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If we go through the world history we had seen that 19 th century was about monarchs, 20th
century was about nation states and we can say that 21 st century will be about cities. The world
will be revolving around the mayors and we can say that the world will coming together in small
clusters. If we see the trend in population share between rural and urban areas all over the world
there had been a demographical shift from rural to urban areas. But Indias share of urban
population is only 31.1 % of the total population. But if we see the trend all over the world
whenever the urban population had touched the 30 % it had seen a steep rise in urban population.
So we can say India is somewhere at the bottom of the steep climb.
From various reports we can see that the researchers had forecasted that the population of the
urban areas will double in next 30 years. Question arises that why 30 years? This is because we
take 1 generation is equivalent to 30 years. The Indias GDP share from urban areas is about
63%. So we can say that cities are the engines of our economic growth. But for several years the
policy makers of India had always been focused on the development of the rural areas. It had
happened because the percentage of rural population had always been high. Cities didnt get
proper attention until Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) came. The
service levels are also below the standard level.
For improving the urban areas capital investment of Rs. 60 lakhs crores is needed over 20 years.
It comes to Rs. 3 lakhs crores per year investment. JnNURM had given fund of on Rs. 50000
crores for 7 years.
Pillars of Smart City
Smart city is one where people want to live, work and play. The population should have an
opportunity to earn a standard livelihood and having a good quality of life. So we can say the
pillars are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Physical Infrastructure
Social Infrastructure
Economic Infrastructure
Institutional Infrastructure
To achieve the above pillars we should have a comprehensive planning that planning should be
holistic covering every urban area sectors and efficient use of resources so that wastage and
losses could be reduced.
Transport
If cities are engines of growth then we can say transport is the wheels of the engines of growth.
India needs a capital investment of Rs. 30 lakhs crores is needed. If we go through the trend for
the registered motor vehicles over past 30 years it had rose rapidly which at present stand at 142
million. Share of public vehicles in urban areas had shifted from public vehicle to personal
vehicle due to coming of low cost vehicles in the market like that of Maruti, Hero Honda etc.
Number of cars per persons had also increased. From the global perspective we had seen that
urban road expansion does not reduce congestion. Road safety had decreased and pollution level
had increased. As use of personal vehicles had increased the fuel consumption had risen which
effecting the Indias forex reserve.
Mobility in Smart Cities
How can we make mobility smart comes the question? We can take the following steps
1.
2.
3.
4.
We can see technology does make us smart; it is only an enabler that helps us to achieve
smartness. Basically for achieving the above points we have to look into two factors.
I.
II.
Technological factors
Management factors
Technological factors are basically the work of engineers that is how to reduce fuel consumption
and making of energy efficient engines. But as an urban planner our work lies with the
management factors; that is how good we are in demand management. For analyzing demand
management we should know the pattern of how people travel and how far they travel.
Another parameter on which we are lagging behind is land use. Land use has strong lock-in
effect. This can only be solved by proper compact planning, mixed land use and efficient use of
available resource.
have successfully provided a reasonably good quality of life to the residents where the
entire towns administration is managed by the industry promoter (often uneasily) with
the consent of the state government.
e. Specialised Cities
Smart city could be a Medicity or an Education city or Finance City. For instance Noida
has lots of management and technical institutes and is just like a smart education city.
f. Private Cities
The concept of private cities is gradually gaining acceptance in India like those of DLF in
Delhi and Hiranandani in Mumbai, Lavasa, GIFT where the entire security, street
maintenance and administration of the estate is managed by the developers. GIFT took
finance of 70,000 cr. In 10 years, gave 5 lakh direct employments, 5 lakhs indirect
employments, supporting population of more than 20lakhs.
2. Selection Criteria
What shall be the selection criteria for building a Smart City? To begin with there is a need to
look into the character of each of proposed cities to find out the potential for the employment
generation necessary for sustenance. For example- Moradabad, it is a brassware industry,
Bombay for financial services, Bangalore for IT industries etc. Similarly industrial corridors are
potential areas where Smart Cities can be built. We may chose land which is barren so that
agricultural and fertile land is not used for urbanisation.
Some of the factors responsible for selection could be:
a. Typology - Mega Cities, Metro Cities,
2-Tier Cities,
3. Planning Aspects
Efforts to improve urban infrastructure in past through various dedicated schemes have not given
desired results. For instance Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM,
launched in December 2005) with committed central assistance of INR 467.87bn was biggest
program for urban infrastructure improvement. States and UTs could avail only part of central
assistance as they could not fulfil the conditions attached like e governance, double entry
accounting, property taxes etc.
Single coordinating and approving body, where all departments are grouped under one unified
command for swift and policy framing would help overcome difficulties usually faced in such a
large size exercise. Community feedback channel will play an important role wherein, people can
even have a look at the draft policies and post their comments.
Satellite Cities to the major town experienced difficulties in seamless mobility and created
congestions at the entry.
6. Digital Connectivity
Digital mapping will be at root of entire planning for creating a smart city. Digital mapping
would be required for transport network; built up spaces; green spaces; water bodies; urban
infrastructures ; utilities like water, electricity, gas, telephone, wi-fi nodes, fire, police,
municipality, development authority, public transport - both over ground and underground; flora
( which is more than 4 inches in circumference can be mapped on the base map).
a. How will digital connectivity help?
- Efficient management of utilities
- All public services to be delivered on electronic platforms.
- Citizens would be able to submit any service request any time online whenever they get
-
time (24x7x365) and need not go to the public offices for same.
Citizens Charters shall govern response time and non-compliance penalties.
Increase lots of transparency and efficiency.
Safety and security through surveillance cameras on streets, market places, parks and
public places and connect them with other gadgets collecting the information to be shared
live with security agencies. Even connecting home cameras with the system can be made
possible.
Identify vacant sites for optimum use, conforming use- if the use of land or place or
correlate which event is happening where from social/economic and security angle.
From environment point of view, you can map noise, garbage and recycling, trees, air
quality, water quality, waste water sewerage network and flow of sewage, environment
impact services, animal control and welfare. One can count number of trees and green
patches..
We can have specific maps like- electricity, water, sewage, land use maps-whether it is in
conformity or not.
GIS mapping can be used for various planning and management like housing, can
calculate property tax from an area, variation in different area can be compared, city
development, tenants records, land use management, building management and general
information;
Social services- mapping UIDs, old age homes, night shelters, economically weaker
sections; civic services- online citizen charter services, road mapping; fault detection in
utility network, in solid waste management- shortest route for vehicles, optimum use; city
assets management- like street light, drain; public grievance; education; health- hospital,
-
7. Urban Resources
a. 24 x7 Civic Amenities
Physical infrastructure-Electricity, water, sewerage, solid waste management etc. can be
provided with effective implementation of:
Rain water harvesting
Reduce air & water emission
3 R ( Reduce, Recycle, Reuse) for Solid Waste Management
Reduce CO2 emission
Zero water discharge in industries
b. Education
Education is an important social infrastructure which is important under planning of
smart cities. It is not just our duty but it is our liability to give them quality of education
and quality of skills to grow. There is need for providing education to 100% eligible
students at primary and secondary level through combination of e-learning methods, 2-D
& 3-D education system and traditional class room education system. For higher and
specialised studies, necessary infrastructure compatible with growing need is to be
created.
c. Healthcare
Use of technology in health sector is increasing by the day. Response time for medical
intervention can be greatly be reduced. Health record of each citizen should be kept on
real time basis. Such records should be accessible globally whenever required for treating
emergencies and evacuation needs. Back office operations of hospitals, dispensaries,
medicine & consumable procurement and other management aspects need to be
integrated for better, efficient and economical dispensation.
d. Mobility
Cutting down wasteful travel time is Smart. Unless Public Transport is improved, we
cannot compete globally. Most of the cities are choked due lack of public transport
system and resultant increase of private transport vehicles. It is not widening of roads or
abundance of flyovers that will cure congestions, instead efficient public transport will do
so. Cutting down travel time, last mile connectivity, increased use of cycles and
environment friendly modes of transport are needed.
Citizens should be able to walk to the work place or to nearest public transport station. In
this way most of the people will be able to live, work and seek means of recreation within
walking distance or a Mass Rapid Transit System. Both internal as well as external
transport systems need to be
speed rail (HSR) with high density stations and terminals and supporting infrastructure
like hotels, shopping facilities, offices and residences. Integration of mobility and land
use is the pre requisite for a smart city thus increased FAR for the area to create efficient
structures would be needed.
Zones for car parking, bus stops, hawker zones, designer footpaths, green walkways,
dedicated cycle tracks for GPS monitored cycles and public plazas to form part of
stations.
High-Speed Rail (HSR): Railway Budget 2012 announced formation of High Speed Rail
Authority to run these trains. HSR will reshape the urbanisation process in the country.
The urban sprawl presently limited to 30-50 km from the city centre will change into a
300-500 km long conurbations linking central business districts of multiple cities,
forming urban economies of global scale and size.
e. Housing
Urban Housing needs vary with income levels. 70% of the urban population come from
middle class, nucleus families needing one bed room apartments.
Smart Cities to incorporate concepts like:
Green technology
Water neutral projects
Direct cooling systems in buildings
Solar power energy system
Fire safety measures
Disaster management
Financially viable capital projects play a significant role in sustainable development. Brownfield
projects to construct, retrofit, restore or upgrade capital assets such as municipal buildings, sewer
lines or local roads are both important but challenging for their capital requirement needs.
By their nature, these assets have a long expected life cycle. So the goal in financing them is to
spread the payments over the life of the asset, which requires a revenue stream to cover the
financing repayment as well as a return to investors.
Historically, public sector entities have been financing major physical infrastructure
development projects.
1. Government-based Financing Options for Smart Cities
a) Bonds:
Bonds are an important method of financing capital investment in Smart Cities. There
can be variety of bonds:
i.
General Purpose Tax free Bonds: Such bonds are typically used to finance basic
core infrastructure investments at the Municipal level. These bonds can be used
for financing new developments, raods, sewer lines, green spaces, hospital or
schools. Bonds can be raised after credit rating agencies evaluate and grade the
risk of the bonds in terms of health of the issuing corporation or public body.
ii.
iii.
iv.
buildings
Social impact bonds, unlike conventional bonds that offer a fixed rate of return.
The return is contingent on the social outcomes agreed upon by the investor and
the issuer.
ii.
iii.
Greenhouse emissions allowance auctions where states can pool their total emission
allowances and sell them in an auction format, thus becoming a market-based entity
for regulating greenhouse gas emissions.
iv.
User fees allow ULbs to cover the cost associated with funding services and
enhancements to increase the quality of life and cover administrative cost.
c) Others
2. Development Charge from developers to pay for the infrastructure services their
developments will utilize. Conditions or financial obligations imposed on developers
help cover cost increases caused by the development.
3. Public Utility Services where developers are required to provide facilities for public use
or cash-in-lieu of these costs
4. Service Connection Charges
Utility connection fees are used to fund capital improvements and recover the cost of
integrating new development into existing infra-structure like water, gas, electricity or
sewer.
5. Bringing the Public and Private Sectors Together: PPP
i.
P3s are probably the most complicated and least understood financing tool
available to cities. PPP generally seek to balance responsibilities, risks and
ii.
iii.
iv.
Scope of renegotiation
Share of returns resulting from the sale of energy produced or saved and fed into
the Smart Grid
Share of returns arising from the cost reduction of existing urban service
Efficiency returns generated by the increase in the quality and efficiency of urban
infrastructures;
Image returns: projects with strong implications of a social nature can attract the
interest of Impact Investors, for both businesses and citizens.
Summary
India is a late starter and is far more crowded and complex. Therefore India requires a far more
efficient and sustainable solution for servicing urban areas and can reap the benefits by using
technology to learn from practices from other parts of the world.