Sie sind auf Seite 1von 19

MSE 321

MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR
OF MATERIALS
Yahya K. Tr

GYTE rencileri tarafndan oaltlmasnda


saknca yoktur

Things to Know
Course hours: Friday 9:00 -12:00
Office hours: Wednesday 16:00-17:00
Room :
MLZ 221,
Phone:
605 2640
Sources

: A comprehensive list will be given at the end of the lecture

In Turkish: Malzemelerin yaps ve mekanik davranlar, Kayal ve


imenolu, T Kimya Metalurji Fakltesi
Grading :

Midterm (35 %) + Final (55 %) + Attendance (10 %)

One A4 sheet hand written notes is permitted in the exams.


Second sheet and photocopied sheets are to be collected.

GYTE rencileri tarafndan oaltlmasnda


saknca yoktur

Mechanical Behaviour of Materials


Objective: Macro and micro mechanical behaviour of materials under the
influence of external forces
Part I Mechanical fundamentals
Stress and strain relationships of elastic behaviour

Plastic deformation
Part II Metallurgical fundamentals
Plastic deformation of single crystals

Dislocation theory
Strengthening mechanisms
Fracture and Fatigue

Part III
Mechanical behaviour of ceramics
Mechanical behaviour of polymers.
GYTE rencileri tarafndan oaltlmasnda
saknca yoktur

Common
States
of
Stress
Simple tension: cable
F

A o = cross sectional
area (when unloaded)

F
s=
Ao

s
Ski lift

(photo courtesy
P.M. Anderson)

Torsion (a form of shear): drive shaft

Ac
M

Fs

Ao
Fs
t =
Ao

2R

Note: t = M r/Jo here.

GYTE rencileri tarafndan oaltlmasnda


saknca yoktur

OTHER COMMON STRESS STATES (1)

Simple compression:

Ao

Canyon Bridge, Los Alamos, NM


(photo courtesy P.M. Anderson)

Balanced Rock, Arches


National Park
(photo courtesy P.M. Anderson)

F
s=
Ao

GYTE rencileri tarafndan oaltlmasnda


saknca yoktur

Note: compressive
structure member
(s < 0 here).

OTHER COMMON STRESS STATES (2)

Bi-axial tension:

Hydrostatic compression:

Pressurized tank
(photo courtesy
P.M. Anderson)

Fish under water

>0
sz > 0

s h< 0

GYTE rencileri tarafndan oaltlmasnda


saknca yoktur

(photo courtesy
P.M. Anderson)

Why failure in materials


Seven of the Liberty Ships built during
the world war II has broken completely
in two as a result of brittle fractures.
Over 1000 of approximately 5000
merchant ships built during World War
II had developed cracks of considerable
size by 1946.

Failure of Liberty Ships during services in


World War II.
GYTE rencileri tarafndan oaltlmasnda
saknca yoktur

Why failure in materials


The bridge building industry did not
pay particular attention to the

possibility of brittle failure until the


failure of Point Pleasant bridge in 1967.
The bridge collapsed without

warning, costing 46 lives.


Collapse of Point Pleasant suspension
bridge, West Virginia, on December 15, 1967.

GYTE rencileri tarafndan oaltlmasnda


saknca yoktur

Why failure in materials


The aircraft was used for interisland
transportation for 19 years before failed.

Failure has been attributed to


multiple-site-damage.

Failed fuselage of the Aloha 737 aircraft in 1988.

