Religious Freedom Restoration Act

H. R.
1308
One Hundred Third Congress of the

United States of America
AT THE FIRST SESSION
Begun and held at the City of Washington on Tuesday, the fifth day of January, one thousand
nine hundred and ninety-three
An Act
To protect the free exercise of religion.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America
in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993.
SEC. 2. CONGRESSIONAL FINDINGS AND DECLARATION OF PURPOSES.
(a) FINDINGS.The Congress finds that

(1) the framers of the Constitution, recognizing free exercise of religion as an unalienable
right, secured its protection in the First Amendment to the Constitution;
(2) laws neutral toward religion may burden religious exercise as surely as laws intended
to interfere with religious exercise;
(3) governments should not substantially burden religious exercise without compelling
justification;
(4) in Employment Division v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990) the Supreme Court virtually
eliminated the requirement that the government justify burdens on religious exercise
imposed by laws neutral toward religion; and
(5) the compelling interest test as set forth in prior Federal court rulings is a workable test
for striking sensible balances between religious liberty and competing prior governmental
interests.
(b) PURPOSES.The purposes of this Act are
(1) to restore the compelling interest test as set forth in Sherbert v. Verner, 374 U.S. 398
(1963) and Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205 (1972) and to guarantee its application in all
cases where free exercise of religion is substantially burdened; and
(2) to provide a claim or defense to persons whose religious exercise is substantially
burdened by government.
SEC. 3. FREE EXERCISE OF RELIGION PROTECTED.
(a) IN GENERAL.Government shall not substantially burden a persons exercise of religion

even if the burden results from a rule of general applicability, except as provided in
subsection (b).
(b) EXCEPTION.Government may substantially burden a persons exercise of religion only if
it demonstrates that application of the burden to the person
15:39 Nov 04, 1993 VerDate 01-JUL-93 Jkt 059200 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 6655 Sfmt 6501 E:\BILLS\H1308.ENR bend06
H. R. 13082
(1) is in furtherance of a compelling governmental interest; and
(2) is the least restrictive means of furthering that compelling governmental interest.
(c) JUDICIAL RELIEF.A person whose religious exercise has been burdened in violation
of this section may assert that violation as a claim or defense in a judicial proceeding and
obtain appropriate relief against a government. Standing to assert a claim or defense under
this section shall be governed by the general rules of standing under article III of the
Constitution.
SEC. 4. ATTORNEYS FEES.
(a) JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS.Section 722 of the Revised Statutes (42 U.S.C. 1988) is amended
by inserting the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993, before or title VI of the Civil
Rights Act of 1964.
(b) ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS.Section 504(b)(1)(C) of title 5, United States Code, is
amended
(1) by striking and at the end of clause (ii);
(2) by striking the semicolon at the end of clause (iii) and inserting , and; and
(3) by inserting (iv) the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993; after clause (iii).
SEC. 5. DEFINITIONS.
As used in this Act

(1) the term government includes a branch, department, agency, instrumentality, and
official (or other person acting under color of law) of the United States, a State, or a subdivision of a State;
(2) the term State includes the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico,
and each territory and possession of the United States;
(3) the term demonstrates means meets the burdens of going forward with the evidence
and of persuasion; and
(4) the term exercise of religion means the exercise of religion under the First Amendment
to the Constitution.
SEC. 6. APPLICABILITY.
(a) IN GENERAL.This Act applies to all Federal and State law, and the implementation of
that law, whether statutory or otherwise, and whether adopted before or after the enactment
of this Act.
(b) RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.Federal statutory law adopted after the date of the enactment of
this Act is subject to this Act unless such law explicitly excludes such application by
reference to this Act.
(c) RELIGIOUS BELIEF UNAFFECTED.Nothing in this Act shall be construed to authorize any
government to burden any religious belief.
SEC. 7. ESTABLISHMENT CLAUSE UNAFFECTED.
Nothing in this Act shall be construed to affect, interpret, or in any way address that
portion of the First Amendment prohibiting laws respecting the establishment of religion
(referred to in this section as the Establishment Clause). Granting government funding,
benefits, or exemptions, to the extent permissible under the Establishment Clause, shall not
constitute a violation of this
H. R. 13083
Act. As used in this section, the term granting, used with respect to government funding,
benefits, or exemptions, does not include the denial of government funding, benefits, or
exemptions.
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
Vice President of the United States and

President of the Senate.
All Info - H.R.1308 - 103rd Congress (1993-1994): Religious Freedom Restoration Act of... Page 1 of 15
All Bill Information (Except Text) for H.R.1308 Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993
103rd Congress (1993-1994)
Back to this bill

LAW
Sponsor:
Rep. Schumer, Charles E. [D-NY-9] (Introduced

03/11/1993)
Subject
Policy Area:
Committees:
House - Judiciary
Civil Rights and

Liberties,
Minority Issues
Committee Reports:
H.Rept 103-88 Part 1
View subjects
Latest Action:
11/16/1993 Became Public Law No: 103-141.
Major Recorded Votes: 10/27/1993 : Passed Senate

Tracker:
Introduced
Passed House
Resolving Differences
Passed Senate
To President
Became Law
There are 6 versions of this bill. View text

Jump to: Summary | Major Actions | All Actions | Titles | Subjects | Cosponsors | Committees | Related Bills
Summary (2)
There are 2 summaries for this bill. View summaries
Shown Here:
Passed Senate amended (10/27/1993)
Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 - Prohibits any agency, department, or official of the United States or any Stat
(the government) from substantially burdening a person's exercise of religion even if the burden results from a rule of gen
applicability, except that the government may burden a person's exercise of religion only if it demonstrates that application
the burden to the person: (1) furthers a compelling governmental interest; and (2) is the least restrictive means of furtherin
that compelling governmental interest.
Sets forth provisions pertaining to judicial relief, attorney's fees, and applicability.
https://www.congress.gov/bill/103rd-congress/house-bill/1308/all-info
3/30/2015
Declares that: (1) nothing in this Act shall be construed to interpret the clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution
prohibiting the establishment of religion; (2) the granting of government funding, benefits, or exemptions, to the extent
permissible under that clause, shall not constitute a violation of this Act; and (3) as used in this Act, "granting" does not inc
the denial of government funding, benefits, or exemptions.
Major Actions (8)

Date
11/16/1993
Became Public Law No: 103-141.
11/16/1993
Signed by President.
11/05/1993
Presented to President.
11/03/1993
Resolving differences -- House actions: On motion that the House agree to the Senate
amendment Agreed to without objection.(consideration: CR H8713-8715)
10/27/1993
Passed/agreed to in Senate: Passed Senate in lieu of S. 578 with an amendment by Yea-Nay

Vote. 97-3. Record Vote No: 331.
05/11/1993
Passed/agreed to in House: On motion to suspend the rules and pass the bill Agreed to by voice
vote.
05/11/1993
Reported by the Committee on Judiciary. H. Rept. 103-88.
03/11/1993
Introduced in House
All Actions, Including Floor Amendments (26)

Date
Chamber
11/16/1993
Became Public Law No: 103-141.
11/16/1993
Signed by President.
11/05/1993
House
Presented to President.
Action By: House of Representatives
3/30/2015
Date
Chamber
11/03/1993-1:10pm
House
Motion to reconsider laid on the table Agreed to without objection.

Type of Action: Resolving Differences
11/03/1993-1:10pm
House
On motion that the House agree to the Senate amendment Agreed to

without objection. (consideration: CR H8713-8715)
11/03/1993-1:04pm
House
Mr. Brooks asked unanimous consent that the House agree to the
Senate amendment.
10/27/1993
Senate
Message on Senate action sent to the House.

Action By: Senate
10/27/1993
Senate
Passed Senate in lieu of S. 578 with an amendment by Yea-Nay Vote.

97-3. Record Vote No: 331.
Type of Action: Floor Consideration
Action By: Senate
10/27/1993
Senate
Senate struck all after the Enacting Clause and substituted the language
of S. 578 amended.
Action By: Senate
10/27/1993
Senate
Measure laid before Senate by unanimous consent. (consideration: CR

S14470-14471)
Action By: Senate
05/13/1993
Senate
Received in the Senate. Read twice. Placed on Senate Legislative

Calendar under General Orders. Calendar No. 64.
Type of Action: Calendars
Action By: Senate
05/11/1993-1:31pm
House
Motion to reconsider laid on the table Agreed to without objection.

05/11/1993-1:31pm
House
On motion to suspend the rules and pass the bill Agreed to by voice vote.
3/30/2015
Date
Chamber
05/11/1993-12:49pm
House
DEBATE - The House proceeded with forty minutes of debate.

05/11/1993-12:49pm
House
Considered under suspension of the rules. (consideration: CR H23562363)

05/11/1993-12:49pm
House
Mr. Brooks moved to suspend the rules and pass the bill.
05/11/1993
House
Placed on the Union Calendar, Calendar No. 43.

Type of Action: Calendars
05/11/1993
House
Reported by the Committee on Judiciary. H. Rept. 103-88.

Type of Action: Committee Consideration
Action By: House Judiciary
03/24/1993
House
Ordered to be Reported.
03/24/1993
House
Committee Consideration and Mark-up Session Held.

03/17/1993
House
Forwarded by Subcommittee to Full Committee.

Action By: House Judiciary Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional
Rights
03/17/1993
House
Subcommittee Consideration and Mark-up Session Held.

Action By: House Judiciary Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional
Rights
03/16/1993
House
Referred to the Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights.

03/11/1993
House
Referred to the House Committee on Judiciary.

Type of Action: Introduction and Referral
3/30/2015
Date
Chamber
03/11/1993
House
Referred to the House Committee on Judiciary.

03/11/1993
House
Introduced in House
Titles (5)
Popular Titles:
Religious Freedom Restoration Act (Identified by CRS)
Short Titles:
Short Titles as Enacted:
Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993
Short Titles - House of Representatives
Short Titles - Senate
Short Titles as Introduced:
Short Titles as Passed Senate:
Official Titles:
Official Titles - House of Representatives
Official Title as Introduced:
To protect the free exercise of religion.
Subjects (9)
Subject Policy
Area:
Civil Rights and
Liberties, Minority
Issues
Legislative analysts
closely examine each
bill and resolution to
assign a policy area
term that best
Actions and defenses

Administrative remedies
Civil Rights and Liberties, Minority Issues
Government spending
Judicial review of administrative acts
Law
Legal fees
3/30/2015
describes the entire

measure. There are
33 policy area terms
which span across all
legislation from 1973
to the present.
Religion
Religious liberty
Legislative subject
terms like those listed
to the right thoroughly
describe a measure's
substance and effects.
There are
approximately 1,000
issue-oriented, entity,
and geographic terms.
Cosponsors (170)
* = Original cosponsor
Cosponsor
Date Cosponsored
Rep. Cox, Christopher [R-CA-47]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Nadler, Jerrold [D-NY-8]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Maloney, Carolyn B. [D-NY-14]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Gilman, Benjamin A. [R-NY-20]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Moran, James P. [D-VA-8]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Lewis, John [D-GA-5]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Woolsey, Lynn C. [D-CA-6]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Washington, Craig A. [D-TX-18]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Cooper, Jim [D-TN-4]*
03/11/1993
3/30/2015
Cosponsor
Date Cosponsored
Rep. Ackerman, Gary L. [D-NY-5]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Cardin, Benjamin L. [D-MD-3]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Yates, Sidney R. [D-IL-9]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Meek, Carrie P. [D-FL-17]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Kopetski, Mike [D-OR-5]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Ramstad, Jim [R-MN-3]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Deutsch, Peter [D-FL-20]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Price, David E. [D-NC-4]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Swift, Al [D-WA-2]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Shepherd, Karen [D-UT-2]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Towns, Edolphus [D-NY-10]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Morella, Constance A. [R-MD-8]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Crapo, Mike [R-ID-2]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Frank, Barney [D-MA-4]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Berman, Howard L. [D-CA-26]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Edwards, Don [D-CA-16]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Byrne, Leslie L. [D-VA-11]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Pelosi, Nancy [D-CA-8]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Sundquist, Don [R-TN-7]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Bryant, John W. [D-TX-5]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Hutchinson, Tim [R-AR-3]*
03/11/1993
3/30/2015
Cosponsor
Date Cosponsored
Rep. Unsoeld, Jolene [D-WA-3]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Molinari, Susan [R-NY-13]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Hall, Tony P. [D-OH-3]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Slaughter, Louise McIntosh [D-NY-28]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Hastings, Alcee L. [D-FL-23]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Gutierrez, Luis V. [D-IL-4]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Weldon, Curt [R-PA-7]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Gordon, Bart [D-TN-6]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Spratt, John M., Jr. [D-SC-5]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Sawyer, Thomas C. [D-OH-14]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Andrews, Robert E. [D-NJ-1]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Rush, Bobby L. [D-IL-1]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Lehman, Richard H. [D-CA-19]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Glickman, Dan [D-KS-4]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Gonzalez, Henry B. [D-TX-20]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Johnston, Harry [D-FL-19]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Johnson, Nancy L. [R-CT-6]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Matsui, Robert T. [D-CA-5]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Owens, Major R. [D-NY-11]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Martinez, Matthew G. [D-CA-31]*
03/11/1993
Rep. McDermott, Jim [D-WA-7]*
03/11/1993
3/30/2015
Cosponsor
Date Cosponsored
Rep. Porter, John Edward [R-IL-10]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Jefferson, William J. [D-LA-2]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Eshoo, Anna G. [D-CA-14]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Herger, Wally [R-CA-2]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Saxton, Jim [R-NJ-3]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Smith, Lamar [R-TX-21]*
03/11/1993
Rep. McHale, Paul [D-PA-15]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Sanders, Bernard [I-VT-98]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Waters, Maxine [D-CA-35]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Wynn, Albert Russell [D-MD-4]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Thornton, Ray [D-AR-2]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Neal, Stephen L. [D-NC-5]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Wyden, Ron [D-OR-3]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Margolies-Mezvinsky, Marjorie [D-PA-13]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Lantos, Tom [D-CA-12]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Reynolds, Mel [D-IL-2]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Levy, David A. [R-NY-4]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Studds, Gerry E. [D-MA-10]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Linder, John [R-GA-4]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Blackwell, Lucien E. [D-PA-2]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Mineta, Norman Y. [D-CA-15]*
03/11/1993
3/30/2015
All Info - H.R.1308 - 103rd Congress (1993-1994): Religious Freedom Restoration Act... Page 10 of 15
Cosponsor
Date Cosponsored
Rep. Payne, Donald M. [D-NJ-10]*
03/11/1993
Rep. McKinney, Cynthia A. [D-GA-11]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Torricelli, Robert G. [D-NJ-9]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Knollenberg, Joe [R-MI-11]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Serrano, Jose E. [D-NY-16]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Sabo, Martin Olav [D-MN-5]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Barrett, Thomas M. [D-WI-5]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Machtley, Ronald K. [R-RI-1]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Sisisky, Norman [D-VA-4]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Torres, Estaban Edward [D-CA-34]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Dellums, Ronald V. [D-CA-9]*
03/11/1993
Rep. DeFazio, Peter A. [D-OR-4]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Waxman, Henry A. [D-CA-29]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Stark, Fortney Pete [D-CA-13]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Shays, Christopher [R-CT-4]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Scott, Robert C. "Bobby" [D-VA-3]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Frost, Martin [D-TX-24]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Levin, Sander M. [D-MI-12]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Filner, Bob [D-CA-50]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Geren, Pete [D-TX-12]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Strickland, Ted [D-OH-6]*
03/11/1993
3/30/2015
Cosponsor
Date Cosponsored
Rep. Fingerhut, Eric D. [D-OH-19]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Hochbrueckner, George J. [D-NY-1]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Gejdenson, Sam [D-CT-2]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Franks, Gary A. [R-CT-5]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Goodlatte, Bob [R-VA-6]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Houghton, Amo [R-NY-31]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Lightfoot, Jim [R-IA-3]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Schiff, Steven [R-NM-1]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Talent, Jim [R-MO-2]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Beilenson, Anthony C. [D-CA-24]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Lowey, Nita M. [D-NY-18]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Hansen, James V. [R-UT-1]*
03/11/1993
Rep. DeLauro, Rosa L. [D-CT-3]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Mfume, Kweisi [D-MD-7]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Hoyer, Steny H. [D-MD-5]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Norton, Eleanor Holmes [D-DC-At Large]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Orton, Bill [D-UT-3]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Gunderson, Steve [R-WI-3]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Williams, Pat [D-MT-1]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Hamburg, Dan [D-CA-1]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Klein, Herbert C. [D-NJ-8]*
03/11/1993
3/30/2015
Cosponsor
Date Cosponsored
Rep. Dicks, Norman D. [D-WA-6]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Stump, Bob [R-AZ-3]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Evans, Lane [D-IL-17]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Skaggs, David E. [D-CO-2]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Stokes, Louis [D-OH-11]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Collins, Cardiss [D-IL-7]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Velazquez, Nydia M. [D-NY-12]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Vento, Bruce F. [D-MN-4]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Green, Gene [D-TX-29]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Andrews, Thomas H. [D-ME-1]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Bacchus, Jim [D-FL-15]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Fazio, Vic [D-CA-3]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Coppersmith, Sam [D-AZ-1]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Kennelly, Barbara B. [D-CT-1]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Derrick, Butler C. [D-SC-3]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Swett, Dick [D-NH-2]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Lazio, Rick [R-NY-2]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Fowler, Tillie [R-FL-4]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Franks, Bob [R-NJ-7]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Ravenel, Arthur, Jr. [R-SC-1]*
03/11/1993
Rep. McKeon, Howard P. "Buck" [R-CA-25]*
03/11/1993
3/30/2015
Cosponsor
Date Cosponsored
Rep. Gallo, Dean A. [R-NJ-11]*
03/11/1993
Rep. Kennedy, Joseph P., II [D-MA-8]
04/02/1993
Rep. Cantwell, Maria [D-WA-1]
04/02/1993
Rep. Coleman, Ronald D. [D-TX-16]
04/02/1993
Rep. Meehan, Martin T. [D-MA-5]
04/02/1993
Rep. Lambert, Blanche M. [D-AR-1]
04/02/1993
Rep. Gingrich, Newt [R-GA-6]
04/02/1993
Rep. King, Peter T. [R-NY-3]
04/02/1993
Rep. Kreidler, Mike [D-WA-9]
04/02/1993
Rep. Zimmer, Dick [R-NJ-12]
04/02/1993
Rep. Hoekstra, Peter [R-MI-2]
04/02/1993
Rep. Jacobs, Andrew, Jr. [D-IN-10]
04/02/1993
Rep. Sangmeister, George E. [D-IL-11]
04/02/1993
Rep. Skelton, Ike [D-MO-4]
04/02/1993
Rep. McMillan, J. Alex [R-NC-9]
04/02/1993
Rep. Grandy, Fred [R-IA-5]
04/02/1993
Rep. Dickey, Jay [R-AR-4]
04/02/1993
Rep. Istook, Ernest J., Jr. [R-OK-5]
04/02/1993
Rep. Schenk, Lynn [D-CA-49]
04/02/1993
Rep. Leach, James A. [R-IA-1]
04/02/1993
Rep. Applegate, Douglas [D-OH-18]
04/02/1993
3/30/2015
Cosponsor
Date Cosponsored
Rep. Slattery, Jim [D-KS-2]
04/02/1993
Rep. Dornan, Robert K. [R-CA-46]
04/29/1993
Rep. Wheat, Alan [D-MO-5]
04/29/1993
Rep. Roemer, Tim [D-IN-3]
04/29/1993
Rep. Dreier, David [R-CA-28]
04/29/1993
Rep. Bartlett, Roscoe G. [R-MD-6]
04/29/1993
Rep. Tucker, Walter R., III [D-CA-37]
04/29/1993
Rep. Johnson, Eddie Bernice [D-TX-30]
04/29/1993
Rep. Olver, John W. [D-MA-1]
04/29/1993
Rep. Flake, Floyd H. [D-NY-6]
05/06/1993
Rep. Payne, Lewis F., Jr. [D-VA-5]
05/06/1993
Rep. Danner, Pat [D-MO-6]
05/06/1993
Rep. Hobson, David L. [R-OH-7]
05/10/1993
Rep. Johnson, Don [D-GA-10]
05/10/1993
Committees (1)
Committees, subcommittees and links to reports associated with this bill are listed here, as well as the nature and date of
committee activity and Congressional report number.
Committee / Subcommittee
Date
Activity
House Judiciary
03/11/1993
Referral
05/11/1993
Reporting
03/24/1993
Markup
Reports
H.Rept 103-88 Pa
3/30/2015
Committee / Subcommittee
Date
Activity
03/16/1993
Referral
03/17/1993
Reporting
03/17/1993
Markup
Reports
Related Bills (1)

A related bill may be a companion measure, an identical bill, a procedurally-related measure, or one with substantive
similarities. Bill relationships are identified by the House, the Senate, or CRS, and refer only to same-congress measures
Bill
Latest Title
Relationships
to H.R.1308
Relationships
Identified by
Latest Action
S.578
Religious Freedom Restoration

Act of 1993
Companion bill
Senate
H.R.1308
passed the
Senate in lieu
of this bill
Senate
10/27/1993 Indefinitely
postponed by Senate by
Unanimous Consent.
Text from this

bill was
inserted into
H.R.1308
Senate
3/30/2015
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Question: On Passage of the Bill (final passage )
Vote Number:
331 Vote Date:
October 27, 1993, 10:25 AM
Required For
Vote Result: Bill Passed
1/2
Majority:
Measure Number:
H.R. 1308 (Religious Freedom Restoration Act of
1993 )
Measure Title:
A bill to protect the free exercise of religion.
Vote
YEAs
Counts:
NAYs
97
3
By Senator Name
By Vote Position
Alphabetical by Senator Name

Akaka (D-HI), Yea
Feingold (D-WI), Yea
Baucus (D-MT), Yea
Feinstein (D-CA), Yea
Bennett (R-UT), Yea
Ford (D-KY), Yea
Biden (D-DE), Yea
Glenn (D-OH), Yea
Bingaman (D-NM), Yea Gorton (R-WA), Yea
Bond (R-MO), Yea
Graham (D-FL), Yea
Boren (D-OK), Yea
Gramm (R-TX), Yea
Boxer (D-CA), Yea
Grassley (R-IA), Yea
Bradley (D-NJ), Yea
Gregg (R-NH), Yea
Breaux (D-LA), Yea
Harkin (D-IA), Yea
Brown (R-CO), Yea
Hatch (R-UT), Yea
Bryan (D-NV), Yea
Hatfield (R-OR), Yea
Bumpers (D-AR), Yea
Heflin (D-AL), Yea
Burns (R-MT), Yea
Helms (R-NC), Nay
Byrd (D-WV), Nay
Hollings (D-SC), Yea
Campbell (D-CO), Yea
Hutchison (R-TX), Yea
Chafee (R-RI), Yea
Inouye (D-HI), Yea
Jeffords (R-VT), Yea
Coats (R-IN), Yea
Johnston (D-LA), Yea
Cochran (R-MS), Yea
Kassebaum (R-KS), Yea
Cohen (R-ME), Yea
Kempthorne (R-ID), Yea
Conrad (D-ND), Yea
Kennedy (D-MA), Yea
Coverdell (R-GA), Yea
Kerrey (D-NE), Yea
Craig (R-ID), Yea
Kerry (D-MA), Yea
D'Amato (R-NY), Yea
Kohl (D-WI), Yea
Danforth (R-MO), Yea
Lautenberg (D-NJ), Yea
Daschle (D-SD), Yea
Leahy (D-VT), Yea
DeConcini (D-AZ), Yea
Levin (D-MI), Yea
Dodd (D-CT), Yea
Lieberman (D-CT), Yea
Dole (R-KS), Yea
Lott (R-MS), Yea
Domenici (R-NM), Yea
Lugar (R-IN), Yea
Dorgan (D-ND), Yea
Durenberger (R-MN), Yea Mack (R-FL), Yea
Mathews (D-TN), Nay
McCain (R-AZ), Yea
Exon (D-NE), Yea
Faircloth (R-NC), Yea
Vote Summary
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By Home State
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McConnell (R-KY), Yea
Metzenbaum (D-OH),
Yea
Mikulski (D-MD), Yea
Mitchell (D-ME), Yea
Moseley-Braun (D-IL),
Yea
Moynihan (D-NY), Yea
Murkowski (R-AK), Yea
Murray (D-WA), Yea
Nickles (R-OK), Yea
Nunn (D-GA), Yea
Packwood (R-OR), Yea
Pell (D-RI), Yea
Pressler (R-SD), Yea
Pryor (D-AR), Yea
Reid (D-NV), Yea
Riegle (D-MI), Yea
Robb (D-VA), Yea
Rockefeller (D-WV), Yea
Roth (R-DE), Yea
Sarbanes (D-MD), Yea
Sasser (D-TN), Yea
Shelby (D-AL), Yea
Simon (D-IL), Yea
Simpson (R-WY), Yea
Smith (R-NH), Yea
Specter (R-PA), Yea
Stevens (R-AK), Yea
Thurmond (R-SC), Yea
Wallop (R-WY), Yea
Warner (R-VA), Yea
Wellstone (D-MN), Yea
Wofford (D-PA), Yea
By Vote Position
The Votes page of the Virtual

Reference Desk provides voting
procedure information, research
guides, and essays about historic
votes.
Vote Statistics
The Votes category on the Statistic
page features facts and figures
about votes made by Senators.
By Home State
Grouped By Vote Position

Akaka (D-HI)
Baucus (D-MT)
Bennett (R-UT)
Biden (D-DE)
YEAs ---97
Feingold (D-WI)
Feinstein (D-CA)
Ford (D-KY)
Glenn (D-OH)
Metzenbaum (D-OH)
Mikulski (D-MD)
Mitchell (D-ME)
Moseley-Braun (D-IL)
http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=10...
3/30/2015
Page 2 of 3
Bingaman (D-NM)
Bond (R-MO)
Boren (D-OK)
Boxer (D-CA)
Bradley (D-NJ)
Breaux (D-LA)
Brown (R-CO)
Bryan (D-NV)
Bumpers (D-AR)
Burns (R-MT)
Campbell (D-CO)
Chafee (R-RI)
Coats (R-IN)
Cochran (R-MS)
Cohen (R-ME)
Conrad (D-ND)
Coverdell (R-GA)
Craig (R-ID)
D'Amato (R-NY)
Danforth (R-MO)
Daschle (D-SD)
DeConcini (D-AZ)
Dodd (D-CT)
Dole (R-KS)
Domenici (R-NM)
Dorgan (D-ND)
Durenberger (R-MN)
Exon (D-NE)
Faircloth (R-NC)
Gorton (R-WA)
Graham (D-FL)
Gramm (R-TX)
Grassley (R-IA)
Gregg (R-NH)
Harkin (D-IA)
Hatch (R-UT)
Hatfield (R-OR)
Heflin (D-AL)
Hollings (D-SC)
Hutchison (R-TX)
Inouye (D-HI)
Jeffords (R-VT)
Johnston (D-LA)
Kassebaum (R-KS)
Kempthorne (R-ID)
Kennedy (D-MA)
Kerrey (D-NE)
Kerry (D-MA)
Kohl (D-WI)
Lautenberg (D-NJ)
Leahy (D-VT)
Levin (D-MI)
Lieberman (D-CT)
Lott (R-MS)
Lugar (R-IN)
Mack (R-FL)
McCain (R-AZ)
McConnell (R-KY)
NAYs ---3
Helms (R-NC)
Byrd (D-WV)
Vote Summary
By Senator Name
Grouped by Home State

Alabama:
Alaska:
Arizona:
Arkansas:
California:
Colorado:
Connecticut:
Delaware:
Florida:
Georgia:
Hawaii:
Idaho:
Illinois:
Indiana:
Iowa:
Kansas:
Kentucky:
Louisiana:
Maine:
Maryland:
Massachusetts:
Michigan:
Minnesota:
Mississippi:
Missouri:
Montana:
Nebraska:
Nevada:
New Hampshire:
New Jersey:
New Mexico:
New York:
North Carolina:
Moynihan (D-NY)
Murkowski (R-AK)
Murray (D-WA)
Nickles (R-OK)
Nunn (D-GA)
Packwood (R-OR)
Pell (D-RI)
Pressler (R-SD)
Pryor (D-AR)
Reid (D-NV)
Riegle (D-MI)
Robb (D-VA)
Rockefeller (D-WV)
Roth (R-DE)
Sarbanes (D-MD)
Sasser (D-TN)
Shelby (D-AL)
Simon (D-IL)
Simpson (R-WY)
Smith (R-NH)
Specter (R-PA)
Stevens (R-AK)
Thurmond (R-SC)
Wallop (R-WY)
Warner (R-VA)
Wellstone (D-MN)
Wofford (D-PA)
Mathews (D-TN)
By Vote Position
By Home State
Heflin (D-AL), Yea

Shelby (D-AL), Yea
Murkowski (R-AK), Yea Stevens (R-AK), Yea
DeConcini (D-AZ), Yea
McCain (R-AZ), Yea
Bumpers (D-AR), Yea
Pryor (D-AR), Yea
Boxer (D-CA), Yea
Feinstein (D-CA), Yea
Brown (R-CO), Yea
Campbell (D-CO), Yea
Dodd (D-CT), Yea
Lieberman (D-CT), Yea
Biden (D-DE), Yea
Roth (R-DE), Yea
Graham (D-FL), Yea
Mack (R-FL), Yea
Coverdell (R-GA), Yea
Nunn (D-GA), Yea
Akaka (D-HI), Yea
Inouye (D-HI), Yea
Craig (R-ID), Yea
Kempthorne (R-ID), Yea
Moseley-Braun (D-IL),
Simon (D-IL), Yea
Yea
Coats (R-IN), Yea
Lugar (R-IN), Yea
Grassley (R-IA), Yea
Harkin (D-IA), Yea
Dole (R-KS), Yea
Kassebaum (R-KS), Yea
Ford (D-KY), Yea
McConnell (R-KY), Yea
Breaux (D-LA), Yea
Johnston (D-LA), Yea
Cohen (R-ME), Yea
Mitchell (D-ME), Yea
Mikulski (D-MD), Yea
Sarbanes (D-MD), Yea
Kennedy (D-MA), Yea
Kerry (D-MA), Yea
Levin (D-MI), Yea
Riegle (D-MI), Yea
Durenberger (R-MN), Yea Wellstone (D-MN), Yea
Cochran (R-MS), Yea
Lott (R-MS), Yea
Bond (R-MO), Yea
Danforth (R-MO), Yea
Baucus (D-MT), Yea
Burns (R-MT), Yea
Exon (D-NE), Yea
Kerrey (D-NE), Yea
Bryan (D-NV), Yea
Reid (D-NV), Yea
Gregg (R-NH), Yea
Smith (R-NH), Yea
Bradley (D-NJ), Yea
Lautenberg (D-NJ), Yea
Bingaman (D-NM), Yea Domenici (R-NM), Yea
D'Amato (R-NY), Yea
Moynihan (D-NY), Yea
Faircloth (R-NC), Yea
Helms (R-NC), Nay
3/30/2015
Page 3 of 3
North Dakota:
Ohio:
Glenn (D-OH), Yea
Oklahoma:
Oregon:
Pennsylvania:
Rhode Island:
South Carolina:
South Dakota:
Tennessee:
Texas:
Utah:
Vermont:
Virginia:
Washington:
West Virginia:
Wisconsin:
Wyoming:
Boren (D-OK), Yea

