Channel models

Radio wave propagation

‘Propagation channel
– physical medium between antennas
‘Radio channel
– propagation channel + transmitter and
receiver antennas
‘Digital channel
– includes the modulation and demodulation

In this course we concentrate on radiochannels

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Radio wave propagation

Pr1 Pr2

BS
Pt
Pt

Radio wave propagation - fading

‘ Line-of-Sight (LOS) λ = signal

‘ Reflection (λ<<object) wavelength
‘ Diffraction (at the edge of impenetrable object>>λ)
‘ Scattering (λ>>object)

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Radio wave propagation

Maxwell’s equations

‘Too complicated to use in practice

‘Other, simpler solutions are used

Radio wave propagation

Propagation effects
Usually separated in to three groups

‘ Path loss
‘ Shadow fading
‘ Multipath fading

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 Radio wave propagation

‘ Path loss Ptr = transmitted power

‘ Shadow fading Prx = received power

‘ Multipath fading

Slow
Fast
Ptr Prx/Ptr
Prx v Very slow

d=vt
d=vt

Radio wave propagation

g s shadow fading gain

g p distance dependent
average path gain

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Radio wave propagation

Pr1 Pr2

BS
Pt
Pt

Radio wave propagation

‘ Mobile unit is distance r away from antenna

‘ Distance dependence:
– Distance dependent path loss (gp)
– Shadow fading gain (gs)
– The multipath gain (gm)
RECEIVED POWER

Prx = gPtr = g p g s g m Ptr

in dB scale
Prx = Ptx + g p + g s + g m

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Radio wave propagation

Radio wave propagation (dB)

‘ RECEIVED POWER in dB scale (No bars)

Prx = Ptx + g p + g s + g m

‘ Definition of decibel (dB), dbW and dBm

Pout dBW = decibel-Watt
GdB = 10 log10
Pin PowerW
PowerdBW = 10 log10
GdB = gain in dB 1W
Pin = input power dBm = decibel-milliWatt
Pout = output power PowermW
PowerdBm = 10 log10
1 mW

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Radio wave propagation

Propagation effects
Separated in to three groups

‘ Path loss
‘ Shadow fading
‘ Multipath fading

Distance power loss

‘ Average path loss

2 Carrier wavelength =λ
 λ 
Prx = Ptr Gtr Grx   r = propagation distance
 4π r 
C
= 2 Ptr = g p Ptr
r
2
C  λ 
g p = 2 ; C = Gtr Grx  
r  4π 
g p = Cp −10 ⋅ 2log r,
in dB

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Distance power loss

‘ Average path loss

C C
Prx = Ptr = g p Ptr gp =
rα rα
α varies between 2-8 g p = C p − 10α log r , in dB
‘ Okumura-Hata model C p = 10 log C
‘ α=2, free space,
In terminal communications
α=3-5
α=4, plane-earth model

Distance power loss

‘ Simple loss model

C
Prx = Ptr
rα
10 log Prx = 10 log(CPtr ) − 10α log r = 10 log P0 − 10α log r

10 log Ptr − 10 log Prx = 10 log Ptr − 10 log P0 + 10α log r

 
 

Lp L0

‘ Total path loss L p

L p = L0 + 10α log r

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Shadowing

Shadowing

‘ Shadowing
‘ A terminal moving behind a hill, etc.
‘ At or above 300 MHz , the amount of diffracted energy is
low – shadows will be distinct
‘ Signal will fluctuate – shadow fading
‘ Shadowing gain can be estimated
‘ Included in Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
planning tools
‘ Finer details not known –
maps have resolution of 50-100 m

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 Shadowing

‘ Path loss Ptr = transmitted power

‘ Shadow fading Prx = received power

log-normal
Slow

Ptr Prx/Ptr
Prx v Very slow

d=vt
d=vt

Shadowing

‘Shadowing
‘ A common model – log-normal, probability density
function

( gi − g avg ) 2
−
1 2σ i2
p ( gi ) = e
σ i 2π

‘ log-standard deviation 8-12 dB

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Shadowing

‘Shadowing
A common model – log-
normal, probability
density function

Model parameters
obained
empirically.

dB power normally
distributed

Shadowing

‘Shadowing
C
Prx = ψ Ptr = g p Ptr
rα
ψ log-normal
ψ log-normal Slow
Prx/Ptr
Very slow

d=vt

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Shadowing

‘ Combining the distance loss and the shadow fading

C
Prx = ψ Ptr
rα
10 log Prx = 10 logψ + 10 log(CPtr ) − 10α log r
= 10 logψ + 10 log P0 − 10α log r
10log P0 Slow

Prx/Ptr
Very slow
(dB) -10α
log d

Shadowing

‘ Combining the distance loss and the shadow fading in dB

g (r ) = 10 l o g( g ( r )) = X (r ) + C − 10α log(r )

‘ X(r) = zero-mean Gaussian random process

‘ Log-normal will be correlated so that G(r) will take
similar values for nearby distance values r.
‘ Simple first order model, autocorrelation