GYTE rencileri tarafndan oaltlmasnda


saknca yoktur

Material property assessments


Hardness :

Micro/Macro hardness tests


Strength, Ductility (elongation, reduction of area):
Tension tests
Torsion:
Torsion tests
Toughness (resistance to failure) :
Impact tests; Fracture toughness tests
Fatigue:
S-N fatigue tests;Fatigue crack growth tests

Creep (elevated temperature strength):


Creep tests
GYTE rencileri tarafndan oaltlmasnda
saknca yoktur

Hardness tests
Hardness is a property which is a measure of a resistance to
permanent or plastic deformation.
Large hardness means:
--resistance to plastic deformation or cracking in compression.
--better wear properties.

most
plastics

brasses
Al alloys

easy to machine
steels

file hard

cutting
tools

increasing hardness

GYTE rencileri tarafndan oaltlmasnda


saknca yoktur

nitrided
steels

diamond

Stress-Strain Testing (Tensile Test)


Typical tensile
specimen

Typical tensile test


machine

extensometer

specimen

Adapted from
Fig. 6.2,
Callister 7e.

gauge
length

Adapted from Fig. 6.3, Callister 7e. (Fig. 6.3 is taken from H.W. Hayden,
W.G. Moffatt, and J. Wulff, The Structure and Properties of Materials, Vol.
III, Mechanical Behavior, p. 2, John WileyGYTE
and rencileri
Sons, New tarafndan
York, 1965.)oaltlmasnda
saknca yoktur

Yield Strength, sy
Stress at which noticeable plastic deformation has
occurred.
when ep = 0.002

tensile stress, s

sy

sy = yield strength
Note: for 50 mm sample
e = 0.002 = z/z
z = 0.1 mm

engineering strain, e
e p = 0.002

Adapted from Fig. 6.10 (a),


Callister 7e.
GYTE rencileri tarafndan oaltlmasnda
saknca yoktur

Tensile
Strength,
TS
Maximum stress on engineering stress-strain curve.
Adapted from Fig. 6.11,
Callister 7e.

TS

F = fracture or
ultimate
strength

engineering
stress

sy

Typical response of a metal

strain
engineering strain
Metals: occurs when noticeable necking starts.
Polymers: occurs when polymer backbone chains are

aligned and about to break.

GYTE rencileri tarafndan oaltlmasnda


saknca yoktur

Neck acts
as stress
concentrator

Impact Tets

Measure toughness of materials


in terms of energy absorption.
Specimen is impacted by a hammer and the
energy absorbed during fracture is measured
in Joule.

GYTE rencileri tarafndan oaltlmasnda


saknca yoktur

Fracture mechanics
Resistance of materials to crack
propagation (to failure).
Crack propagation can be
predicted before failure.
Material will fail when the
stress intensity factor K
reaches the critical value KC.

GYTE rencileri tarafndan oaltlmasnda


saknca yoktur

Fatigue tests
Material is subjected to a repetitive or

fluctuating stress (cyclic loading) and will fail at


a stress level much lower than that causes
failure in statistic loading.
Parameters:
Fracture life (fatigue strength)
Fatigue crack growth resistance
Paris exponent (m)
Fatigue threshold (Kth)

GYTE rencileri tarafndan oaltlmasnda


saknca yoktur

Stresses in fatigue loading

To Improve Material Properties

GYTE rencileri tarafndan oaltlmasnda


saknca yoktur

Main references
Hibbeler, R.C. Mechanics of materials, 2005, SI second edition,
Person Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-186-638-9.
Callister, W. D. Jr. , Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction,
2007, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. , ISBN-13: 978-0-471-73696-7

Dieter, G.E., Mechanical metallurgy, 1988, SI metric edition,


McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-100406-8.
Meyers, M. A. and Chawla, K. K., Mechanical Behavior of Materials,
2009, Cambridge University Press, ISBN-13 978-0-521-86675-0
Rsler, J. , Harders , H., Baeker M., Mechanical Behaviour of Engineering
Materials 2007, Springer, ISBN 978-3-540-73446-8
Hertzberg, R. W., Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of Engineering
Materials, 1995, Wiley; 4 edition, ISBN-13: 978-0471012146
Udomphol, T., Mechanical Metallurgy lecture notes,
http://www.sut.ac.th/engineering/Metal/courses/mechmet.html
GYTE rencileri tarafndan oaltlmasnda saknca yoktur

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen