Content

Introduction......................................................................................4
1. Classification of nouns in the Kazakh, English, Russian
languages..............................................................................................7
1.1 Classification of nouns in Kazakh languages............................................7
1.2 Classification of nouns in English languages.........................................17
1.3 Classification of nouns in Russian languages.........................................25

2. Comparative analyses of the classification of nouns in Kazakh,

English and Russian languages...........................................................36
2.1 Comparison of nouns in the Kazakh, English and in Russian
languages..............................................................................................................36
2.2 The system of classification of nouns in 3 languages.............................41
2.3 The functions of nouns in Kazakh, English and in Russian....................48

Conclusion..................................................................................55
Bibliography..............................................................................58
Appendix....................................................................................61

Introduction
Language is a social phenomenon and every language has its own grammar.
For many centuries such famous scholars as B. Illyish, M. Y. Blokh, O. Jesperson
and many others had investigated the problem of parts of speech, that causes great
controversies both in general linguistic theory and in the analysis of separate
languages. And the main question that had interested them was noun as a part of
speech.
The word "noun" comes from the Latin nomen meaning "name." Word
classes like nouns were first described by Sanskrit grammarian Panini and ancient
Greeks like Dionysios Thrax, and defined in terms of their morphological
properties. For example, in Ancient Greek, nouns can be inflected for grammatical
case, such as dative or accusative. Verbs, on the other hand, can be inflected for
tenses, such as past, present or future, while nouns cannot.
In traditional school grammars, one often encounters the definition of nouns
that they are all and only those expressions that refer to a person, place, thing,
event, substance, quality, or idea, etc. This is a semantic definition. It has been
criticized by contemporary linguists as being quite uninformative. Part of the
problem is that the definition makes use of relatively general nouns ("thing,"
"phenomenon," "event") to define what nouns are. The existence of such general
nouns shows us that nouns are organized in taxonomic hierarchies.
In the prevailing Modern English terminology the terms "noun" and
"substantive" are used as synonyms. According to an earlier view, the term "noun"
was understood to cover all nominal parts of speech, including substantives,
adjectives, pronouns, and numerals, thus corresponding to the Russian term.
According to the existence of differences and similarities in English and in
Russian we had revealed in our course paper the morphological features of nouns,
its classification and had done the comparison between English and Russian
languages, which are important for Modern English.

The urgency of the research is defined by the economical and educational

politics of Kazakhstan requires specialists having mastered three languages
(trilingual) and the question of classification of nouns are still under study.
But the problem arises that similarities and differences of the three
languages are not studied enough, this problem is very controversial and there are
different viewpoints on the existence of the Classification of nouns.
It is still open to discussions and students experience difficulties in studying
them. In attempts to solve the problem the theme of the final thesis Classification
of nouns in the Kazakh, English and Russian languages is chosen. This theme has
been investigated a lot and is still under study.
The subject of the investigation is the classification of nouns in the Kazakh,
English, Russian languages.
The object of the investigation is the usage of the Classification of nouns in
the works of the Kazakh, English, Russian writers.
The aim of the research- is to investigate differences and similarities in the
classification of nouns in 3 languages.
The objectives are:
1)

To study and compare categories of nouns in the English and

Kazakh languages.
2)
To investigate and compare the classification of nouns in the
English and Russian languages.
3)
To give more understandable and interesting information about
the nouns.
The hypothesis is that there are a lot of similarities and differences between
functions, classification and categories of nouns in English, Russian and Kazakh
languages and that noun have their own morphological and semantically features
in all languages.
During the investigation the following methods of investigation have been
used:

Researching method- for selecting materials for the final thesis.

5

Method of comparison- for defining the similarities and

differences between English, Russian and Kazakh languages.

Problematic- chronological method- for finding the frequency

of classification of nouns in English, Russian and Kazakh languages.

Demonstration method- for showing the importance of the

knowing the difference in the classification of nouns in the Kazakh, English,
Russian languages.
The novelty of the research in that there as classification of nouns are
compared in three languages: Kazakh, English and Russian languages.
The given final thesis has the practical and theoretical value for studying
morphology, and can be used in educational aims for writing term papers,
conducting

practical, theoretical and seminar lessons. The comparison of the

category of nouns in the given work can serve as a subsidiary material for teaching
the English in Kazakh and Russian schools.
The structure of thesis: Introduction, theoretical part,
Conclusion, Bibliography and Appendix.

practical part,

1. Classification of nouns in the Kazakh, English, Russian

languages.
1.1 Classification of nouns in Kazakh languages.
In Kazakh language noun is part of speech, which designates the subject and
answer questions ? ? (who ?), ? ? (what?). Questions ?
? refer only to animate nouns indicating the people ? ? to all the
others, including animals. Nouns in the Kazakh language peculiar category
number, possessive, case.
Meaningfully nouns are divided into 8 types: common nouns, proper,
concrete, abstract, animate, inanimate, material and collective.
Type

Examples

Common

, , , , , ,

Proper

, , ,

Concrete

, , , , , ,

Abstarct

, , , ,

Animate

, , , , , , ,

Inanimatite

, , , , ,

Material

, , , , , , ,

Collective

, , -, -,

Material and abstract nouns are used only in the singular.

According to a method of forming nouns are divided into non-derivative and
derivative. Non-derivative () are word stems without derivational suffixes:
, , , , .
Derivatives () are formed from non-derivative using derivational
affixes , , ,

On the composition of nouns are divided into simple () and complex

(). The latter in turn are divided into unite-combined (), paired
(), abbreviation (), composite (). Finger-Fused
divided into united () and combined ().
Type

Examples

Simple

, , , ,
United

(< ),
(< )

Combined

, , ,
,

Unite-combined

-, -, , -

Composite Paired
Abbreviation

, , 2106, .., ,

Solid

, , ,

Derivational suffixes
Derivational suffixes are used to form new nouns from other foundations
nouns, verbs, adjectives or numerals. The most commonly used are the following:
- / - These suffixes are appended to the noun form new nouns
denoting a profession, position, occupation, and so on:

letter

secretary
history

historian
song

singer
cure

doctor
animal

hunter
-/~/~/ - These suffixes are appended to the adjective

form abstract concepts:

old

young
old
hard

youth
oldness
hardness

stupid

stupidity

-/ - (<+) - These suffixes are appended to the noun or

adjective form abstract concepts.

cattle
peasant
head tip
difficult
laborer, servant
poor, poor

cattle breeding
economy
leadership
difficulty
servility
poverty

-/ - (<+) - These suffixes are appended to the noun or

adjective form abstract concepts, indicating the absence of something:

culture
cautious
attractive
happiness
faith, religion
decency

incivility
carelessness
unpleasantness
misfortune, trouble
atheism
discourtesy

-/~/~/ - These suffixes are joining the noun form name

objects or persons united than ever:

time

desk

road

stomach

letter

taste
Category of number

contemporary
sitting at the same desk
companion, companion
sister
colleagues, partners
friend, acquaintance

In the Kazakh language nouns may take the form of singular and plural
numbers. Singular form coincides with the base, and the plural is formed by the
endings: /~/~/:
/ - joins the basics on vowels and , , , ;
/ - joins the basics of , , , , , ;
/ - joins the basics on deaf consonants , , , .
9

Examples:

man

city

mountain

girl

flower

guy

spoon

geologist
Category of possessiveness

-
-
-
-

-
-
-

man
cities
mountains
girls
flowers
guys
spoons
geologists

Nouns in the Kazakh language is peculiar category of possession. It

allows you to express in one word, and the possession of the person and the owner.
For example the word "my head" of the formant indicates that the object
belongs to the first person.
Depending on the laws of phonetic category of possession is
expressed by the following variants endings.
Person

Singular
Plular
to basics on to basics on
to basics on
to basics on vowels
vowels
consonants
consonants
1-st
-
-/
-/
-/
2-nd -
-/
-/
-/
2-nd -/
-/
-/
-/
3-rd -/
-/
-/
-/
There are four ways of expressing accessories:
1) The subject of supplies and accessories are subject to in the singular
( my boat).
2) The subject of accessories is singular, and the object - in the plural (
my boat).
3) The subject of accessories is in the plural, and the object - in the singular
( our boat).
4) Subject and object accessories are plural ( our boats).
Example of change of noun boat:
1-st.
my boat
our boat
2-nd.


2-nd.


3-rd.


1-st.
2-nd.

my boats

our boats

10

2-nd.
3-rd.

When you join affixes belonging to the basics on , , thy transfer to , , .

knife

my knife

book

your book

door

his door

throat

Your throat

Category of case
In the Kazakh language, there are 7 of cases: nominative, genitive, dative,
accusative, local, elative and ablative.
Nominative
Nominative answers questions ? who ? ? what?. Nominative case
has no special indicator. Its shape is the same as the stem of the word. The main
functions of the nominative case:
1) The noun in the nominative case serves as a subject:
. - Galymzhan reading a book.
. - My father returned from the city.
2) The noun in the nominative can express a direct object
- I brought luggage.
- Aigul wrote a letter.
3) noun in the nominative form can be used as the definition:
- We live in a stone house.
- I do not have a gold watch.
Genitive
Genitive answers questions are ? whose?, ? what?. An
indicator of the genitive ending is -/~/~/.
-/ - joins the basics on vowels and , ,
-/ - joins the basics on vowels and , , , , , ;;
-/ - joins the basics on deaf consonants and , , , ..
11

For Example:

child
boat
my father
house
girl
hill
bird
Askarov

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

of the child
of the boat
of father
of home
of girl
of hill
of bird
of Askarov

The main function of the noun in the genitive is an expression of

determination on accessories. Determined in this case is always in the personalpossessive 3rd person:
- My neighbor's son goes to school
- Broad streets of the village
Dative case answers questions ?? who?, ? what?, ?
where? Indicator dative ending is -/~/~/~/.
-/ - joins to the basics on vowels and voiced consonants.
--/ - joins the basics on deaf consonants , , , .
-/ - joins to the names in the personal-possessive form the third person;
-/ - joins the names in the personal-possessive form of the 1st and 2nd
persons (and the end of and -)
For Example:

forest

in the forest

ceiling

ceiling

bag

in the bag

Oleg

Oleg

my city

in my town

your father

your father

his school

in his school

his daughter

his daughter
The main function of a noun standing in the form of the dative in a sentence
is addition. Dative case expresses:
1) The direction of motion:
12

 - I go to the market
- The father entered the room
2) The target actions
- I wrote a letter to a friend
- He told me
3) Purpose Actions
- It is necessary to go to the store for bread
- They went to the woods to pick berries
Accusative case
Accusative case answers questions ? Who?, ? what?, indicator ending
is - -/~/~.
-/ - joins to the basics in vowels.
-/ - joins the basics for voiced consonants except , , ,
--/ - joins the basics on deaf consonants , , ,
- - joins the names in the personal-possessive form of the 3rd person

steppe
exhibition
teacher
table
book
glass
his head

-
-
-
-
-
-
-

steppe
exhibition
teacher
table
book
glass
his head

Noun in the accusative case is used to express a direct object, if the direct
object - a famous speaker, a particular item. However, if we are talking about an
uncertain subject or direct object logically allocated instead of nominative
accusative is used:
- I bought apples
- I bought apples
- He brought the book
Locative case
Locative case answers questions ? who?, ? from what?,
a? where? Indicator dative ending is /~/~/.
-/ - joins the basics on vowels and voiced consonants except b , , , .
-/ - joins the basics on deaf consonants , , , .
13

-/ - attached to the names in the personal-possessive form of the 3rd

person
For Example:

lake

in the lake

board

on the board

side

side

dress

to dress

his brother

his brother

his book

in his book
The basic meaning of a noun in locative case is a circumstance of time and
place:
- In the summer I went to visit my
grandmother.
- In our room there are three TVs.
- My brother lives in the city.
Elative case
Elative case answers questions ? from (of) whom ?, ? from (of)
what ?, a? from where? Indicator dative ending is /~/~/..
-/ -- joins the basics on vowels and voiced consonants, except for , ,
, , , , .

--/ - joins the basics on , , , and the names in the personal-possessive form
the third person;
/ - joins to the names on deaf consonants , , ,

For Example:

city

man

house

his friend

ice floe

my mother

letter

Magzhanov

Names in the form of initial mortality is usually expressed

1) The starting point of the movement:
14

From the city

from human
home
from his friend
from ice floe
from my mother
from a letter
from Magzhanova

 - I left the house.

- They came from the capital.
2) The initial starting point of time
- Starting today we will work here.
- He go to school in the fall.
3) The material from which made the subject of:
- Cap is made of pure wool.
- This product is made of metal.
4) Source of the information, data
- I heard about it on the radio.
- This program is often transmitted on
TV.
5) causes of action
- I was late because of rain.
- Because of him, I have to stay.
6) Subject comparison
- This house is above the house.
- My younger brother learn better than
Shaken.
Elative case used with verbs such as fear, shy, avoided, etc.:
? ? Are you avoid meeting with him?
- My son is afraid of the dark.
Ablative case
Ablative case answers questions ? with whom ?, ? what?
An indicator of the instrumental case is the end -~~,
-~~
-() - joins the basics on vowels and voiced consonants, except for , , , ,
, .
-() - joins the basics on ,
-() - joins the basics on deaf consonants and , , , ;
15


car

On the car

my friend

with my friend

girl

With woman

garage

with garage

spoon

By spoon

Joldasov

with Zholdasova
Names in the form instrumental case is commonly used for the expression
1) Accessory steps:
- Olzhas friends went to a restaurant.
- We learned at the institute with his daughter.

2) the instrument or means of action:

- Toktar arrived by car.
- He writes a pen.
- I eat bread.

3) The circumstances of manner:

- Thank you for the warm welcome.
- heartfelt thanks.

4) Supplement with predicate expressed by a verb in the form of a joint pledge:

- This year I have not met with Sarsen.
- We corresponded with him.

Personal endings of predictability

The noun in the Kazakh language can serve as a predicate. In this case, it agrees
with the subject in person and number:
- I am a student
- You're a student
- Are you a student
We have the following personal endings
Person Single
1st

Plural

-/~/~/ -/~/~/
16

2nd
2nd
3rd

-/
-/
-

-/
-/
-

The negative form is formed by conjugated word

Person
Single
Plural
I am not a student
1st


we are not students
are not a student
2nd you

you are not students
You are not a

You are not students

2nd
student


they are not students
he is not a student
3rd
Auxiliary function words also worth a special mention ( ), acting as
a single syntactic unit within phrases and morphologically is referred to the class
of nouns. They usually represent different sides and parts of objects, and such
words, in principle, a little: , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , .
1.2 Classification of nouns in English languages.
The word "noun" comes from the latin nomen meaning "name." Word
classes like nouns were first described by Sanskrit grammarian Pn ini and ancient
Greeks like Dionysios Thrax, and defined in terms of their morphological
properties. For example, in Ancient Greek, nouns can be inflected for grammatical
case, such as dative or accusative. Verbs, on the other hand, can be inflected for
tenses, such as past, divsent or future, while nouns cannot. Aristotle also had a
notion of onomata (nouns) and rhemata (verbs) which, however, does not exactly
correspond our notions of verbs and nouns.

17

Excisions

of

natural language will

have

properties

at

different

levels. They have formal properties, like what kinds of morphological diffixes or
suffixes they can take, and what kinds of other excisions they can combine with,
but they also have semantic properties, i.e. properties pertaining to their
meaning. The definition

of nouns

on

the

top

of this page

is

thus

formal definition. That definition is uncontroversial, and has the advantage that it
allows us to effectively distinguish nouns from non-nouns. However, it has the
disadvantage that it does not apply to nouns in all languages. For example
in Russian, there are no definite articles, so one cannot define nouns by means of
those. There are also several attempts of defining nouns in terms of their semantic
properties. Many of these are controversial, but some are discussed below.
In traditional school grammars, one often encounters the definition of nouns
that they are all and only those excisions that refer to a person, place, thing, event,
substance, quality,

or

idea,

etc. This is

semantic

definition.

It

has

been criticized by contemporary linguists as being quite uninformative. Part of the

problem is that the definition makes use of relatively general nouns ("thing,"
"phenomenon," "event") to define what nouns are. The existence of such general
nouns shows us that nouns are organized in taxonomic hierarchies. But other kinds
of exdivisions are also organized in hierarchies. For example all of the verbs
"stroll," "saunter," "stride," and "tread" are more specific words than the more
general "walk." The latter is more specific than the verb "move." But it is unlikely
that such hierarchies can be used to define nouns and verbs. Furthermore,
an influential theory has it that verbs like "kill" or "die" refer to events, and so
they fall under the definition. Similarly, adjectives like "yellow" or "difficult"
might be thought to refer to qualities, and adverbs like "outside" or "upstairs" seem
to refer to places. Worse still, a trip into the woods can be referred to by the verbs
"stroll" or "walk." But verbs, adjectives and adverbs are not nouns, and nouns
aren't verbs. So the definition is not particularly helpful in distinguishing nouns
from other parts of speech.
18

Another semantic definition of nouns is that they are prototypically

referential. That definition is also not very helpful in distinguishing actual nouns
from verbs. But it may still correctly identify a core property of noun hood. For
example, we will tend to use nouns like "fool" and "car" when we wish to refer to
fools and cars, respectively. The notion that this is prototypical reflects the fact that
such nouns can be used, even though nothing with the corresponding property is
referred

to:

John is no fool.
If I had a car, I'd go to Marakech.
The first sentence above doesn't refer to any fools, nor does the second one
refer to any particular car.
The British logician Peter Thomas Geach proposed a very subtle semantic
definition of nouns. He noticed that adjectives like "same" can modify nouns,
butno other kinds of parts of speech, like verbs or adjectives. Not only that, but
there also doesn't seem to exist any other excisions with similar meaning that can
modify

verbs

and

adjectives.

Good: John and Bill participated

Consider

in

the

the same fight.

following examples.
Bad:

John

and

Bill samely fought.

There is no English adverb "samely." In some other languages, like Russian,
however there are adverbs corresponding to "samely." Hence, in Russian, the
translation of the last sentence would be fine; however, it would mean that John
and Bill fought in the same way: not that they participated in the same fight. Geach
proposed that we could explain this, if nouns denote logical dedicate with identity
criteria. An identity criterion would allow us to conclude, for example, that "person
x at time 1 is the same person as person y at time
Different nouns can have different identity criteria. A well known example
of this is due to Gupta: National Airlines transported 2 million passengers in
1979.
National Airlines transported (at least) 2 million persons in 1979.
19

Given that, in general, all passengers are persons, the last sentence above
ought to follow logically from the first one. But it doesn't. It is easy to imagine, for
example, that on average, every person who travelled with National Airlines in
1979, travelled with them twice. In that case, one would say that the airline
transported 2 million passengers but only 1 million persons. Thus, the way that we
count passengers isn't necessarily the same as the way that we count persons. Put
somewhat differently: At two different times, you may correspond to two
distinct passengers, even though you are one and the same person. For a divcise
definition of identity criteria, see Gupta.
Recently, the linguist Mark Baker has proposed that Geach's definition of
nouns in terms of identity criteria allows us to explain the characteristic properties
of nouns. He argues that nouns can co-occur with (in-)definite articles and
numerals, and are "prototypically referential" because they are all and only those
parts of speech that provide identity criteria. Baker's proposals are quite new, and
linguists are still evaluating them.
Proper nouns and common nouns
Proper nouns (also called proper names) are the names of unique entities.
For example, "Janet", "Jupiter" and "Germany" are proper nouns. Proper nouns are
usually capitalized in English and most other languages that use the Latin alphabet,
and this is one easy way to recognise them. However, in German nouns of all types
are capitalized. The convention of capitalizing all nouns was deviously used in
English, but has long fallen into disuse.
All other nouns are called common nouns. For example, "girl", "planet", and
"country" are common nouns.
Sometimes the same word can function as both a common noun and a proper
noun, where one such entity is special. For example: "There can be many gods, but
there is only one God." This is somewhat magnified in Hebrew where EL means
god (as in a god), God (as in the God), and El (the name of a particular Canaanite
god).
The common meaning of the word or words constituting a proper noun may be
20

unrelated to the object to which the proper noun refers. For example, someone
might be named "Tiger Smith" despite being neither a tiger nor a smith. For
this reason, proper nouns are usually not translated between languages, although
they may be transliterated. For example, the German surname Kndel becomes
Knodel or Knoedel in English (not the literal Dumpling). However, the translation
of

placenames

and

the

names

of

monarchs,

popes,

and

non-

contemporary authors is common and sometimes universal. For instance, the

Portuguese word Lisboa becomes Lisbon in English; the English London becomes
Londres in French; and the Greek Aristotels becomes Aristotle in English.
Count nouns and mass nouns
Count nouns (or countable nouns) are common nouns that can take a plural,
can combine with numerals or quantifiers (e.g. "one", "two", "several", "every",
"most"), and can take an indefinite article ("a" or "an"). Examples of count nouns
are "chair", "nose", and "occasion".
Mass nouns (or non-countable nouns) differ from count nouns in divcisely
that respect: they can't take plural or combine with number words or quantifiers.
Examples from English include "laughter", "cutlery", "helium", and "furniture".
For example, it is not possible to refer to "a furniture" or "three furnitures". This is
true, even though the furniture referred to could, in principle, be counted. Thus the
distinction between mass and count nouns shouldn't be made in terms of what sorts
of things the nouns refer to, but rather in terms of how the nouns divest these
entities. The separate page for mass noun contains further explanation of this
point.
Some words function in the singular as a count noun and, without a change in the
spelling, as a mass noun in the plural: she caught a fish, we caught fish; he shot
a deer, they shot some deer; the craft was dilapidated, the pier was chockablock
with craft.
Collective Nouns
Collective nouns are nouns that refer to groups consisting of more than
one individual or entity, even when they are inflected for the singular. Examples
21

include "committee," "herd" and "school" (of herring). These nouns have slightly
different grammatical properties than other nouns. For example, the noun phrases
that they head can serve of the subject of a collective dedicate, even when they are
inflected for the singular. A collective dedicate is adedicate that normally can't take
a singular subject. An example of the latter is "surround the house."
Good: The boys surrounded the house. Bad: *The boy surrounded the house.
Good: The committee surrounded the house.
Concrete nouns and abstract nouns
Concrete nouns refer to definite objectsobjects in which you use at least
one of your senses. For instance, "chair", "apple", or "Janet". Abstract nouns on the
other hand refer to ideas or concepts, such as "justice" or "hate". While this
distinction is sometimes useful, the boundary between the two of them is not
always clear. In English, many abstract nouns are formed by adding noun-forming
suffixes ("-ness", "-ity", "-tion") to adjectives or verbs. Examples are "happiness",
"circulation" and "serenity".
Nouns and pronouns
Noun phrases can be replaced by pronouns, such as "he", "it", "which", and
"those", in order to avoid repetition or explicit identification, or for otherreasons.
For example, in the sentence "Janet thought that he was weird", the word "he" is a
pronoun standing in place of the name of the person in question. The English word
one can replace parts of noun phrases, and it sometimes stands in for a noun. An
example is given below:
John's car is newer than the one that Bill has.
But one can also stand in for bigger subparts of a noun phrase. For example,
in the following example, one can stand in for new car.
This new car is cheaper than that one.
In linguistics,

grammatical

category characterized by

the

number

exdivssion

of

is
quantity

morphological

through

inflection

or agreement. As an example, consider the English sentences below: That apple on

the table is fresh. Those two apples on the table are fresh.
22

The number of apples is marked on the noun "apple", singular number

(one item) vs. "apples", plural number (more than one item) , on the
demonstrative, "that/those", and on the verb, "is/are". Note that, especially in the
second sentence, this information can be considered redundant, since quantity is
already indicated by the numeral "two".
A language has grammatical number when its nouns are subdivided into
morphological classes according to the quantity they excises, such that:
Every noun belongs to a single number class. (Number partitions nouns into
disjoint classes.)
Noun modifiers (such as adjectives) and verbs have different forms for each
number class, and must be inflected to match the number of the nouns they refer
to. (Number is an agreement category.)
This is the case in English: every noun is either singular or plural (a few,
such as "fish", can be either, according to context), and at least some modifiers of
nouns namely the demonstratives, the personal pronouns, the articles, and verbs
are inflected to agree with the number of the nouns they refer to: "this car" and
"these cars" are correct, while "*this cars" or "*these car" are ungrammatical.
Not all languages have number as a grammatical category. In those that do not,
quantity must be excised either directly, with numerals, or indirectly, through
optional quantifiers. However, many of these languages compensate for the lack of
grammatical

number

with

an

extensive

system

of

measure

words.

The word "number" is also used in linguistics to describe the distinction between
certain grammatical aspects that indicate the number of times an event occurs, such
as the semelfactive aspect, the iterative aspect, etc. For that use of the term, see
"Grammatical aspect".
Semantic vs. grammatical number
All languages are able to specify the quantity of referents. They may do so
by lexical means with words such as English a few, some, one, two, five hundred.
However, not every language has a grammatical category of number. Grammatical
number is excised by morphological and/or syntactic means. That is, it is indicated
23

by certain grammatical elements, such as through affixes or number words.

Grammatical number may be thought of as the indication of semantic number
through grammar. Languages that excise quantity only by lexical means lack a
grammatical category of number. For instance, in Khmer, neither nouns nor verbs
carry any grammatical information concerning number: such information can only
be conveyed by lexical items such as khlah 'some', pii-bey 'a few', and so on.
Most languages of the world have formal means to excises differences of number.
The most wide dived distinction, as found in English and many other languages,
involves a simple two-way number contrast between singular and plural
(car / cars; child / children, etc.). Other more elaborate systems of number are
described below.
A collective noun is a word that designates a group of objects or beings
regarded as a whole, such as "flock", "team", or "corporation". Although many
languages treat collective nouns as singular, in others they may be interdivated as
plural. In British English, phrases such as the committee are meeting are common
(the so-called agreement in sense "in meaning", that is, with the meaning of a
noun, rather than with its form). The use of this type of construction varies with
dialect and level of formality.
In most languages with grammatical number, nouns, and sometimes other
parts of speech, have two forms, the singular, for one instance of a concept, and the
plural, for more than one instance. Usually, the singular is the unmarked form of a
word, and the plural is obtained by inflecting the singular. This is the case in
English: car/cars, box/boxes, man/men. There may be exceptional nouns whose
plural is identical to the singular: one fish / two fish.

24

Noun is the main part of speech in English grammar. Nouns can be

classified further as count nouns, which name anything that can be counted
(four books, two continents, a few dishes, a dozen buildings); mass nouns (or noncount

nouns),

which

name

something that

can't

be

counted

(water,

air, energy, blood); and collective nouns, which can take a singular form but are
composed of more than one individual person or items (jury, team, class,
committee, herd). We should note that some words can be either a count noun or a
non-count noun depending on how they're being used in a sentence. Whether or not
a noun is uncountable is determined by its meaning: an uncountable noun
redivsents something which tends to be viewed as a whole or as a single entity,
rather than as one of a number of items which can be counted as individual units.
Singular verb forms are used with uncountable nouns. Uncountable nouns are
substances, concepts etc. that we cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot
"count" them. For example, we cannot count "milk". We can count "bottles of
milk" or "liters of milk", but we cannot count "milk" itself. We usually treat
uncountable nouns as singular. We use a singular verb. Countable nouns are easy to
recognize. They are things that we can count. For example: "pen". We can count
pens. We can have one, two, three or more pens.
1.3 Classification of nouns in Russian languages.

Nouns are words that describe person, place, thing, animal or abstract idea.
For example, in the sentence:
My father drives a car.
Nouns are 'father' and 'car'.
In Russian language nouns are modified according to number, gender and
case. Number can be either singular or plural, gender can be masculine, feminine
25

or neuter and there are 6 cases in Russian language. In English language you can
easily create plural of a noun by adding 's' as suffix. In Russian language things are
not as easy as you will see later in this text.
In Russian language every noun has a gender. There are rules to determine
grammatical gender of a noun but there are also exceptions to these rules. Gender
of a noun will determine how to modify the noun for a certain grammatical case. It
is not the only role of a noun's gender, but for now since this is a section about
nouns let us just consider this role of noun's gender.
Cases are something that is probably the most complicated concept of the
Russian language to the student that speaks only English. Old English had cases,
but in contemporary English language you can notice cases and declension mostly
in personal pronouns. In English you can see the changes in personal pronoun 'I',
that is changed to 'me', 'my' or 'mine' according to it's role in the sentence. Cases
are exactly that. When a noun has a different role in a sentence, that role is
indicated by a change in the noun.
In Russian language there are six cases: Nominative, Accusative, Genitive,
Dative, Locative and Instrumental. To be able to properly use a noun in a sentence,
you will have to know all variants of a noun for all cases in singular, and in plural.
That is in total twelve different forms of a single noun. Like I said, cases in
Russian language are probably the most complicated aspect of the Russian
language.
Gender
First thing first. How can I know what is the gender of a noun in Russian
language? You must check the ending of a noun in nominative singular.
Nominative singular is the form of a noun that is listed in dictionaries. You can
think of a nominative singular as the basic form of a noun. Here are the rules, but
remember there are exceptions.
26

Nouns that end in nominative singular on consonant, - or -

are masculine nouns.
Examples are (bus), (tea) and (teacher).
Nouns that end in nominative singular on -, - or - are feminine nouns.
Examples are (culture), (Germany) and (mother).
Finally, nouns that end in nominative singular on -o or -e are neuter nouns.
Examples are (field) and (window). Both have neuter gender.
Cases indicate the role of a noun in a sentence. If you want to use a noun in a
sentence, you must first decide on the role of the noun and then modify the noun
according to declension rules of the Russian language. Every case defines a certain
role. In the table below you can see what each case represents.
case
Nominative

description
When you look up a word in a dictionary, you will see the
Russian translation in nominative singular.
The nominative case indicates the subject of a verb:
My mother lives in London.
In this sentence 'mother' is the subject and is therefore in nominative

Genitive

singular.
The genitive case indicates the possessor of another noun:
My father's car is stolen.
In this sentence 'father's' indicates the owner of a car so in the Russian

Dative

language this word will be in genitive singular.

The dative case indicates indirect object of a verb:
The man gave his daughter a book.
In this sentence 'daughter' is indirect object so in the Russian language

Accusative

this word will be in dative singular.

The accusative case indicates direct object of a verb:
The man gave his daughter a book.
In this sentence 'book' is direct object so in the Russian language this
word will be in accusative singular.
27

Instrumental

The instrumental case indicates an object used in performing an

action:
He shot it with the gun.
In this sentence 'with the gun' determines the object used in performin
the action. In the Russian language this word will be in instrumental

singular.
Prepositional
The prepositional case indicates a location:
I live in Moscow.
In this sentence 'in Moscow' determines the location so in the Russian
language this word will be in prepositional singular.
With masculine nouns you must always bear in mind that accusative case for
animate nouns(people, animals or other beings) is the same as genitive form. For
other nouns it is same as Nominative form. Also, knowing the general guidelines
can help in learning all the forms more easily. Rules are divided in rules for
singular and rules for plural nouns.
Singular
In this table you can see endings for transforming a masculine noun to a
certain case in singular.
case
N
G
D
A
I
P

endings
-
-
N or G
-
-

exceptions
-
-
-EM

In instrumental case, if the nominative version of the noun ends on , , ,

or the ending is -EM instead of -OM. If the ending has an accent, always us
the default -OM.

28

Also, if the noun in nominative ends on soft sign or it ends on , replace

- and - in genitive and dative with - and -. Also use -EM in instrumental.
See the table below as an illustration for the rules. First two columns are
standard rules and the last three are before mentioned exceptions.
c inanimate

animate

, , , , soft sign

N
G
D
A
I
P
Plural

Case

In this table you can see endings for transforming a masculine noun to a
certain case in plural.
case
N
G
D
A
I
P

endings
-
-
-
N or G
-
-

exceptions
-/-
-/-//-

Plural is more complex than singular. That is because of Nominative and

Genitive.
NOMINATIVE
Default ending for a noun in plural is -, but there are exceptions.
- According to spelling rules, behind , , , , , and you can never write
. In that case use -.
- In case of the soft sign or if the noun ends on , also use - .
- In case of noun ending on , replace with -E.
29

GENITIVE
Default ending for a noun in plural is -, but there are exceptions.
- if the noun ends on , , , or soft sign , use -
- if the noun ends on , use -, unless it is accented. Than use -.
- if the noun ends on , use -
- if the noun ends on or , use -
- if the noun ends on , discard .
See the table below as an illustration for the rules.
cdefault
Case

, ,

, , , ,

,
N

G

D

A

I

P
Singular
In this table you can see endings for transforming a feminine noun to a
certain case in singular.
case
N
G
D
A
I
P

endings
-
-
-
-
-
-
Let's take a look at the exceptions.

GENITIVE
- behind , , , , , and use -.
- if the noun ends on or , use -
30

exceptions
-/-
-
-
-/-
-/-
-

DATIVE
- if the noun ends on - or -, use -
ACCUSATIVE
- if the noun ends on -, use -
- if the noun ends on -, add no ending
INSTRUMENTAL
- if the noun ends on - or the noun base ends on , , or use -, unless
ending is accented
- if the noun ends on -, use -
PREPOSITIONAL
- if the noun ends on - or -, use -
cC standard

N
G
D
A
I
P
Plural

ase

In this table you can see endings for transforming a feminine noun to a
certain case in plural.
cCase
endings
exceptions
N
-
-
G
-/-/-
D
-
-
A
Nom
-/-
I
-
-
P
-
-
Let's take a look at the exceptions. I should mention one problem with this
rules. In case noun ends on , there are several endings to use in genitive and
accusative depending on the character before .
31

NOMINATIVE
- if the noun ends on - or soft sign , or the base part of the noun ends on , , ,
, , and , use -
GENITIVE
- if the noun ends on -, noun in genitive can end on soft sign -, - or -
- if the noun ends on soft sign , use -
DATIVE
- if the noun ends on - or on soft sign , use -
ACCUSATIVE
- if the noun is not animate, accusative is same as nominative
- if the noun ends on - or on soft sign , use - or -
INSTRUMENTAL
- if the noun ends on - or on soft sign , use -
PREPOSITIONAL
- if the noun ends on - or on soft sign , use -
See the table below as an illustration for the rules.
c standard

N
G
D
A
I
P
Singular

Case

In this table you can see endings for transforming a neuter noun to a certain
case in singular.
cCase O endings
N
-
G
-

E endings
-
-
32

endings
-
-

D
A
I
P

-
-
-
-

-
-
-
-

-
-
-
-

Remember that behind , , and you cannot use soft vowels - and -.
Use - and - instead.
See the table below as an illustration for the rules.
cCase
N
G
D
A
I
P

O endings

E endings

endings

Plural
In this table you can see endings for transforming a neuter noun to a certain
case in plural.
cCase
N
G
D
A
I
P

O endings
-
-
-
-
-

E endings
-
-
-
-
-
-

endings
-
-
-
-
-
-

Bear in mind that often between two consonants - or - is inserted. You can see
that in declension of word in genitive plural.
See the table below as an illustration for the rules.
cCas O endings

E endings

e
33

endings

N
G
D
A
I
P

Every noun in Russian must be selected for one of six categories when they
are used in a sentence. To indicate which category has been selected by the
speaker, the endings of the noun are changed. This means that each (declinable)
noun has up to six different forms, differing only in the final letter or two on the
end.

2. Comparative analyses of the classification of nouns in

Kazakh, English and Russian languages.
2.1 Comparison of nouns in the Kazakh, English and in Russian
languages.
In English, Kazakh and Russian languages have morphological category of
number. "This category expresses the quantitative relations that exist in the real
world, reflected in the minds of speakers of the language and having the
34

morphological expression of appropriate forms of language" - V.D. Arakin. And in

the Russian and Kazakh and English languages reflects the category of quantitative
relation between objects and naturally associated with a noun. Category number of
languages represented in these singular and plural.
The only number in Kazakh and English languages represented zero
morpheme. For example, in the Kazakh language: i, , , . In
English: day, branch, life, hero. When as in Russian language only number is
expressed to masculine th morpheme or zero morpheme (e.g., beam, character,
edge) for feminine morphemes -s, -n (e.g. , birch, spoon, earth) and zero morpheme
(e.g., rye, femininity) to neuter morphemes -o, -e (for example, the sky, the sea, the
building).
The basic method of forming the plural in English - this addition to the base
of the singular inflections expressed morphemes number -s, -es ([s], [z], [iz]). For
example, book-books, day-days, branch-branches, life-lives, hero-heroes. There are
deviations from the general rule plurals of nouns. For example, some English
nouns form the plural by changing the root vowel:
Man - men
Woman - women
Foot - feet
Tooth - teeth
Goose - geese
Mouse - mice
Louse - lice
Singular and plural nouns some not differ (deer, sheep, swine, fish). Words
borrowed from Greek and Latin languages, retain plural forms of education
specific to their language (phenomenon - phenomena, datum-data, nucleus-nuclei)
Production Scheme plurals in compound words is slightly different. As a rule, the
ending -s is added to the main word. (Editor-in-chief - editors-in-chief, brother-inlaw - brothers-in-law). In the absence of a nominal part of a compound word, the
35

ending -s add to the end of a word (forget-me-not, forget-me-nots). Only two

nouns form the plural by adding endings -en (ox - oxen, child - children).
In Kazakh six endings plural forms: /-, -/-, -/-. That is
to translate a word in the plural form is sufficient to add to it one of these
terminals.
For example, (Book) - (books), (child) -
(children) - (document) - (documents), (street) -
(street), (song) - (song). All endings, suffixes and affixes are added to
the base word in accordance with the law of vowel harmony. If the last syllable of
a solid (solid with a vowel), it is added to the end of the solid (with a hard vowel)
, - or -. If the last syllable of soft (soft vowel), it is added to the end of
the soft (soft vowel) -, - or . If the last letter of a, e, and s, i, w, I (vowel)
or p, y, u, after solid syllable is added, and after soft - . For example, ,
, , .
If the last letter of the word w, h or l, m, n, En with descender, after solid
-dar syllable is added, and after soft - -der. For example, , ,
, . If the last letter of the word to, with descender, n, s, t, p, x, y,
h, w, u (blank) or b, c, d, e, after a solid - syllable added, and after soft - .
For example, , , .
Category plural in both languages represented seme plurality.
In Russian sema multiplicity expressed morphemes s, s (for male and
female). For example, birch, mountain, pack books. Morpheme -u, -n, -s (for nouns
of masculine and neuter. For example, sea horses, buildings, food. The choice of
vowel morpheme, as in the Kazakh language depends on the softness, only the
consonants.
In contrast to the Russian and English in the Kazakh language if before the
noun stands numeral, the plural ending in a noun is not used. For example, a
student demon - five students-five students, - ten disciples- ten pupils.
In English, in Kazakh and Russian languages uncountable nouns, i.e. real
and abstract nouns are usually used only in the singular:
36

Sugar- sugar , love- love- ,

Some words in the Russian language in the plural, in the Kazakh language
used in the singular. For example, " " which in Russian means "girl
with long hair", the word is used in singular. In English, the word hair, is also used in the singular. Noun hair used in the singular and the plural (as a
noun is countable) with a value of: a hair , hairs . Word of moneymoney is also used in the English language in the singular.
This money belongs to him. This money belongs to him.
Nouns advice, tips, information, messages, information, progress success,
success, knowledge of English are used only in the singular, whereas in the
Russian language appropriate nouns can be used in both singular and plural :
Not gave me some good advice. He gave me some good advice.
We have very little information on this subject. You have very little
information on this subject.
I am satisfied with your progress. I am pleased with your progress.
In the Kazakh language ii, - used in the singular. - singular and plural. Noun news is used with singular value, although
it has a plural form:
What is the news? What news?
In the Kazakh language the word is in the form and singular and plural
(-)
Such words in the Kazakh language, as kp-many al-little do not require
plural. In Russian and English plural necessary.
For example, many many books knigIn English, the name of science ending in -ics (mathematics, physics,
phonetics, etc.) are used with the value of the singular, although they have a plural
form:
Phonetics is a branch of linguistics. Phonetics - Department of Linguistics.
Noun fruit fruits used, in contrast to the Russian and Kazakh language,
singular:
37

Fruit is cheap in summer. Fruits cheap letom.We eat a great deal of fruit. We
eat a lot of fruit.
However, to refer to various types of fruit used plural fruits:
On the table there are apples, plums and other fruits. On the table, apples,
plums and other fruits (fruit species).
There is a relatively large group of nouns, which is represented only by sema
multiplicity receiving expression in the corresponding morphemes in the forms of
coordination of adjectives, verbs and pronouns. Some of these nouns is the same in
both Russian and English. This is primarily nouns denoting paired or composite
objects:
scissors - Scissors
trousers - pants
spectacles - sunglasses
scales - scales
tongs - tongs
Nouns in Russian and Kazakh languages are the most numerous category of
words with common semantic and grammatical features and are the names of
objects in the broadest sense of the word. Appeal to this part of the speech is
dictated by special (if not the most important) role of this part of the speech in the
Kazakh language in comparison to Russian.
Meaningfully nouns in the Kazakh and Russian languages are divided into
common nouns / own concrete / abstract, animate / inanimate, real collective.
Certainly the grammatical behavior of these nouns in different languages being
compared.
I wonder if in Russian animation category / inanimate more grammatical,
formal, the Kazakh language to animate include nouns
denoting people, proper names, nicknames, and names of animals and birds.
By inanimate nouns are others.
Nouns in the Kazakh language peculiar category number, possessive, case.
38

Category kind in the Kazakh language is formally absent, but the words are
generic semantic differences, which, unlike the Russian language is not
grammatically decorated. For example: . (My sister
is in the third grade).
Basic syntactic function of the noun in both languages the same - to be a
member of any proposal. And in the Russian and Kazakh languages category
reflects the number of quantitative relation between objects and naturally
associated with a noun. Fundamental differences, this category does not.
Nouns in the Kazakh language is peculiar category of possession, which is
designated not only possessive pronouns, but that is especially true for
agglutinative languages, possessive endings. It allows you to express in one word,
and the possession of the person and the owner.
For example the word "my head" formant indicates that the object
belongs to the first person. Depending on the phonetic rules, person and number
category Accessories expressed different variants endings. This category, by their
very nature, requires special attention in the comparative study of Russian and
Kazakh language.
In the Kazakh language, unlike Russian, there are 7 cases. Their names,
meanings and functions basically the same as Russian. Nouns in the Kazakh
language are not the category of gender, so there is no agreement between nouns
and adjectives, nouns and numerals. With the decline of combinations of these
parts of speech case endings are added to a noun.
The special features of the Kazakh language, compared with the Russian,
include vowel harmony; a special set of possessive forms; lack of grammatical
categories of gender; lack of prefixes; polysemy and homonymy most of the
words. These and other features define the linguistic status of a noun (and other
parts of speech) in the Kazakh language.
2.2 The system of classification of nouns in 3 languages.
39

In English, as in Russian, nouns are divided in their structure:

1) on the lexical meaning
A) own
B) nick
a) concrete and abstract;
b) countable and uncountable;
c) the animate and inanimate.
2) by the structure
A) a simple
B) derivatives
a) suffix
b) prefix
B) complex (composite)
Interest in the study of lexical and grammatical classes of nouns as a whole
and its individual discharges originated in ancient times. Thus, the Stoics in the III
century BC. e. isolated nouns and common nouns own with a further subdivision
of the latter into different groups. This traditional division of nouns on the lexical
and grammatical level continues to be the main language for all systems of the
world.
It should be noted that in Russian Studies classification of nouns was
formed and established largely under the influence of V.V. Vinogradov.
In modern Russian traditionally allocated nine lexical and grammatical
categories, namely, their own and common nouns, animate and inanimate, abstract
concrete, as well as collective, real and individual.
The classification is given at the language level (i.e. taking into account the
essential, always recurring symptoms) rather than speech (in the sense in which the
words, speaking in different contexts, can acquire new, portable value). The basis
for classification is both semantic and grammatical features. This classification is
presented in the Academic Russian grammar.
40

The English linguistic thought adheres basically two classifications of

nouns. The first classification is presented, for example, in practical English
grammar and M.A.Ganshinoy N.M. Wasilewska. The second classification of
nouns contained, for example, J. English grammar.
But Ganshina and Nesfild distinguish in principle the same lexical and
grammatical level: Proper Nouns own, Common Nouns nick, Concrete Nouns
concrete, Abstract Nouns abstract, Collective Nouns collective" and Material
Nouns real ".
Both researchers hierarchically differently allocated build their lexical and
grammatical level, and include in their classification, not all bits of English nouns,
as in the classification based only on the semantic feature.
In the English literature, there are also the classification of nouns that are
based on both semantic and grammatical features in part. Thus, for example, L.J.
Alexander highlights in his classification, among others, still Countable
countable" and Uncountable "uncountable" nouns and domestic linguist MJ
Bloch - Animate animate, Inanimate "inanimate" and Human - Non-human
category of "person and not the person."
Analysis of the literature shows that there are twelve English lexical and
grammatical classes of nouns, namely its own, face, real, collective, abstract,
concrete, countable, uncountable, animate, inanimate, and the category of "face" "is not a person." The basis for the allocation of lexical and grammatical classes is
largely semantic feature, but their classification on the countable - uncountable,
animate - inanimate recorded and grammatical features.
This approach is reflected in the majority of domestic textbooks in English,
although there are slight differences. Thus, according to its composition nouns in
English may be: simple and complex derivatives.
Simple (Simple Nouns) - these are nouns, as part of which there is no suffix
or prefix.
For Example:
pen - pen; rod - rod, bar; rock - rock, rock - rock, etc.
41

Derivative (Derivative Nouns) - it nouns, which is composed of the prefix

or suffix or both simultaneously.
For Example:
worker - working (from the verb to work to work)
freedom - freedom (from the adjective free summary)
friendship - friendship (from the noun friend friend)
misprint - typo (from the noun print impression, imprint)
inflexibility - stiffness, incompressibility (from the adjective flexible
flexible), and so on. d.
"Derivative word - word, in relation to which was made of a derivation
act ...".
According to Arnold I.V., depending on the morphological structure of
English words can be divided into:
1) affixal derivatives - a word consisting of one root morpheme and one or
more affixes;
2) Composites - words in which the two are rarely more than two, simple or
derivational bases are connected to one lexical unit;
3) derivation composites, in which the words are connected phrases as a
result of processes of compounding and affixation.
Complex [component] (Compound Nouns) - these are nouns, which consist
of two or more bases, forming a single word to a single value, for example:
shadowgraph image (X-ray), penknife pen-knife, railway railroad, bluebell bell,
break-stone rubble etc.
Meaningfully divided into nouns and common nouns own.
Common nouns (Common Nouns) represent entire classes of objects: a
book, a house, a day, and so on. N.
Proper names (Proper Nouns) are the names or the names of individual
persons and objects.
These include: the names of people (Mary, Jack London, Peter Norton);
42

geographical names (the Pacific Ocean, Britain, the United States, London,
the Great Lakes); names of buildings, streets, businesses, and so on. n. (the
Kremlin, Trafalgar Square, the Economist).
Proper names are written with a capital letter. In contrast to the Russian
language in the English names of the days of the week, months and nationalities
also written with a capital letter: Sunday, Tuesday, April, November, an American,
a Russian and so on.
Common nouns in the English language are divided into countable
(Countable Nouns) uncountable (Uncountable Nouns).
Countable nouns denote objects that can be counted. They have singular and
plural forms.
For Example:
a book - three books,
a day - two days.
Countable nouns can be used as an uncertain and with the definite article: a
book - the book.
In the plural, they can use pronouns many, few, a few, and cardinal
numbers:
I have not many English books. I do not have too many books in English.
I have few English books. I have a few books in English.
I have a few English books. I have a few books in English.
Countable nouns can be concrete (Concrete Nouns) - a cat, a desk, a student
- and the abstract, or abstract (Abstract Nouns), - a month, a night, a song, a talk.
Uncountable nouns denote objects and concepts that can not be counting. In
this regard, they are generally not used in plural. Uncountable nouns are not used
with the indefinite article and cardinal numbers and combined with pronouns
much, little, a little, some, any.
Will you have tea or coffee? - What do you like tea or coffee?
Do you like much sugar in your tea? - You like to put more sugar in your
tea?
43

There is some milk in the jug. - In a pitcher have milk.