Hatfield (R-OR), Yea
Specter (R-PA), Yea
Chafee (R-RI), Yea
Hollings (D-SC), Yea
Daschle (D-SD), Yea
Mathews (D-TN), Nay
Gramm (R-TX), Yea
Bennett (R-UT), Yea
Jeffords (R-VT), Yea
Robb (D-VA), Yea
Gorton (R-WA), Yea
Byrd (D-WV), Nay
Feingold (D-WI), Yea
Simpson (R-WY), Yea
Vote Summary
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Conrad (D-ND), Yea
COMMITTEES
By Senator Name
LEGISLATION & RECORDS
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Dorgan (D-ND), Yea

Metzenbaum (D-OH),
Yea
Nickles (R-OK), Yea
Packwood (R-OR), Yea
Wofford (D-PA), Yea
Pell (D-RI), Yea
Thurmond (R-SC), Yea
Pressler (R-SD), Yea
Sasser (D-TN), Yea
Hutchison (R-TX), Yea
Hatch (R-UT), Yea
Leahy (D-VT), Yea
Warner (R-VA), Yea
Murray (D-WA), Yea
Rockefeller (D-WV), Yea
Kohl (D-WI), Yea
Wallop (R-WY), Yea
VISITORS
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By Home State
REFERENCE
www.senate.gov
3/30/2015

Religious Freedom Restoration Act

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Religious Freedom Restoration Act

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H. R.

One Hundred Third Congress of the

(a) FINDINGS.The Congress finds that

(a) IN GENERAL.Government shall not substantially burden a persons exercise of religion

As used in this Act

Speaker of the House of Representatives.

Vice President of the United States and

Back to this bill

Rep. Schumer, Charles E. [D-NY-9] (Introduced

Civil Rights and

H.Rept 103-88 Part 1

11/16/1993 Became Public Law No: 103-141.

Major Recorded Votes: 10/27/1993 : Passed Senate

There are 6 versions of this bill. View text

Major Actions (8)

Became Public Law No: 103-141.

Passed/agreed to in Senate: Passed Senate in lieu of S. 578 with an amendment by Yea-Nay

Reported by the Committee on Judiciary. H. Rept. 103-88.

All Actions, Including Floor Amendments (26)

Became Public Law No: 103-141.

Motion to reconsider laid on the table Agreed to without objection.

On motion that the House agree to the Senate amendment Agreed to

Message on Senate action sent to the House.

Passed Senate in lieu of S. 578 with an amendment by Yea-Nay Vote.

Measure laid before Senate by unanimous consent. (consideration: CR

Received in the Senate. Read twice. Placed on Senate Legislative

Motion to reconsider laid on the table Agreed to without objection.

DEBATE - The House proceeded with forty minutes of debate.

Considered under suspension of the rules. (consideration: CR H23562363)

Placed on the Union Calendar, Calendar No. 43.

Reported by the Committee on Judiciary. H. Rept. 103-88.

Committee Consideration and Mark-up Session Held.

Forwarded by Subcommittee to Full Committee.

Subcommittee Consideration and Mark-up Session Held.

Referred to the Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights.

Referred to the House Committee on Judiciary.

Referred to the House Committee on Judiciary.

Short Titles - House of Representatives

Short Titles - Senate

Short Titles as Introduced:

Short Titles as Passed Senate:

Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993

Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993

Actions and defenses

describes the entire

Rep. Cox, Christopher [R-CA-47]*

Rep. Nadler, Jerrold [D-NY-8]*

Rep. Maloney, Carolyn B. [D-NY-14]*

Rep. Gilman, Benjamin A. [R-NY-20]*

Rep. Moran, James P. [D-VA-8]*

Rep. Lewis, John [D-GA-5]*

Rep. Woolsey, Lynn C. [D-CA-6]*

Rep. Washington, Craig A. [D-TX-18]*

Rep. Cooper, Jim [D-TN-4]*

Rep. Ackerman, Gary L. [D-NY-5]*

Rep. Cardin, Benjamin L. [D-MD-3]*

Rep. Yates, Sidney R. [D-IL-9]*

Rep. Meek, Carrie P. [D-FL-17]*

Rep. Kopetski, Mike [D-OR-5]*

Rep. Ramstad, Jim [R-MN-3]*

Rep. Deutsch, Peter [D-FL-20]*

Rep. Price, David E. [D-NC-4]*

Rep. Swift, Al [D-WA-2]*

Rep. Shepherd, Karen [D-UT-2]*