FOURTHSEMESTER

COMPUTERSCIENCEANDENGINEERING
MICROPROCESSORS
1. WhatisMicroprocessor?Givethepowersupply&clockfrequencyof8085
Amicroprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable logic device that
readsbinaryinstructionsfromastoragedevicecalledmemoryacceptsbinary
dataasinputandprocessesdataaccordingtothoseinstructionsandprovides
resultasoutput.Thepowersupplyof8085is+5Vandclockfrequencyin3MHz.
2. Listfewapplicationsofmicroprocessorbasedsystem.
Itisused:
i.Formeasurements,displayandcontrolofcurrent,voltage,
temperature,pressure,etc.
ii. Fortrafficcontrolandindustrialtoolcontrol.
iii. Forspeedcontrolofmachines.
3. Whatarethefunctionsofanaccumulator?
TheaccumulatoristheregisterassociatedwiththeALUoperations
andsometimesI/Ooperations.ItisanintegralpartofALU.Itholdsoneof
datatobeprocessedbyALU.Italsotemporarilystores theresultofthe
operationperformedbytheALU.
4.Listthe16bitregistersof8085microprocessor.
Stackpointer(SP)andProgramcounter(PC).
5. Listtheallowedregisterpairsof8085.
BCregisterpair
DEregisterpair
HLregisterpair
6. MentionthepurposeofSIDandSODlines
SID(Serialinputdataline):
Itisaninputlinethroughwhichthemicroprocessoraccepts
serialdata.
SOD(Serialoutputdataline):
Itisanoutputlinethroughwhichthemicroprocessorsends
outputserialdata.
7.WhatisanOpcode?
Thepartoftheinstructionthatspecifiestheoperationtobe
performediscalledtheoperationcodeoropcode.

8.WhatisthefunctionofIO/Msignalinthe8085?
It is a status signal. It is used to differentiate between memory
locationsandI/Ooperations.Whenthissignalislow(IO/M=0)it
denotes the memory related operations. When this signal is high
(IO/M=1)itdenotesanI/Ooperation.
9.WhatisanOperand?
Thedataonwhichtheoperationistobeperformediscalled
asanOperand.
10.How many operations are there in the instruction
microprocessor?
Thereare74operationsinthe8085microprocessor.

set

of 8085

11. Listoutthefivecategories ofthe8085instructions.Giveexamples ofthe

instructionsforeachgroup.
DatatransfergroupMOV,MVI,LXI.
ArithmeticgroupADD,SUB,INR.
LogicalgroupANA,XRA,CMP.
BranchgroupJMP,JNZ,CALL.
StackI/OandMachinecontrolgroupPUSH,POP,IN,HLT.
12. ExplainthedifferencebetweenaJMPinstructionandCALLinstruction.
AJMPinstructionpermanentlychangestheprogramcounter.ACALL
instruction leaves information on the stack so that the original program
executionsequencecanberesumed.
13.ExplainthepurposeoftheI/OinstructionsINandOUT.
TheINinstructionisusedtomovedatafromanI/Oportintothe
accumulator.
port.

TheOUTinstructionisusedtomovedatafromtheaccumulatortoanI/O

TheIN&OUTinstructionsareusedonlyonmicroprocessor,which
useaseparateaddressspaceforinterfacing.
14. Whatisthedifferencebetweentheshiftandrotateinstructions?
Arotateinstructionisaclosedloopinstruction.Thatis,thedata
movedoutatoneendisputbackinattheotherend.Theshiftinstruction
losesthedatathatismovedoutofthelastbitlocations.
15. Howmanyaddresslinesina4096x8EPROMCHIP?
12addresslines.
16.ControlsignalsusedforDMAoperationare____________
HOLD&HLDA.

17.WhatismeantbyWaitState?
Thisstateisusedbyslowperipheraldevices.Theperipheraldevices
cantransferthedatatoorfromthemicroprocessorbyusingREADYinput
line.ThemicroprocessorremainsinwaitstateaslongasREADYlineislow.
Duringthewaitstate,thecontentsoftheaddress,address/dataandcontrol
busesareheldconstant.
18. Listthefourinstructionswhichcontroltheinterruptstructureofthe8085
microprocessor.
DI(DisableInterrupts)
EI(EnableInterrupts)
RIM(ReadInterruptMasks)
SIM(SetInterruptMasks)
19. Whatismeantbypolling?
Pollingordevicepollingisaprocesswhichidentifiesthedevicethat
hasinterruptedthemicroprocessor.
20.Whatismeantbyinterrupt?
Interruptisanexternalsignalthatcausesamicroprocessorto
jumptoaspecificsubroutine.
21.Explainpriorityinterruptsof8085.
The8085microprocessorhasfiveinterruptinputs.TheyareTRAP,
RST7.5,RST6.5,RST5.5,andINTR.Theseinterruptshaveafixedpriority
ofinterruptservice.
Iftwoormoreinterruptsgohighatthesametime,the8085willservice
themonprioritybasis.TheTRAPhasthehighestpriorityfollowedbyeRST7.5,
RST6.5,RST5.5.Thepriorityofinterruptsin8085isshowninthetable.
Interrupts
TRAP
RST7.5
RST6.5
RST5.5
INTR

Priority
1
2
3
4
5

22. Whatisamicrocomputer?
Acomputer that is designed using a microprocessor as its CPU is
calledmicrocomputer.

23. Whatisthesignalclassificationof8085

Allthesignalsof8085canbeclassifiedinto6groups
Addressbus
Databus
Controlandstatussignals
Powersupplyandfrequencysignals
Externallyinitiatedsignals
SerialI/Oports
25. Whatareoperationsperformedondatain8085
Thevariousoperationsperformedare
Store8bitdata
Performarithmeticandlogicaloperations
Testforconditions
Sequencetheexecutionofinstructions

Storedatatemporarilyduringexecutioninthedefined
R/Wmemorylocationscalledthestack

26. Stepsinvolvedtofetchabytein8085
i. ThePCplacesthe16bitmemoryaddressontheaddressbus
ii. ThecontrolunitsendsthecontrolsignalRDtoenablethememory
chip
iii. Thebytefromthememorylocationisplacedonthedatabus
iv. Thebyteisplacedintheinstructiondecoderofthemicroprocessor
andthetaskiscarriedoutaccordingtotheinstruction
27. Howmanyinterruptsdoes8085have,mentionthem
The8085has5interruptsignals;theyareINTR,RST7.5,RST6.5,
RST5.5andTRAP
27.Basicconceptsinmemoryinterfacing
The primary function of memory interfacing is that the
microprocessorshouldbeabletoreadfromandwriteintoagivenregisterof
amemorychip.Toperformtheseoperationsthemicroprocessorshould
Beabletoselectthechip
Identifytheregister
Enabletheappropriatebuffer
29. Defineinstructioncycle,machinecycleandTstate
Instructioncycleisdefined,asthetimerequiredcompletingtheexecutionof
an instruction. Machine cycle is defined as the time required completing one
operationofaccessingmemory,I/Ooracknowledginganexternalrequest.Tcycleis
definedasonesubdivisionoftheoperationperformedinoneclockperiod

29.Whatisaninstruction?
Aninstructionisabinarypatternenteredthroughaninputdeviceto

commandthemicroprocessortoperformthatspecificfunction

30.WhatistheuseofALE
The ALE is used to latch the lower order address so that it can be
availableinT2andT3andusedforidentifyingthememoryaddress.DuringT1
theALEgoeshigh,thelatchistransparentie,theoutputchangesaccordingto
theinputdata,sotheoutputofthelatchisthelowerorderaddress.WhenALE
goeslowthelowerorderaddressislatcheduntilthenextALE.

31.Howmanymachinecyclesdoes8085have,mentionthem
The8085havesevenmachinecycles.Theyare
Opcodefetch
Memoryread
Memorywrite
I/Oread
I/Owrite
Interruptacknowledge
Busidle
33. ExplainthesignalsHOLD,READYandSID
HOLDindicatesthataperipheralsuchasDMAcontrollerisrequesting
theuseofaddressbus,databusandcontrolbus.READYisusedtodelaythe
microprocessorreadorwritecyclesuntilaslowrespondingperipheralisready
tosendoracceptdata.SIDisusedtoacceptserialdatabitbybit
33.Mention the categoriesofinstruction andgive two examples for each
category
Theinstructionsof8085canbecategorizedintothefollowingfive
MOVRd,Rs STA16bit
Datatransfer
ADDR
DCRM
Arithmetic
XRI8bit
RAR
Logical
JNZ
CALL16bit
Branching
HLT
NOP
Machinecontrol
34.ExplainLDA,STAandDAAinstructions
LDAcopiesthedatabyteintoaccumulatorfromthememorylocation
specified by the 16bit address. STA copies the data byte from the
accumulator in the memory location specified by 16bit address. DAA
changesthecontentsoftheaccumulatorfrombinaryto4bitBCDdigits.
35.Explainthedifferentinstructionformatswithexamples
Theinstructionsetisgroupedintothefollowingformats
MOVC,A
Onebyteinstruction
MVIA,39H
Twobyteinstruction
JMP2345H
Threebyteinstruction

36.Whatistheuseofaddressingmodes,mentionthedifferenttypes
Thevariousformatsofspecifyingtheoperandsarecalledaddressingmodes,itis
usedtoaccesstheoperandsordata.Thedifferenttypesareasfollows
Immediateaddressing
Registeraddressing
Directaddressing
Indirectaddressing
Implicitaddressing
38. Whatistheuseofbidirectionalbuffers?
Itisusedtoincreasethedrivingcapacityofthedatabus.Thedata
busofamicrocomputersystemisbidirectional,soitrequiresabufferthat
allowsthedatatoflowinbothdirections.
38.Givetheregisterorganizationof8085
W(8)
Z(8)
Temp.Reg Temp.Reg
B(8)
C(8)
Register
Register
D(8)
E(8)
Register
Register
H(8)
L(8)
Register
Register
StackPointer(16)
ProgramCounter(16)
39.Definestackandexplainstackrelatedinstructions
ThestackisagroupofmemorylocationsintheR/Wmemorythatis
usedforthetemporarystorageofbinaryinformationduringtheexecutionof
theprogram.ThestackrelatedinstructionsarePUSH&POP
40.WhydoweuseXRAAinstruction
TheXRAAinstructionisusedtoclearthecontentsofthe
Accumulatorandstorethevalue00H.
41.CompareCALLandPUSHinstructions
CALL
WhenCALLisexecutedthe
microprocessorautomaticallystoresthe
16bitaddressoftheinstructionnextto
CALLonthestack
WhenCALLisexecutedthestackpointer
isdecrementedbytwo

PUSH
Theprogrammerusestheinstruction
PUSHtosavethecontentsoftheregister
paironthestack
WhenPUSHisexecutedthestack
pointerregisterisdecrementedbytwo

42.WhatisMicrocontrollerandMicrocomputer
Microcontrollerisadevicethatincludesmicroprocessor;memoryand
I/O signal lines on a single chip, fabricated using VLSI technology.
Microcomputerisacomputerthatisdesignedusingmicroprocessorasits
CPU.Itincludesmicroprocessor,memoryandI/O.
43.DefineFlags
Theflagsareusedtoreflectthedataconditionsintheaccumulator.The8085
flagsareSSignflag,ZZeroflag,ACAuxiliarycarryflag,PParityflag,CY

Carryflag
D7 D6
S
Z

D5

D4 D3
AC

D2
P

D1

D0
CY

44.Howdoesthemicroprocessordifferentiatebetweendataandinstruction
Whenthefirstm/ccodeofaninstructionisfetchedanddecodedin
theinstructionregister,themicroprocessorrecognizesthenumberofbytes
required to fetch the entire instruction. For example MVI A, Data, the
second byte is always considered as data. If the data byte is omitted by
mistakewhateverisinthatmemorylocationwillbeconsideredasdata&the
byteafterthedatawillbetreatedasthenextinstruction.
45.CompareRETandPOP
RET

POP
POPtransfersthecontentsofthetoptwo
RETtransfersthecontentsofthetoptwo
locationsofthestacktothespecifiedregister
locationsofthestacktothePC
pair
WhenRETisexecutedtheSPisincremented WhenPOPisexecutedtheSPisincremented
bytwo
bytwo
Has8conditionalRETURNinstructions
NoconditionalPOPinstructions

46.Whatisassembler
Theassemblertranslatestheassemblylanguageprogramtextwhichisgivenas
inputtotheassemblertotheirbinaryequivalentsknownasobjectcode.Thetime
requiredtotranslatetheassemblycodetoobjectcodeiscalledaccesstime.The
assemblerchecksforsyntaxerrors&displaysthembeforegivingtheobjectcode.
47.Whatisloader

Theloadercopiestheprogramintothecomputersmainmemory
atloadtimeandbeginstheprogramexecutionatexecutiontime.
48. Whatislinker
A linkerisaprogramusedtojointogetherseveralobjectfilesintoonelargeobject
file.Forlargeprogramsitismoreefficienttodividethelargeprogrammodulesinto
smallermodules.Eachmoduleisindividuallywritten,tested&debugged.Whenallthe
modulesworktheyarelinkedtogethertoformalargefunctioningprogram.

MOVCS:[BX],AL

49.ExplainALIGN&ASSUME
The ALIGN directive forces the assembler to align the next segment at an
addressdivisiblebyspecifieddivisor.TheformatisALIGNnumberwherenumber
canbe2,4,8or16.ExampleALIGN8.
TheASSUMEdirectiveassignsalogicalsegmenttoaphysicalsegmentatany
giventime.Ittellstheassemblerwhataddresswillbeinthesegmentregistersat
executiontime.ExampleASSUMECS:code,DS:data,SS:stack
50. ExplainPTR&GROUP
A program may contain several segments of the same type. The GROUP
directivecollectsthemunderasinglenamesotheycanresideinasinglesegment,
usuallyadatasegment.TheformatisNameGROUPSegname,..Segname
PTRisusedtoassignaspecifictypetoavariableoralabel.Itisalsousedto
overridethedeclaredtypeofavariable.
51.ExplainaboutMODEL
Thisdirectiveprovidesshortcutsindefiningsegments.Itinitializesmemory
modelbeforedefininganysegment.ThememorymodelcanbeSMALL,MEDIUM,
COMPACTorLARGE.
Model
Codesegments
Datasegments
Small
One
One
Medium
Multiple
One
Compact
One
Multiple
Large
Multiple
Multiple
52.ExplainPROC&ENDP
PROCdirectivedefinestheproceduresintheprogram.Theprocedurename
mustbeunique.AfterPROCthetermNEARorFARareusedtospecifythetypeof
procedure. Example FACT PROC FAR. ENDP is used along with PROC and
definestheendoftheprocedure.
53.ExplainSEGMENT&ENDS
Anassemblyprogramin.EXEformatconsistsofoneormoresegments.The
startsofthesesegmentsaredefinedbySEGMENTandtheendofthesegmentis
indicatedbyENDSdirective.FormatNameSEGMENT
NameENDS
54.ExplainTITLE&TYPE
TheTITLEdirectivehelpstocontroltheformatofalistingofanassembled
program.Itcausesatitlefortheprogramtoprintonline2ofeachpageofthe
programlisting.Maximum60charactersareallowed.FormatTITLEtext.
TYPEoperatortellstheassemblertodeterminethetypeofspecifiedvariablein
bytes.Forbytestheassemblergivesavalue1,forword2&doubleword4.
55.DefineSOP
Thesegmentoverrideprefixallowstheprogrammertodeviatefromthedefault

segment

Eg

56. Definevariable
A variableisanidentifierthatisassociatedwiththefirstbyteofdataitem.In
assemblylanguagestatement:COUNTDB20H,COUNTisthevariable.
57. Whatareprocedures
Proceduresareagroupofinstructionsstoredasaseparateprograminmemoryand
itiscalledfromthemainprogramwheneverrequired.Thetypeofproceduredepends
onwheretheproceduresarestoredinmemory.Ifitisinthesamecodesegmentasthat
ofthemainprogramthenitisanearprocedureotherwiseitisafarprocedure.
58. Explainthelinkingprocess
A linkerisaprogramusedtojointogetherseveralobjectfilesintoonelargeobjectfile.
The linker produces a link file which contains the binary codes for all the combined
modules.Italsoproducesalinkmapwhichcontainstheaddressinformationaboutthelink
files.Thelinkerdoesnotassignabsoluteaddressesbutonlyrelativeaddressstartingfrom
zero,sotheprogramsarerelocatable&canbeputanywhereinmemorytoberun.

59. Explainaboutpassingparametersusingregisterswithexample
Procedures process some data or address variable from the main program, for
processingitisnecessarytopasstheaddressvariablesordata.Thisiscalledpassing
parameterstoprocedures.Inpassingparametersusingregistersthedatatobepassedis
storedinregisters&theseregistersareaccessedintheproceduretoprocessthedata.
CODESEGMENT
MOVAL,DATA
CALLPRO1
PRO1PROCNEAR
MOVINPUT,AL
RET
PRO1ENDP
CODEENDS
60. Whatisrecursiveprocedures
A recursiveprocedureisaprocedure,whichcallsitself.Recursiveprocedures
areusedtoworkwithcomplexdatastructurescalledtrees.Iftheprocedureiscalled
with N=3, then theN is decrementedby 1after eachprocedure CALL and the
procedureiscalleduntilN=0.
61. Whatarelibraries
Libraryfilesarecollectionofproceduresthatcanbeusedinotherprograms.These
proceduresareassembledandcompiledintoalibraryfilebytheLIBprogram.The
libraryfileisinvokedwhenaprogramislinkedwithlinkerprogram.whenalibraryfile
islinkedonlytherequiredproceduresarecopiedintotheprogram.Useoflibraryfiles
increases/wreusability&reduces/wdevelopmenttime.
62.WhatareMacros
Macroisagroupofinstruction.Themacroassemblergeneratesthecodeintheprogram

eachtimewherethemacroiscalled.MacrosaredefinedbyMACRO&ENDM

directives.Creatingmacroissimilartocreatingnewopcodesthatcanbeusedinthe
program
INITMACRO
MOVAX,
dataMOVDS
MOVES,AX
ENDM
63.Howdo8086interruptsoccur
An8086interruptcancomefromanyofthefollowingthreesources
Externalsignals
Specialinstructionsintheprogram
Conditionproducedbyinstruction
65. Whatarethe8086interrupttypes
Dedicatedinterrupts
Type0:Dividebyzerointerrupt
Type1:Singlestepinterrupt
Type2:Nonmaskableinterrupt
Type3:Breakpoint
Type 4: Overflow
interruptSoftwareinterrupts
Type0255
66. Whatisinterruptserviceroutine
Interruptmeanstobreakthesequenceofoperation.WhiletheCPUisexecuting
aprogramaninterruptbreaksthenormalsequenceofexecutionofinstructions&
divertsitsexecutiontosomeotherprogram.Thisprogramtowhichthecontrolis
transferrediscalledtheinterruptserviceroutine.
66.DefineBIOS
TheIBMPChasinitsROMacollectionofroutines,eachofwhichperformssome
specificfunctionsuchasreadingacharacterfromkeyboard,writingcharactertoCRT.
ThiscollectionofroutinesisreferredtoasBasicInputOutputSystemorBIOS.
67.ExplainPUBLIC
Forlargeprogramsseveralsmallmodulesarelinkedtogether.Inorderthatthe
modules link together correctly any variable name or label referred to in other
modulesmustbedeclaredpublicinthemodulewhereitisdefined.ThePUBLIC
directiveisusedtotelltheassemblerthataspecifiednameorlabelwillbeaccessed
fromothermodules.FormatPUBLICSymbol.
68.ExplainDUP
TheDUPdirectivecanbeusedtoinitializeseverallocations&toassignvalues
totheselocations.FormatNameData_TypeNumDUP(value)
ExampleTABLEDW10DUP(0).Reservesanarrayof10wordsofmemory
andinitializesall10wordswith0.arraynameisTABLE.
69.CompareProcedure&Macro
Procedure

Macro

AccessedbyCALL&RETinstruction

Accessedduringassemblywithnamegiven

duringprogramexecution
Machinecodeforinstructionisputonlyonce
inthememory
Withprocedureslessmemoryisrequired
Parameterscanbepassedinregisters,
memorylocationsorstack

tomacrowhendefined
Machinecodeisgeneratedforinstruction
eachtimewhenmacroiscalled
Withmacromorememoryisrequired
Parameterspassedaspartofstatementwhich
callsmacro

70.Whatisthepurposeofsegmentregistersin8086?
Thereare4segmentregisterspresentin8086.Theyare
1. CodeSegment(CS)register
2. DataSegment(DS)register
3. StackSegment(SS)register
4. ExtraSegment(ES)register
Thecodesegmentregistergivestheaddressofthecurrentcodesegment.ie.It
willpointsoutwheretheinstructions,tobeexecuted,arestoredinthememory.

Thedatasegmentregisterpointsoutwheretheoperandsarestoredinthe
memory.
Thestacksegmentregisterspointsouttheaddressofthecurrentstack,
whichisusedtostorethetemporaryresults.
IftheamountofdatausedismoretheExtrasegmentregisterpointsout
wherethelargeamountofdataisstoredinthememory.
71.Definepipelining?
In8086,tospeeduptheexecutionofprogram,theinstructionsfetching
andexecutionofinstructionsareoverlappedeachother.Thistechniqueis
knownaspipelining.
th

th

Inpipelining,whenthen instructionisexecuted,then+1
instructionisfetchedandthustheprocessingspeedisincreased.
72.Discussthefunctionofinstructionqueuein8086?
In8086,a6byteinstructionqueueispresentedattheBusInterfaceUnit
(BIU). It is used to prefetch and store at the maximum of 6 bytes of
instructioncodefromthememory.Duetothis,overlappinginstructionfetch
withinstructionexecutionincreasestheprocessingspeed.
73.Whatisthemaximummemorysizethatcanbeaddressedby8086?
In8086,anmemorylocationisaddressedby20bitaddressandthe
addressbusis20bitaddressandtheaddressbusis20bits.Soitcanaddress
uptoonemegabyte(2^20)ofmemoryspace.
74.Whatisthefunctionofthesignalin8086?
BHEsignalmeansBusHighEnablesignal.TheBHEsignalismadelowwhen
thereissomereadorwriteoperationiscarriedout.ie.Wheneverthedata
busofthesystemisbusyi.e.wheneverthereissomedatatransferthenthe
BHEsignalismadelow.

75.Whatarethepredefinedinterruptsin8086?
Thevariouspredefinedinterruptsare,
DIVISIONBYZERO(type0)Interrupt.
SINGLESTEP
(type1)Interrupt.
NONMASKABLE
(type2)Interrupt.
BREAKPOINT
(type3)Interrupt.
OVERFLOW
(type4)Interrupt.

76.Whatarethedifferentflagavailableinstatusregisterof8086?
Thereare6onebitflagsarepresent.They
are,AFAuxiliaryCarryFlag
CFCarryFlag
OFOverflow
FlagSFSignFlag
PFParityFlag
ZFZeroFlag
77.Listthevariousaddressingmodespresentin8086?
Thereare12addressingmodespresentin8086.Theyare,
(a) Registerandimmediateaddressingmodes
Registeraddressingmodes
Immediateaddressingmode
(b) Memoryaddressingmodes.
Directaddressingmodes
Registerindirectaddressingmodes
Basedaddressingmodes
Indexedaddressingmodes
BasedIndexedaddressingmodes
Stringaddressingmodes
(c) I/Oaddressingmodes
Directaddressingmode
Indirectaddressingmode
(d) Relativeaddressingmode
(e) Impliedaddressingmode
78.Howsinglesteppingcanbedonein8086?
BysettingtheTraceFlag(TF)the8086goestosinglestepmode.Inthismode,
aftertheexecutionofeachinstructions8086generatesaninternalinterruptand
bywritingsomeinterruptserviceroutinewecandisplaythecontentofdesired
registersandmemorylocations.Soitisusefulfordebuggingtheprogram.
79.StatethesignificanceofLOCKsignalin8086?
If8086isworkingatmaximummode,therearemultiprocessorsare
present.IfthesystembusisgiventoaprocessorthentheLOCKsignalismade
low.Thatmeansthesystembusisbusyanditcannotbegivenofanyother

processors.AftertheuseofthesystembusagaintheLOCKsignalismade
high.Thatmeansitisreadytogivethesystembustoanyprocessor.
80. Whatarethefunctionsofbusinterfaceunit(BIU)in8086?
(a) Fetchinstructionsfrommemory.
(b) FetchdatafrommemoryandI/Oports.
(c) WritedatatomemoryandI/Oports.
(d) Tocommunicatewithoutsideworld.
(e) Provideexternalbusoperationsandbuscontrolsignals.
81. Whatistheclockfrequencyof8086?
8086
InternalclockFrequency 5MHz
ExternalClockFrequency 15MHZ

80862
8MHz
24MHZ

80864
4MHz
12MHZ

82. Whatarethetwomodesofoperationspresentin8086?
i. Minimummode(or)Uniprocessorsystem
ii. Maximummode(or)Multiprocessorsystem
84.Explaintheprocesscontrolinstructions
STCItsetsthecarryflag&doesnotaffectanyotherflag
CLCitresetsthecarryflagtozero&doesnotaffectanyotherflag
CMCItcomplementsthecarryflag&doesnotaffectanyotherflag
STDItsetsthedirectionflagto1sothatSIand/orDIcanbedecremented
automaticallyafterexecutionofstringinstruction&doesnotaffectotherflags
CLDItresetsthedirectionflagto0sothatSIand/orDIcanbeincremented
automaticallyafterexecutionofstringinstruction&doesnotaffectotherflags

STISetstheinterruptflagto1.EnablesINTRof8086.
CLIResetstheinterruptflagto0.8086willnotrespondtoINTR.

85.ExplainREPEATUNTILstatements
REPEATUNTILstatementsallowexecutingaseriesofinstructionsrepeatedlyuntil
someconditionoccurs.TheREPEATdefinesthestartoftheloop&UNTILtheendof
theloop.UNTILhasaconditionwhentheconditionistruetheloopisterminated

86.Whatismultiprogramming?
Ifmorethanoneprocessiscarriedoutatthesametime,thenitisknow
asmultiprogramming.AnotherdefinitionistheinterleavingofCPUandI/O
operationsamongseveralprogramsiscalledmultiprogramming.
ToimprovetheutilizationofCPUandI/Odevices,wearedesigning
toprocessasetofindependentprogramsconcurrentlybyasingleCPU.
Thistechniqueisknownasmultiprogramming
87.Differentiatebetweenabsoluteandlinearselectdecoding?
Absolutedecoding
Lineardecoding
Allhigheraddresslinesaredefined Fewhigheraddresslinesare

toselectthememoryorI/Odevice decodedtoselectthememoryorI/O

Moreh/wisrequiredtodesign
decodinglogic
Highercostfordecodingcircuit
Nomultipleaddress
Usedinlargesystems

device
Hardwarerequiredtodesign
decodinglogicisless
Lesscostfordecodingcircuit
Hasadisadvantageofmultiple
addressing
Usedinsmallsystems

88. Whatarethethreeclassificationsof8086interrupts?
(1) Predefinedinterrupts
(2) UserdefinedHardwareinterrupts
(3) Userdefinedsoftwareinterrupts.
89. Whatarethefunctionsofstatuspinsin8086?
S2
S1
S0
0
0
0
Interruptacknowledge
0
0
1
ReadI/O
0
1
0
WriteI/O
0
1
1
Halt
1
0
0
Codeaccess
1
0
1
Readmemory
1
1
0
Writememory
1
1
1
inactive

S4
S3
0 0I/Ofromextrasegment
0 1I/OfromStackSegment
1 0I/OfromCodesegment
1 1I/OfromDatasegment
S5
S6
S7

Statusofinterruptenableflag
Holdacknowledgeforsystembus
Addresstransfer.

90.Whataretheschemesforestablishingpriorityinordertoresolvebus
arbitrationproblem?
Therearethreebasicbusaccesscontrolandarbitrationschemes
1. DaisyChaining
2. IndependentRequest
3. Polling

91. Whatistheuseof8251chip?
Intels8251Aisauniversalsynchronousasynchronousreceiverandtransmitter
compatiblewithIntelsProcessors.Thismaybeprogrammedtooperatein

anyoftheserialcommunicationmodesbuiltintoit.Thischipconvertsthe

paralleldataintoaserialstreamofbitssuitableforserialtransmission.Itis
alsoabletoreceiveaserialstreamofbitsandconvertsitintoparalleldata
bytestobereadbyamicroprocessor.
92.Whatarethedifferenttypesofmethodsusedfordatatransmission?
Thedatatransmissionbetweentwopointsinvolvesunidirectionalorbi
directionaltransmissionofmeaningfuldigitaldatathroughamedium.Thereare
basicallytheremodesofdatatransmission
(a) Simplex
(b) Duplex
(c) HalfDuplex

In simplex mode, data is transmitted only in one direction over a single

communicationchannel.Forexample,acomputer(CPU)maytransmitdatafora
CRTdisplayunitinthismode.
Induplexmode,datamaybetransferredbetweentwotransreceiversinboth
directionssimultaneously.
Inhalfduplexmode,ontheotherhand,datatransmissionmaytakepaceineither
direction,butatatimedatamaybetransmittedonlyinonedirection.Forexample,
acomputermaycommunicatewithaterminalinthismode.Whentheterminal
sendsdata(i.e.terminalissender).Themessageisreceivedbythecomputer(i.ethe
computer is receiver). However, it is not possible to transmit data from the
computertoterminalandfromterminaltothecomputersimultaneously.

93.Whatarethevariousprogrammeddatatransfermethods?
ii) Synchronousdatatransfer
iii) Asynchronousdatatransfer
iv) Interruptdrivendatatransfer
94.Whatissynchronousdatatransfer?
It is a data method which is used when the I/O device and the
microprocessormatchinspeed.Totransferadatatoorfromthedevice,
theuserprogramissuesasuitableinstructionaddressingthedevice.The
datatransferiscompletedattheendoftheexecutionofthisinstruction.
95.Whatisasynchronousdatatransfer?
ItisadatatransfermethodwhichisusedwhenthespeedofanI/Odevice
does not match with the speed of the microprocessor. Asynchronous data
transferisalsocalledasHandshaking.
96.Whatarethefunctionaltypesusedincontrolwordsof8251a?
Thecontrolwordsof8251Aaredividedintotwofunctionaltypes.
1. ModeInstructioncontrolword
2. CommandInstructioncontrolword
ModeInstructioncontrolword:Thisdefinesthegeneral
operationalcharacteristicsof8251A.
CommandInstructioncontrolword:Thecommandinstructioncontrolsthe
actualoperationsoftheselectedformatlikeenabletransmit/receive,errorreset
andmodemcontrol.

