MAE 4353 Mechanical Design II

Dr James A. Kidd
Module 10 Part 1: 10/31/14

Clutches, Brakes, Couplings & Flywheels

Static Analysis of Clutches & Brakes

Internal Expanding Rim Clutches & Brakes
External Contracting Rim Clutches & Brakes
Frictional Contact Axial Clutches
Disc Brakes
Energy Considerations
Temperature Rise
Friction Materials
Miscellaneous Clutches & Couplings
Flywheels
MAE 4353 Fall 2014

Introduction
Elements for managing rotation (transfer & storage)

MAE 4353 Fall 2014

Model of Clutch
Friction clutch (or brake) model
Slippage between plates causes temperature rise
Behaviors include:

Actuating forces
Transmitted torque
Energy loss
Temperature rise

Fig. 161

MAE 4353 Fall 2014

Static Analysis of Clutch/Brake

General process:
Estimate, model or measure pressure distribution on
friction surfaces
Identify relationship between largest pressure and
distribution at any point
Use static equilibrium to find braking force or torque
and support reactions

MAE 4353 Fall 2014

Brake/Clutch
(Doorstop)

MAE 4353 Fall 2014

Fig. 162

Doorstop cont.
Fig. 162

Leftward
movement of
floor

Rightward
movement of
floor

MAE 4353 Fall 2014

Internal Expanding Centrifugal-acting Rim Clutches & Brakes

Examples:
Expanding Ring
Textile machinery, excavators,
machine tools,
Clutch may be inside driving
pulley

Centrifugal
Typically for automatic
operations such as electric
motor drives

Magnetic
Remote or automatic systems
and for complex load cycles

Hydraulic & Pneumatic

For complex load cycles and
remote operations

Fig. 163

Internal shoe rim clutch

Similar approach in drum brakes

MAE 4353 Fall 2014

Internal Friction Shoe Geometry

Cant assume uniform normal
force distribution due to long
shoe length
Mechanical arrangement will
not allow pressure at heel
Typically omit friction material
near heel (no pressure during
engagement and reduces
interference when
disengaged)

Fig. 164
MAE 4353 Fall 2014

Internal Friction Shoe Geometry

Evaluate pressure on friction material element
at angle from hinge pin
Designate max pressure as pa at angle a
Determine pressure distribution via infinitesimal
rotation about pivot A on point B
Deformation & pressure proportional
to sin
In terms of pressure at B and at
maximum point:

Fig. 165
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Pressure Distribution Characteristics

Characteristics:
Sinusoidal
For short shoe (a), largest pressure
on shoe is pa at shoe end
For long shoe (b), largest pressure
is pa at a = 90

Note: Material selection is based

on maximum allowable friction
and maximum imposed pressure
pa, so off-shoe pressures are
irrelevant

Fig. 166
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Force Analysis
Efficient design concentrates frictional material
near maximum pressure point (as shown):

At any angle from pin there is a

differential normal force:

b is frictional material face width

(into the plane)

Substituting maximum pressure

and associated angle gives:

Fig. 167
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Force Analysis, cont.

Use normal force with force components to write moment of
frictional forces about hinge pin:

Moment of normal forces

about hinge pin:

Actuating force must

balance moments:

If MN = Mf system is self-locked (no actuating force required)

Can determine dimensions for self-energizing action
Self-locking condition:
Is this correct?
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Force Analysis, cont.

Torque applied to
drum by shoe:

Hinge-pin reactions (sum of horizontal and vertical forces):

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Force Analysis, cont.

If rotation is reversed for given geometry (Fig 16-7), self-energizing effect is lost and required
actuating force is:

Pin reactions become:

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Force Analysis, cont.

simplifying
terms:

Clockwise rotation
(Fig 16-7 geometry):

Counter-clockwise
rotation:

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Assumptions
Pressure at any point on shoe proportional to distance
from pin (zero at heel)
Centrifugal force effects neglected
Good assumption for brakes
Clutch analysis needs to account for centrifugal forces

Shoes are rigid

No variation of friction coefficient with pressure

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Discussion Problem
Which shoe limits the maximum
actuation force F?
(F same for both shoes)

What if the direction of rotation is reversed?

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Assignments
Mid-term survey Open till 1:00 PM Wednesday
Quiz for bonus points open till Friday 10:00PM

By class time Friday (10/31)

Read Shigley Chapter 16 (Clutches & Brakes)

By class time Monday (11/3)

Upload Flexible Elements Problem Set (#8) (note revised date)
Complete quiz and download problem set
Test Review, Clutches & Brakes cont.

Tuesday (11/4) TA Study Session 3:30 to 4:40 in EN 208

Wednesday (11/5) Test #2
Springs, Bearings, Flexible Elements

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