraction and Chromatography To

pH of the Kanji is observed to be in between

extract out organic matter if any

2.5 to 3.0 which may be taken as a standard

9. HPLC, NMR, IR, MALDI & ESI - MS

parameter along with other parameters like

Characterization of organic matter

10. Wet

inorganic

analysis,

was prepared by general reference of kanji

yellowish colour, sour acidic taste and

Anion

typical sour odour. Kulattha Kwatha was

and cation analysis AAS or Ion

prepared by general reference of Kwatha

chromatography25, 26, 27.

preparation mentioned in Sharangadhara

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Samhita. It is an acidic medium and is used

again, liquid media evaporates first which

for Samanya Shodhana of naga. It may

cause delay in rise of temperature. Although

impart Tikshna and Bhedana properties to

naga, which gets converted into powder

naga, which in turn may break the Samprapti

form (PbO) during Shodhana, has melting

of the disease. Naga was heated and after

point 888C28.

melting it was poured for 7 times in Tila

Studies on naga bhasma

Taila, Takra, Gomutra, Kanji and Kulattha

Sing Maksoodan et al. studies on testicular

Kwatha in order. The order of quenching is

regenerative potential of naga bhasma. Naga

changed by various acharyas , so the exact

Bhasma is used in various ailments and also

reason behind the particular sequence is not

as tonic in ayurvedic practice, it has been

explainable.

was

mentioned in ayurvedic literature that this

observed that 1 L of the media was

drug has regenerative action on testicular

sufficient for complete immersion of 1 kg

tissue. It was observed that the test drug

naga. The amount depends upon the

when given simultaneously with Cdcl2

diameter of the vessel in which naga is to be

showed marked prevention of toxic effects

quenched. Naga acquired silver luster after

of Cdcl2 and when given alone after 36

each quenching. This may be because

hours of Cdcl2 administration, showed a

impurities of naga may get attracted towards

noticeable regenerative potential on partially

the chemical components present in the

degenerated testes. It has showed specific

media forming a bond with them. Thus they

regenerative effect on germinal epithelium

may get separated. So each time new liquid

of testes. Cdcl2 is toxic to testicular germinal

media should be taken. Liquid media may

epithelium and its effects can be minimized

also impart certain qualities like Sukshma

by naga bhasma. It has regenerative

etc. which improve the quality of Bhasma.

potential also, in higher doses the drug is

Intense heating and sudden dipping may

very effective, thus these findings are well

cause change in physical as well as chemical

collaborated with the ayurvedic concept of

properties of Naga making it suitable for

vrishya property of naga bhasma29.

Bhasma formation. This powdered Naga

Mrudula Wadekar et al did comparative

absorbs the liquid media during quenching.

study of some commercial sample of naga

The liquid media forms a layer around the

bhasma. Naga bhasma is one of those

metallic naga. When this naga is heated

reputed ayurvedic bhasmas which are

During

quenching it

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Bhingare Chandrashekhar et al

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claimed to possess some extraordinary

bhasma

medical properties. Because at present naga

processes

bhasma

preparation must

is

ayurvedic

manufacture
pharmacies,

by
by

different
following

indicates

that, the ayurvedic

performed
be

only destroy its toxic

standardized either from chemical and

impart

structural

properties

of

view.

bringing

its
about

some radical changes in lead, which not

different methods, these products are not

point

during

Therefore,

nature

extraordinary
ascribed

but

medicinal

to naga bhasma.

comparative study of these samples using

Devanathan R, et al explains the concept of

modern analytical techniques was done. In

bhasmikaran process by using electric

this communication, such study of naga

muffle furnace used to attain better heating

bhasma from chemical and structural point

result and superior quality of finished

of view is reported by using XRD, IR, UV

product. This method controls the heat

spectroscopy and thermogravimetry30. Naga

system resulting better yield of product by

bhasma,

avoiding heat loss33.

which

is

obtained

from

metallic lead, is a miraculous ayurvedic

Clinical studies:

drug. Its significant medicinal properties

Chaube Anjana, et al explains a novel

include31,

basic

ayurvedic anti diabetic medicine, ayurveda

human metabolism (ii) excellent remedy

has elaborately emphasized the rasayana

against chronic

to

effect of naga bhasma. Therefore, the drug

and

may be effective, chiefly by acting as

(iii) antidiabetic activity, and

rasayana specially in providing a sense of

a powerful tonic in diabetic

well being. It is helpful in enhancement of

weakness as well as diabetic coma (iv)

the immunity, so the patient does not feel

recovery

any

32

. (i)improvement

hyperacidity

stomach enlargement
hysteria
utility

as

from

acceleration
formation

of

of
and

epilepsy

chronic
the

due

paralysis

process

(v)

of bone

suffering

which

he

must

have

experienced earlier. Reduction in blood

bone strengthening (vi)

sugar

and

they

were

taking

other

testicular regenerative potential. According

hypoglycemic also along with sastiputa naga

to the modern science, lead and lead

bhasma. 50% patients, those on Sastiputa

compounds are toxic to human health.