−k
RX ( k ) = σ 2 a a = ε νT / D

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 Shadowing

‘ Autocorrelation between dB-samples of the signal level

taken at sample rate 1/T in a mobile moving at speed v,
given by
a = ε νT / D
−k
RX ( k ) = σ 2 a

‘ where ε D = correlation of two shadow fading gains,

X(r) and X(r+D)

Shadowing

hb =
Antenna hm =
height Mobile
height

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Shadowing

‘ Okumura-Hata

Multipath fading

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 Multipath fading

‘ Multipath fading
‘ Looking more microscopic model:
Fast multipath fading – dependent on phase differences
between wave components
‘ Shadow fading is slow (wavelengths 10-100 m),
multipath fading very rapid (wavelengths 0.5-1 m)
‘ Multipath fading is narrowband phenomenon, when the
delay of the multipath components < the symbol duration
of the transmitted signals
‘ For wideband signals, the received power fluctuations
have considerably lower amplitude.

Multipath fading
‘ Line-of-Sight (LOS) λ = signal
‘ Reflection (λ<<object) wavelength
‘ Diffraction (at the edge of impenetrable object>>λ)
‘ Scattering (λ>>object)

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Effects of multipath fading

‘ Intersymbol interference

Multipath model

‘ Random number of multipath

components, each with
– Random amplitude
– Random phase
– Random Doppler shift
– Random delay
‘ Each component varies with time
‘ Model is time-varying impulse
response

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 Multipath model

‘ Response of a channel at time t to

impulse at t-τ
‘ Each component varies with time
‘ Model is time-varying impulse
response

Multipath model

‘ Response of a channel at time t to impulse at t-τ

N
c ( t ,τ ) = ∑ α n (t )e − jϕn (t )δ (τ − τ n (t ))
n =1

t = time when impulse is observed

t-τ = time when impulse was put into the channel
τ = how long ago impulse was put into channel

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 Multipath model

‘ Response of a channel at time t to impulse at t-τ

N
c ( t ,τ ) = ∑ α n (t )e − jϕn (t )δ (τ − τ n (t ))
n =1

αn = changes slowly
ϕn = changes quickly
Amplitude fading

Multipath fading

‘ Narrowband signals – central limit theorem used

‘ Received signal has N components
N N N
z (t ) = {ξ (t )e − jθ (t ) } = ∑ ( xn (t ) + jyn (t ) ) =∑ xn (t ) + ∑ jyn (t ) = x(t ) + jy (t )
n =1 n =1 n =1

‘ Here x(t) and y(t) uncorrelated Gaussian processes

(N large and incoming components have the same
statistical properties).

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 Multipath fading

‘ Amplitude

ξ (t ) = x 2 (t ) + y 2 (t )

‘ Phase
x(t )
θ (t ) = arctan
y (t )

Multipath fading
‘ The joint probability density function –
2-D Gaussian
‘ Joint probability density function of ξ (t ) and θ (t)
ξ 2
2σ 2
p (ξ , θ ) = e −ξ
2πσ 2

Marginal distribution of ξ
ξ 2 2
p(ξ) = 2 e-ξ 2σ Rayleigh distribution
σ

‘ θ (t ) has uniform distribution over the interval [0, 2π ]

– independent of ξ (t )

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 Multipath fading
‘ First two moments of ξ (t )
π
E (ξ ) = σ
2
 π
Var [ξ ] = 2σ 2 1 − 
 4

Compute the density of the power of ξ (t ), γ (t)=ξ (t )

2
‘

1
p (γ ) = e −γ γ0

γ0 Αll signal
components have
‘ Then γ 0 = E (γ ) = E ξ 2  = 2σ 2 the same energy.

The Resource Management Problem

‘ If there is a strong Αll signal

components have
component the same energy
z (t ) = η + x(t ) + jy (t )
one can compute
 ξη  ξ 2 2 2
p (ξ ) = I 0  2  2 e −(ξ +η ) 2σ
σ σ
I 0 zero-order Bessel function
η amplitude of the dominant, constant signal
(line-of-sight)

Nakami-Rice or just Rice distribution

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 Multipath fading – time series models

‘ Jakes model in fading

Multipath fading – Jakes model

N0 low-frequency oscillators with frequency

= Doppler shifts
ωm=cos(2πn/N), n=1,2,...,N0, +
ωm are used to generate signals with frequency-
shifted from a carrier frequency ωc using modu-
lation methods. The amplitudes are =1 except ωm
1/ 2
which is = .
βn chosen so that the probability distribution of
the resultant phase is close to uniform didtri-
bution (1/2π).
N0=8.

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 Multipath fading – time series models
and others

‘ Slow correlation in fading

g s (k ) = − a1 g s (k − 1) − a2 g s (k − 2) + es (k ) + b1es (k − 1),
Var {es2 (k )} = σ e2 ,

[ a1 , a2 , b1 ] = [ −1.8384, 0.8395, −0.9634] , σ e2 = 2.01,

T T

Sample instanst k are with respect to spatial sample interval xs ,

xs = 0.1 m

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