7 Rock Strength 12s Online

OUTLINE
Applied
Geotechnics
TUNNEL DEISIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
Rock Strength
Rock Excavation
Rock Tunnelling
(ROCK STRENGTH)
Dr Hadi Khabbaz
Email: hadi.khabbaz@uts.edu.au
Room 2.511B
ROCKS
Igneous
Sedimentary
QUIZ
Metamorphic
1. Which of the following rocks is sedimentary:

a) Limestone
b) Gneiss
c) Granite
Basalt
Conglomerate
d) Basalt
Marble
2. Which of the following igneous rocks is intrusive:

a) Tuff
b) Basalt
c) Granite
d) Obsidian
Granite
Sandstone
Quartzite
Obsidian
Shale
3. Which of the following rocks has the highest strength:

a) Sandstone b) Shale c) Basalt
d) Not possible to say
http://www.uwm.edu/Course/422-100/Mineral_Rocks
Rock Strength
z
Rock
Strength
Rock failure:
Mainly shear failure (oblique failure
plane under unconfined compression
test)
Rock Strength
Rock Strength
z
Rock failure:
Two aspects of rock strength
Aspects of Rock Strength
Strength of Intact Rock
Strength of Rock Mass
Strength of a sample
of rock itself
the rock sample is a

small part of rock mass
Mainly shear failure (oblique failure plane under unconfined compression test)
Strength of intact rock (strength of a sample of rock itself)
Strength of a large piece of rock is usually weaker than
the strength of small pieces of rock tested in the lab.
This is due to the presence of large scale joints,
discontinuities, and fractures
Strength of rock mass (of which the sample is a small part)
Rock Strength
z
Strength of Intact Rocks
Rock failure:
Stress

Depends
on strength of component minerals and the way they are

bound together (cementation, interlocking)
Different test apparatus
Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS)
Point Load
Brazilian
Ring Shear
Triaxial
Schmidt Hammer: Spring loaded hammer, used in the field
Water pressure acts in opposition to confining stress.

Greatly reduces strength of weak, porous
sedimentary rocks.
But minimal effect on strong rocks with low porosity.
Peak strength
Typical brittle rock failure
Yield point
Dry condition
Residual strength
Re- loading
Increased pore water pressure
Unloading
Depends
on many factors: fracture conditions, fracture spacing,

fracture orientation, material variety, groundwater, and intact rock
strength
Strain
Residual
strain strain
Residual

Stress
More ductile failure when confined
Dry condition
Shear
stress
Peak strength
Typical brittle rock failure
Failure line
Shear strength at
Yield point
Dry condition
Residual strength
normal stress N
Increased pore water pressure
Strain
3=0
1=qu
Normal
stress

z
Rock failure:
Shear
stress
Depends

Failure line

Point Load
Brazilian
Ring Shear
Triaxial
Schmidt Hammer
Depends on many factors: fracture conditions, fracture spacing,

strength
Strength recognition and description:

> 200
Firm hammering to break
Strong rock
100 200
Break by hammer in hand
Moderately strong rock
50 -100
Dent with hammer pick
Moderately weak rock
10 50
Cannot cut by hand
Weak rock
1.5 10
Crumbles under pick blows
Very weak rock
0.6 1.5
Break by hand
Very stiff soil
0.3 0.6
Indent by fingernail
Stiff soil
0.15 0.3
Cannot mould in fingers
Firm soil
0.08 0.15
Mould by fingers
Soft soil
0.04 0.08
Mould easily in fingers
Very soft soil
< 0.04
Exudes between fingers
Typical values of strength of intact rocks:
Rock failure:
Granite
Basalt
2.7
2.9
1
2
Greywacke
Sandstone - Carboniferous
Sandstone - Triassic
Limestone - Carboniferous
Limestone - Jurassic
Chalk
Mudstone - Carboniferous
Shale Carboniferous
Clay Cretaceous
Coal
Gypsum
Salt
Hornfels
Marble
Schist
2.6
2.2
1.9
2.6
2.3
1.8
2.3
2.3
1.8
1.4
2.2
2.1
2.7
2.6
2.7
3
12
25
3
15
30
10
15
30
10
5
5
1
1
3
Applies
Largely

Depends
on many factors: fracture conditions, fracture spacing,

strength
160
50
10
90
15
5
20
5
15
5
1
10
2
0.3
1
0.5
2
2
1
10
2
30
15
4
30
5
3
0.7
32
to fractured rock mass in the ground.

related to the defects in rock mass:
Fractures, Seams, Joints

Degree of weathering
Depends

Point Load
Brazilian
Ring Shear
Triaxial
Schmidt Hammer
180
70
20
100
25
15
40
20
2
30
25
12
250
100
60
Shear
strength
(MPa)
35
40
Strength of rock mass:

Dry UCS Saturated Tensile

(mean)
UCS
strength
(MPa)
(MPa)
(MPa)
200
15
250
15
Density Porosity
(t/m3)
(%)
Rock type

z

z
Rock / Soil description UCS (MPa) Field properties

Very strong rock
1=qu
Normal
stress

z
3 3
3=0 3
Also
related to the quality rating of rock mass.
Rock mass rating:
Typical measure:
Rock
Very
Core length > 10 cm Very
unfavourable
favourable
Quality Designation (RQD)
=
Length drilled
If RQD > 70%, generally sound rock

Fracture
conditions
Potential
slide
Roughness influences strength.

Fracture infills (often a clay gouge) may lower strength and increase
increase
settlement.
Fracture
orientation
Orientation

z
Core Box
Rock mass classification:
Recognise cumulative effect of different geological

features.
Classification is based on an accumulation of weighted

values (ratings) given to selected geological features.
RMR (Rock Mass Rating), a measure of rock mass

quality, is calculated as sum of the ratings.
Rock masses are classified based on their RMR value.
Approximate properties of rock masses can be found

based on their classification.
Rock Mass Rating (RMR) can be determined

based on 6 ratings of 6 parameters:
Rock Mass Rating (RMR)

Parameter
2. Rock Quality Designation (RQD)
Intact rock UCS, MPa

Rating 1
RQD (%)
Rating 2
3. Spacing of Discontinuities
Mean fracture spacing

Rating 3
1. Uniaxial Compression Strength (UCS)
Fracture conditions
Rating 4
4. Condition of the Discontinuities
Ground water state

Rating 5
Fracture orientation
Rating 6
5. Groundwater Conditions
6. Fracture Orientation
(Geomechanics system)
Assessment of values and rating

>250
15
>90
20
100-250
12
75-90
17
50-100
7
50-75
13
25-50
4
25-50
8
>2 m
20
0.6-2 m
15
0.2-0.6 m
10
60-200mm
8
Rough tight Open<1mm Weathered Gouge<5mm

30
25
20
10
Dry
Damp
15
10
v. Favourable Favourable
0
-2
Wet
7
Fair
-7
1-25
1
<25
3
<60mm
5
Gouge>5mm
0
Dripping
Flowing
4
0
Unfavourable v. Unfavourable
-15
-25
RMR is the sum of these SIX ratings.
RMR = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 + R5 + R6
Example 1

Rock Mass Classification and Properties
Class
Description
RMR
Friction angle, , (o)
Cohesion (kPa)
SBP (MPa)
Safe cut slope (o)
Tunnel support
Stand up time for span
I
II
III
IV
V
Very good Good rock Fair rock
Poor rock
Very poor
rock
rock
80<20
80-100
60402060-80
40-60
20-40
>45
352515<15
35-45
25-35
15-25
>100
300200100<100
300-400
200-300
100-200
10
4- 6
1- 2
0.5
<0.2
>70
65
55
45
<40
None
Spot bolts Pattern bolts Bolt+shotcrete Steel ribs
20 yr for 15m 1 yr for 10m 1wk for 5 m
SBP:: Safe Bearing Pressure
12h for 2 m
30min for 1m
Rock coring commences at a depth of 4.5m under the surface

and when the hole depth is 7.0m the rock core is examined. The
total length of rock core extracted is 2.5m. The distance to
fractures (measured in metres from one end on the core) are:
0.31, 0.35, 0.57, 0.62, 1.84, 1.88, 1.92, 1.95, and 2.0..
What is the rock quality designation (RQD) for this rock ?
Core length > 10 cm
RQD =
Length drilled
Length of different segments (m):
0.31, 0.04, 0.22, 0.05, 1.22, 0.04, 0.04, 0.03, 0.05, 0.5
Total length of the segments > 10cm:

0.31+ 0.22 + 1.22 + 0.5 = 2.25 m
2 .25
RQD =
= 0 .9 = 90 %
2 .50
Example 2
Rock coring commences at a depth of 4.5m under the surface
and when the hole depth is 7.2m the rock core is examined. The
total length of rock core extracted is 2.5m. The distance to
fractures (measured in metres from one end on the core) are:
0.31, 0.35, 0.57, 0.62, 1.84, 1.88, 1.92, 1.95, and 2.0.
What is the rock quality designation for this rock ?
Core length > 10 cm
RQD =
Length drilled
Length of different segments (m):
0.31, 0.04, 0.22, 0.05, 1.22, 0.04, 0.04, 0.03, 0.05, 0.5
Example 3
A damp sandstone (Triassic) has RQD=55%
with tight fracture spacing of 0.8m - 1.2m.
What is the RMR for this rock?
What is the safe bearing pressure of the rock
mass?
Total length of the segments > 10cm:

0.31+ 0.22 + 1.22 + 0.5 = 2.25 m
2 .25
RQD =
= 0 .833 = 83 %
2 .70

UCS = 15 MPa
A damp sandstone (Triassic)

Density Porosity
(t/m3)
(%)
Rock type
Granite
Basalt
2.7
2.9
1
2
Greywacke
Sandstone - Carboniferous
Sandstone - Triassic
Limestone - Carboniferous
Limestone - Jurassic
Chalk
Mudstone - Carboniferous
Shale Carboniferous
Clay Cretaceous
Coal
Gypsum
Salt
Hornfels
Marble
Schist
2.6
2.2
1.9
2.6
2.3
1.8
2.3
2.3
1.8
1.4
2.2
2.1
2.7
2.6
2.7
3
12
25
3
15
30
10
15
30
10
5
5
1
1
3
Dry UCS Saturated Tensile

(mean)
UCS
strength
(MPa)
(MPa)
(MPa)
200
15
250
15
180
70
20
100
25
15
40
20
2
30
25
12
250
100
60
160
50
10
90
15
5
20
5
Shear
strength
(MPa)
35
40
15
5
1
10
2
0.3
1
0.5
2
2
1
30
15
4
30
5
3
0.7
Parameter
>250
15
100-250
12
50-100
7
25-50
4
1-25
1
RQD (%)
Rating
>90
20
75-90
17
50-75
13
25-50
8
<25
3

Rating
>2 m
20
0.6-2 m
15
0.2-0.6 m
10
60-200mm
8
<60mm
5
Fracture conditions
Rating
Rough tight
30
Ground water state

Rating
Dry
15
Rating
10
2

100-250
12
50-100
7
25-50
4
1-25
1
RQD (%)
Rating
>90
20
75-90
17
50-75
13
25-50
8
<25
3

Rating
>2 m
20
0.6-2 m
15
0.2-0.6 m
10
60-200mm
8
<60mm
5
Ground water state

Rating
Rating
Dry
15
Open<1mm Weathered Gouge<5mm

25
20
10
Damp
10
0
-2
Wet
7
Fair
-7
0
-2
Parameter
>250
15
Rough tight
30
Damp
10
Wet
7
Fair
-7
Gouge>5mm
0
Dripping
4
Flowing
0
-15
-25
Fracture spacing of 0.8m - 1.2m

Rating
Fracture conditions
Rating

25
20
10
32
RQD = 55%
Parameter

Rating
Dripping
4
Gouge>5mm
0
Flowing
0
-15
-25

Rating
>250
15
100-250
12
50-100
7
25-50
4
1-25
1
RQD (%)
Rating
>90
20
75-90
17
50-75
13
25-50
8
<25
3
0.6-2 m
15
0.2-0.6 m
10
60-200mm
8

Rating
>2 m
20
Fracture conditions
Rating
Rough tight
30
Ground water state

Rating
Dry
15
Rating

25
20
10
Damp
10
0
-2
Wet
7
Fair
-7
Dripping
4
<60mm
5
Gouge>5mm
0
Flowing
0
-15
-25
Tight fracture
Parameter
Groundwater State: Damp
Parameter

Rating
>250
15
100-250
12
50-100
7
25-50
4
1-25
1

Rating
>250
15
100-250
12
50-100
7
25-50
4
1-25
1
RQD (%)
Rating
>90
20
75-90
17
50-75
13
25-50
8
<25
3
RQD (%)
Rating
>90
20
75-90
17
50-75
13
25-50
8
<25
3

Rating
>2 m
20
0.6-2 m
15
0.2-0.6 m
10
60-200mm
8
<60mm
5

Rating
>2 m
20
0.6-2 m
15
0.2-0.6 m
10
60-200mm
8
<60mm
5
Fracture conditions
Rating
Rough tight
30
Ground water state

Rating
Dry
15
Rating

25
20
10
Damp
10
0
-2
Wet
7
Fair
-7
Gouge>5mm
0
Fracture conditions
Rating
Rough tight
30
Flowing
0
Ground water state

Rating
Dry
15
Dripping
4
-15
-25
Rating

25
20
10
Damp
10
0
-2
Wet
7
Fair
-7
Dripping
4
Gouge>5mm
0
Flowing
0
-15
-25
Fracture Orientation Unknown (Fair)

Parameter

Rating
>250
15
100-250
12
50-100
7
25-50
4
1-25
1
RQD (%)
Rating
>90
20
75-90
17
50-75
13
25-50
8
<25
3

Rating
>2 m
20
0.6-2 m
15
0.2-0.6 m
10
60-200mm
8
<60mm
5
Fracture conditions
Rating
Ground water state
Rating
Rating
Rough tight
30
Dry
15

25
20
10
Damp
10
0
-2
Wet
7
Fair
-7
Gouge>5mm
0
Dripping
4
Flowing
0
-15
-25
Parameter
Intact rock UCS = 15 MPa (damp rock)
RQD = 55%
Fracture spacing = 0.8 - 1.2m
Fracture conditions: tight
Ground water: damp
Fracture orientation: unknown
RMR
Rating
1
13
15
30
10
-7
62
Solution
RMR = 62
Class
I
II
Very good Good rock
rock
8080-100
6060-80
Description
RMR
Friction angle, , (o)
Cohesion (kPa)
SBP (MPa)
Safe cut slope (o)
Tunnel support
Stand up time for span
>45
>100
10
>70
None
III
Fair rock
IV
Poor rock
4040-60
2020-40
35251535-45
25-35
15-25
300200100300-400
200-300
100-200
4- 6
1- 2
0.5
65
55
45
Spot bolts Pattern bolts Bolt+shotcrete
20 yr for 15m 1 yr for 10m 1wk for 5 m
12h for 2 m
V
Very poor
rock
<20
<15
<100
<0.2
<40
Steel ribs
30min for 1m
Rock
Excavation
Class II
Safe Bearing Pressure (SBP) 4 - 6 MPa
Rock Excavation
Rock Excavation
Selection of Excavation Methods
Methods depends on rock strength & fracture density
Unconfined compressive strength (MPa)

1
Inclined
50
100 200
Blast to Fracture
II
0.6
100
90
III
Blast to loosen
IV
0.2
75
V & Soil
25
0.06
Rip
Dig
0.02
0.1
3
10
0.3
1
Point load strength (MPa)
Cut Slope in Rock

Weathered
rock can be cut vertically
Better
10
Cut Slope in Rock

Sound
RQD
Direct excavation::
Possible in fractured rock mass of class V.
Face shovel, backhoe, clamp shell grab, and draglines
may be used.
Ripping:
Stronger rocks of class IV, needed to break up
slightly.
Tractor mounted ripper, jack hammer.
Blasting:
Strong or less fractured rocks of class III and better.
Jack hammer, drilling, under charged blasting,
blasting, grinding and sawing.
Fracture spacing (m)
to use 10o rake and benches at 10m intervals
undercut slopes in strong sandstone and

limestone.
Hillside
fractures are main hazard:
shale beds are hazardous:
May
excavation
May
undercut unstable weathered rocks and old

landslides.
30o-70o
Notably dipping
Dips > 50o normally require cutting back to clean

bedding fracture.
Stable
slopes may become unstable in long

term due to: (1) poor drainage or (2) structural
loading.
Floor
heave is possible but rare.
Cut Slope in Rock
Slope Support
Reinforced earth
Stable Cutting Slopes in Rocks