97.Whatarethebasicmodesofoperationof8255?
Therearetwobasicmodesofoperationof8255,
viz.1.I/Omode.
3.BSRmode.
InI/Omode,the8255portsworkasprogrammableI/Oports,while
InBSRmodeonlyportC(PC0PC7)canbeusedtosetorresetitsindividual
portbits.UndertheIOmodeofoperation,furthertherearethreemodesofoperationof
8255,Soastosupportdifferenttypesofapplications,viz.mode0,mode1andmode2.
Mode0
BasicI/Omode
Mode1
StrobedI/Omode
Mode2
StrobedbidirectionalI/O
98. Writethefeaturesofmode0in8255?
1. Two8bitports(portAandportB)andtwo4bitports(portCupperandlower)
areavailable.Thetwo4bitportscanbecombinedusedasathird8bitport.

2. Anyportcanbeusedasaninputoroutputport.

3.Outputportsarelatched.Inputportsarenotlatched.4.Amaximumoffourports
areavailablesothatoverall16I/Oconfigurationsare
possible.
99.Whatarethefeaturesusedmode1in8255?
TwogroupsgroupAandgroupBareavailableforstrobeddatatransfer.
1. Eachgroupcontainsone8bitdataI/Oportandone4bitcontrol/dataport.
2. The8bitdataportcanbeeitherusedasinputoroutputport.Theinputsand
outputsbotharelatched.
3. Outof8bitportC,PC0PC2isusedtogeneratecontrolsignalsforportBand
PC3=PC5areusedtogeneratecontrolsignalsforportA.ThelinesPC6,PC7
maybeusedasindependentdatalines.
100. Whatarethesignalsusedininputcontrolsignal&outputcontrolsignal?
Inputcontrolsignal
STB(Strobeinput)
IBF(Inputbufferfull)
INTR(Interruptrequest)
Outputcontrolsignal
OBF(Outputbufferfull)
ACK(Acknowledgeinput)
INTR(Interruptrequest)
101. Whatarethefeaturesusedmode2in8255?
Thesingle8bitportingroupAisavailable.
1. The8bitportisbidirectionalandadditionallya5bitcontrolportisavailable.
2. ThreeI/OlinesareavailableatportC,vizPC2PC0.
3. Inputsandoutputsarebothlatched.
4. The 5bit control port C (PC3=PC7) is used for generating/accepting
handshakesignalsforthe8bitdatatransferonportA.
102. Whatarethemodesofoperationsusedin8253?

Eachofthethreecountersof8253canbeoperatedinoneofthe

followingsixmodesofoperation.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Mode0(Interruptonterminalcount)
Mode1(Programmablemonoshot)
Mode2(Rategenerator)
Mode3(Squarewavegenerator)
Mode4(Softwaretriggeredstrobe)
Mode5(Hardwaretriggeredstrobe)

103. Whatarethedifferenttypesofwriteoperationsusedin8253?
Therearetwotypesofwriteoperationsin8253
(1) Writingacontrolwordregister
(2) Writingacountvalueintoacountregister
Thecontrolwordregisteracceptsdatafromthedatabufferandinitializes
thecounters,asrequired.Thecontrolwordregistercontentsareusedfor

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Initializingtheoperatingmodes(mode0mode4)
Selectionofcounters(counter0counter2)
Choosingbinary/BCDcounters
Loadingofthecounterregisters.

ThemodecontrolregisterisawriteonlyregisterandtheCPUcannot
readitscontents.
104. Givethedifferenttypesofcommandwordsusedin8259a?
Thecommandwordsof8259Aareclassifiedintwogroups
1. Initializationcommandwords(ICWs)
2. Operationcommandwords(OCWs)
105. Givetheoperatingmodesof8259a?
(a) FullyNestedMode
(b) EndofInterrupt(EOI)
(c) AutomaticRotation
(d) AutomaticEOIMode
(e) SpecificRotation
(f) SpecialMaskMode
(g) EdgeandlevelTriggeredMode
(h) Reading8259Status
(i) Pollcommand
(j) SpecialFullyNestedMode
(k) Bufferedmode
(l) Cascademode
106. Definescancounter?
The scan counter has two modes to scan the key matrix and refresh the
display.Intheencodedmode,thecounterprovidesbinarycountthatistobe
externallydecodedtoprovidethescanlinesforkeyboardanddisplay.Inthe
decodedscanmode,thecounterinternallydecodestheleastsignificant2bits
and provides a decoded 1 out of 4 scan on SL0SL3.The keyboard and

displaybothareinthesamemodeatatime.