Naga Bhasma alone, showed reduction in

Therefore,

some

blood sugar, About 25% of the patients who

extraordinary medicinal properties in naga

were taking both synthetic hypoglycaemics

manifestation

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Bhingare Chandrashekhar et al

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as well as satiputa naga bhasma, had

animals was treated by Naga bhasma (6

hypoglycaemia while previously they had no

mg/100 g per day). The dose is based on the

control on blood sugar when they were

human dose. According to the human dose

using only synthetic drugs, So they were

(i.e. 125 mg/50 Kg for a healthy human) the

advised to reduce or discontinue the intake

dose for animal is 0.25 mg/100 g per day. A

of those drugs. After administration of only

higher

sastiputa nag bhasma alone hypoglycaemic

experimentation) of 6 mg/100 g of body

effects in the patients were not observed.

weight per day has been tried for the toxicity

Serum

study. These experiments were carried out

creatinine,

blood

urea,

urine

dose

(adopted

40

the

animal

constituents and microscopic elements were

continuously

not affected during and after the clinical

histopathological study, samples of the

trial. The satiputa naga bhasma can be

organs of all the three groups were collected,

recommended as a medicine and also as an

fixed with 4% formaldehyde, dehydrated

adjuvent along with synthetic medicines for

with ascending grades of alcohol and then

34

for

in

days.

For

the management of diabetes mellitus .

embedded in paraffin (melting point 58-

Histopathological studies:

60). From these blocks, 0.5m transverse

S.K.Sing.et

al.

report

synthesis,

sections were cut on rotary microtome and

characterization and histopathological study

the sections were stained by haematoxylin

of a lead-based Indian traditional drug: Naga

and observed under microscope on different

Bhasma, Histopathology study of skin, small

magnifications.

intestine, pancreas, testis, brain, lung,

were observed in histology as well as

kidney, and liver was performed on CF rats.

normal anatomy of the skin, small intestine,

For this study, fifteen CF rats (both male

pancreas, testis, brain, lung, kidney and liver

and female of nearly same weight) were

in bhasma-treated and untreated groups of

distributed in three groups each group

animals, while in case of crude lead treated

contained 5 animals of both sexes of weight

group of animals significant changes in

varying from 100-175 g. The first group of

certain organs were observed. Pneumonic

animals were kept as control (untreated

extensive changes in lung of crude lead

animals). The second group of animals was

treated rats are clearly visible. Similarly

treated by crude lead (6 mg/100 g of body

cloudy swelling and congestions in kidney,

weight per day) and the third group of

congestions

January 2012 Vol.2(1)

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in

No significant changes

spleen

and

liver

and
43

Bhingare Chandrashekhar et al

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astrocytic proliferation in cerebrum (brain)

academic and research interest. It is also

were also seen in lead treated animals.

necessary to ensure that there is no toxicity

Preliminary studies shows no significant

resulting from the addition of metals in large

changes in super oxide dismutase activity

quantities in herbo-mineral preparations36.

(SOD), protein, alkaline phosphatase, SGOT

Conclusion:

(serum

glutamate

For preparation of good quality Naga

SGPT

(serum

oxalo

transaminase),
pyruvate

Bhasma processes like. Shodhana, Jarana,

transaminase), creatinine, lipid peroxidase,

Bhavana and Putapaka are very important.

serum urea in Naga bhasma-treated and

From the study that has been carried out, it

untreated rat groups. Thus, histopathological

is concluded that in order to develop quality

studies show that Naga bhasma is non-toxic

product there is need to included modern

(6 mg/100 g/day), while crude lead (6

technology

into

mg/100 g/day) is highly toxic. Thus it

Particularly,

for

appears that in bhasmikarana process the

analytical

crude lead is converted into Naga bhasma,

Techniques of Standardization of Bhasma37,

which is found to be non-toxic at lower

38

dosages35.

Inductively coupled argon plasma atomic

Toxicity of bhasma:

emission

Acute oral toxicity is the adverse effects

AES),Inductively coupled plasma mass

occurring within a short period of time after

spectrometry (ICP-MS), Direct-aspiration or

oral administration of either a single dose of

flame

a substance or multiple doses given within a

(FLAA), Graphite furnace atomic absorption

24hour period. An evaluation of acute

spectrometry (GFAA), Hydride-generation

toxicity data should include the relationship,

atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAA),

if any, between the exposure of animals to

Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis

the test substance and the incidence and

(ESCA),

Powder

severity of all abnormalities, including

(PXRD),

X-ray

behavioral

abnormalities.

Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy

Studied on effect of metals during the

Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (SEM-EDAX),

process of preparation of Bhasma for

Infrared Spectroscopy (IR).

and

glutamate

clinical

traditional
metal

techniques

Instrumental

system.

preparations
like

Modern

techniques

includes:

spectrometry

atomic

absorption

X-Ray

(ICP-

spectrometry

Diffraction

fluorescence

(XRF),

ayurvedic medicine is of considerable

January 2012 Vol.2(1)

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Bhingare Chandrashekhar et al

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7. Svoboda RE, editor. Prakriti: Your

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