Material
Gabion wall
Slope (o)
20
40
60
80
90
Suspended netting
Strong igneous rocks

Strong metamorphics
Dental masonry
Strong limestones
Weak limestones
Anchored wall
Reinforced shotcrete
Chalk
Strong sandstones
Weak sandstones
Mudstone
Pattern bolting
Shale
Heavily fractured rocks
Rock trap
Weathered rock & soil

1:3
1:2
1:1
Batter
2:1
3:1 5:1
Face Support Methods
Rock Tunnelling
Main
Tunnelling
in
Rocks
methods:
Drill and Blast:

In any rock, for all large caverns
Road Header:
In weathered rock < 60 MPa UCS. (up to 100 MPa
using new equipment)
Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM)

In weak rock & long tunnel, up to 9m diameter, high
advance rate.
Raise borer
Shaft borer
Rock Tunnelling
Rock Tunnelling
Problems:
Faults
Groundwater
Over break
Ground squeezing (in weak rocks)
Rock bursts (depth > 600 m)
Swelling ground
High temperature
Stress reduction (in roof)
Stress increase (in walls)
Support Systems in Tunnels
Summary
Rock class
<V
IV
III
II
50
Equivalent dimension (m)
Inappropriate
(i) Intact rock
20
10
Cas
t co
ete
ncr
2
1
lt a
Bo
nd
1. What are the main aspects of rock strength?
re
fib
cre
te
lt
Bo
d
an
sh
c
ot
re
te
Pa
o
nb
ter
ltin
lt
bo
ot
Sp
(ii) Rock mass
ing
2. What are the different methods of rock

excavation?
upp
no s
ort
3. What are the main rock tunnelling methods,

problems and support systems?
0.5

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OUTLINE

1. Which of the following rocks is sedimentary:

2. Which of the following igneous rocks is intrusive:

3. Which of the following rocks has the highest strength:

Two aspects of rock strength

Aspects of Rock Strength

Strength of Intact Rock

Strength of Rock Mass

the rock sample is a

Strength of rock mass (of which the sample is a small part)

Strength of Intact Rocks

Two aspects of rock strength

Strength of intact rock (strength of a sample of rock itself)

on strength of component minerals and the way they are

Water pressure acts in opposition to confining stress.

Typical brittle rock failure

Strength of rock mass (of which the sample is a small part)

on many factors: fracture conditions, fracture spacing,

Strength of Intact Rocks

Strength of Intact Rocks

More ductile failure when confined

Typical brittle rock failure

Increased pore water pressure

Strength of Intact Rocks

Two aspects of rock strength

Strength of Intact Rocks

on strength of component minerals and the way they are

Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS)

Strength of rock mass (of which the sample is a small part)

Depends on many factors: fracture conditions, fracture spacing,

Strength recognition and description:

Firm hammering to break

Break by hammer in hand

Moderately strong rock

Dent with hammer pick

Moderately weak rock

Cannot cut by hand

Crumbles under pick blows

Very weak rock

Very stiff soil

Cannot mould in fingers

Mould easily in fingers

Very soft soil

Exudes between fingers

Typical values of strength of intact rocks:

Strength of rock mass (of which the sample is a small part)

on many factors: fracture conditions, fracture spacing,

to fractured rock mass in the ground.

Fractures, Seams, Joints

Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS)

Strength of rock mass:

Strength of intact rock (strength of a sample of rock itself)

Dry UCS Saturated Tensile

Strength of Rock Mass

Two aspects of rock strength

Strength of Rock Mass

Strength of Intact Rocks

Rock / Soil description UCS (MPa) Field properties

Strength of Intact Rocks

related to the quality rating of rock mass.

Rock mass rating:

If RQD > 70%, generally sound rock

Roughness influences strength.

Strength of Rock Mass