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DEFINITION :

Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow. It describes the internal friction of a


moving fluid. A fluidwith large viscosity resists motion because its molecular makeup gives it a
lot of internal friction. A fluid with low viscosity flows easily because its molecular makeup
results in very little friction when it is in motion. Gases also have viscosity, although it is a little
harder to notice it in ordinary circumstances.
http://www.princeton.edu/~gasdyn/Research/T-C_Research_Folder/Viscosity_def.html
Viscosity is related to the concept of shear force ; it can be understood as the effect of
different layers of the fluid exerting shearing force on each other, or on other surfaces, as they
move against each other. Viscosity lies behind the skin friction component of drag.
kinematic viscosity is a measure of the rate at which momentum is transferred through
a fluid. It is measured in stokes .
dynamic viscosity is a measure of the ratio of the stress on a region of a fluid to the
rate of change of strain it undergoes. It is equal to the kinematic viscosity times the density of
the fluid.
http://science.yourdictionary.com/viscosity
A real fluid flowing in a pipe experiences frictional forces. There is friction with the
walls of the pipe, and there is friction within the fluid itself, converting some of its kinetic energy
into thermal energy. The frictional forces that try to prevent different layers of fluid from sliding
past each other are called viscous forces. Viscosity is a measure of a fluids resistance to relative
motion within the fluid.

http://labman.phys.utk.edu/phys221/modules/m9/viscosity.htm

Hydrodynamic
a branch of hydromechanics studying the motion of incompressible fluids and their interaction
with solids. The methods of hydrodynamics can also be used to study the motion of gases, if the
velocity of this motion is significantly lower than the velocity of sound in the gas being studied.
If the gas moves with a velocity approaching or exceeding the velocity of sound, the
compressibility of the gas becomes significant. In this case the methods of hydrodynamics are no
longer applicable; this type of gas motion is studied in gas dynamics.
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Hydrodynamics
characteristics Ideal Fluid Flow (BERNOULLI'S)
Assumptions:

The fluid is incompressible and nonviscous.

There is no energy loss due to friction between the fluid and the wall of the pipe.

There is no heat energy transferred across the boundaries of the pipe to the fluid as either
a heat gain or loss.

There are no pumps in the section of pipe under consideration.

The fluid flow is laminar and steady state.

http://faculty.wwu.edu/vawter/PhysicsNet/Topics/Pressure/BernoulliEquation.html
Fluid motion is usually very complicated. However, by making a set of assumptions about the
fluid, one can still develop useful models of fluid behaviour. An ideal fluid is:
Incompressible the density is constant
Irrotational the flow is smooth (streamline or laminar), no turbulence

Nonviscous fluid has no internal friction ( = 0)


Steady flow the velocity of the fluid at each point is constant in time.
http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/teach_res/jp/fluids/flow3.pdf

Continuity Equation
A continuity equation in physics is an equation that describes the transport of a
conserved quantity. Since mass, energy, momentum, electric charge and other natural quantities
are conserved under their respective appropriate conditions, a variety of physical phenomena
may be described using continuity equations.
One of the fundamental principles used in the analysis of uniform flow is known as the
Continuity of Flow. This principle is derived from the fact that mass is always conserved in fluid
systems regardless of the pipeline complexity or direction of flow.
If steady flow exists in a channel and the principle of conservation of mass is applied to
the system, there exists a continuity of flow, defined as: "The mean velocities at all cross
sections having equal areas are then equal, and if the areas are not equal, the velocities are
inversely proportional to the areas of the respective cross sections." Thus if the flow is constant
in a reach of channel the product of the area and velocity will be the same for any two cross
sections within that reach. Looking a the units of the product of area (sq-ft) and velocity (fps)
leads to the definition of flow rate (cfs). This is expressed in the Continuity Equation:

Where: Q = the volumetric flow rate


A = the cross sectional area of flow
V = the mean velocity
http://www.fsl.orst.edu/geowater/FX3/help/8_Hydraulic_Reference/Continuity_Equation.htm

Bernoullis Equation
The Bernoulli effect, or the Bernoulli principle or Bernoulli's law, is a statement of relationship
between flow speed and pressure in a fluid system; in essence, when the speed of horizontal flow
through a fluid increases, the pressure decreases. This effect, and the principle which states this
formally, was discovered by the renowned mathematician Daniel Bernoulli, who first published
its formulation in 1738. Since the word "fluid" in physics refers to the behavior of both liquids
and gasses, such as air, the Bernoulli effect can be observed in both hydrodynamic, or fluid,
systems as well as aerodynamic, or gaseous, systems.
http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-the-bernoulli-effect.htm#did-you-know
It should be emphasized that the Bernoulli equation is restricted to the following:

inviscid flow
steady flow
incompressible flow
flow along a streamline
http://www.engineering.uiowa.edu/~fluids/Posting/Lecture_Notes/Chapter3.pdf
The relationship between pressure and velocity in fluids is described quantitatively by
Bernoullis equation, named after its discoverer, the Swiss scientist Daniel Bernoulli
(17001782). Bernoullis equation states that for an incompressible, frictionless fluid,
the following sum is constant:

p 12 v 2 gh constant

Where : P= the absolute pressure, is the fluid density


v = the velocity of the fluid

h = the height above some reference point, and


g= the acceleration due to gravity.
If we follow a small volume of fluid along its path, various quantities in the sum may
change, but the total remains constant. Let the subscripts 1 and 2 refer to any two points along
the path that the bit of fluid follows; Bernoullis equation becomes:

p1 12 v12 gh1 p2 12 v22 gh2

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Applications of Bernoullis Equation


Torricellis Theorem

Figure 1: (a) Water gushes from the base of the Studen Kladenetz dam in Bulgaria. (credit: Kiril
Kapustin; http://www.ImagesFromBulgaria.com) (b) In the absence of significant resistance,

water flows from the reservoir with the same speed it would have if it fell the distance h without
friction. This is an example of Torricellis theorem.

Figure 2: Pressure in the nozzle of this fire hose is less than at ground level for two reasons: the
water has to go uphill to get to the nozzle, and speed increases in the nozzle. In spite of its
lowered pressure, the water can exert a large force on anything it strikes, by virtue of its kinetic
energy. Pressure in the water stream becomes equal to atmospheric pressure once it emerges into
the air.
All preceding applications of Bernoullis equation involved simplifying conditions, such as
constant height or constant pressure. The next example is a more general application of
Bernoullis equation in which pressure, velocity, and height all change. (See Figure 2.)
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