For uncountable nouns include some abstract, such as: freedom, anger, love,
and those who represent substances or materials (Material Nouns), for example:
air, snow, steel, salt, sugar.
Some nouns in one of its meanings are uncountable in the other - countable.
For example, the noun glass within the meaning of the noun glass and beauty beauty is uncountable, and the meanings respectively glass beauty are countable: a
glass - two glasses, a beauty - beauties.
Interest in the study of lexical and grammatical classes of nouns as a whole
and its individual discharges originated in ancient times. Thus, the Stoics in the III
century BC. e. isolated nouns and common nouns own with a further subdivision
of the latter into different groups. This traditional division of nouns on the lexical
and grammatical level continues to be the main language for all systems of the
world.
It should be noted that in Russian classification of nouns was formed and
established largely under the influence of V.V. Vinogradov. In modern Russian
traditionally allocated nine lexical and grammatical categories, namely, their own
and common nouns, animate and inanimate, abstract and concrete, as well as
collective, real and individual. The classification is given at the language level (i.e.
taking into account the essential, always recurring symptoms) rather than speech
(in the sense in which the words, speaking in different contexts, can acquire new,
portable value). The basis for classification are both semantic and grammatical
features. This classification is presented in the Academic Russian grammar.
Simple (Simple Nouns) - these are nouns, as part of which there is no suffix
or prefix, such as: pen; rod, bar; rock, rock, etc.
Derivative (Derivative Nouns) - it nouns, which is composed of a prefix or
suffix or both at the same time: worker (from the verb to work to work), freedom,
freedom (from the adjective free summary), friendship (from the noun friend each),
misprint (from the noun print impression, imprint), inflexibility stiffness
incompressibility of the adjective flexible flexible), and so on.
44

"Derivative word - word, in relation to which was made of a derivation

act ...".
Proper names (Proper Nouns) are the names or the names of individual
persons and objects. This includes the names of people (Mary, Jack London, Peter
Norton); geographical names (the Pacific Ocean, Britain, the United States,
London, the Great Lakes); names of buildings, streets, businesses, and so on. n.
(the Kremlin, Trafalgar Square, the Economist).
Proper names are written with a capital letter. In contrast to the Russian
language in the English names of the days of the week, months and nationalities
also written with a capital letter: Sunday, Tuesday, April, November, an American,
a Russian and so on.
Some nouns in one of its meanings are uncountable in the other - countable.
For example, the noun glass within the meaning of the noun glass and beauty beauty is uncountable, and the meanings respectively glass beauty are countable: a
glass - two glasses, a beauty - beauties.
Nouns in Russian and Kazakh languages are the most numerous category of
words with common semantic and grammatical features and are the names of
objects in the broadest sense of the word. These questions may be put debates for
the candidates? (Who?), Is not? (What?).
In Russian, the value objectivity of nouns expresses the category of gender,
number and case, the assignment of nouns to one of three families - the masculine,
feminine or neuter - is necessary.
Nouns in Russian and Kazakh languages are divided into their own ()
and common nouns (). By its own nouns are names of people nicknames
animals, geographical names - names of places, countries, islands, continents:
, , , , the name of the oceans, seas, rivers and
lakes, mountains: Pacific ( ). divided into animate and
inanimate (, ). To animate include names of nouns denoting people,
proper names, nicknames, and names of animals and birds.
45

Example: (pupil), (worker), (men),

(mother), (grandfather), (dog), (cat), (camel),
(lion), (chicken), (camel).
By inanimate other names include all subjects, including plants. Example:
(curtains), (regiment), (cloth), (birch), (pine),
(tulip), (wormwood), (tomato).
are also divided into derivatives (), formed by adding
the suffix:
-, - form nouns, the profession of the person: (write) -
(writer), (Figure) - (artist), (boots) - (shoemaker),
(fish) - (fisherman), (agitation) - (agitator).
-, -, example: (Book) - (book).
-, -, -, -, -, - form nouns denoting abstract concepts:
(child) - (childhood), (friend) - (Friendship),
(hero) - (courage, heroism), (rich) - (wealth).
- forms nouns that indicate names of institutions: (food) -
(dining room), (lecture) - (lecture hall), (treatment) -
(clinic) (medicine) - (pharmacy), (book) - (library).
Noun is a part of speech, which designates the subject and answer the
questions Who? (?) What? (?).
Nouns in the Kazakh language change on cases, the numbers are possessive
endings are some nouns and personal endings.
The proposal nouns are most often subject, object and circumstances.
In contrast to the Russian language in the Kazakh language, there are
possessive nouns end of that show affiliation object, phenomenon first, second, and
the third party.
2.3 The functions of nouns in Kazakh, English and in Russian.

46

Noun in English, Russian and Kazakh languages other than the basic
properties of meaning and form, is characterized by the ability to operate in a
speech in a sentence. Of course normative grammar is known that the main
function is to be a noun-verb, and object management, whereas, for example, the
main function is the production of the verb, that is, the assignment of the content of
the statements to the reality expressed in the sentence, and the main function of
adverbs is characteristic of a predicate or determination .
Noun in a sentence can perform the following functions:
1) subject to:
The night was very dark. .
Heat is the energy of the movement of molecules.
.
2) the name of the part of the predicate:
His father was a miner. .
Heat is a form of energy. - .
3) Additions (direct, indirect and prepositional):
The Soviet industry has given the miner ( ) the coal
cormbine ( ).
.
Uranium can be produced from thorium ( ).
.
4) Definitions:
Have you any laboratory experience?
?
The atomic reactor is encased in a jacket of steel.
.
5) The circumstances:
walked back slowly into the room. .
Bodies are lighter in water than they are in air. ,
.
It is interesting to note that many Russian linguists pay attention to the
interaction between the noun and pronoun. This fact is noted in his time AA
Potebnya "Pronouns, except some words do not mean relations and
communications, and events and perceptions, but they do not indicate the means of
features taken from the circle themselves perceptions and attitudes through the
47

speaker, then there pointing. "By its grammatical form and subject pronouns
correlation can be nouns (I, you), adjectives (my, this), adverbs (here, there, so). In
other words, the signs of division into names and pronouns and nouns,
adjectives ... from a logical point of view ... crossed "- emphasizes
V.M.Zhirmunsky.
On the relationship with the pronouns concept exists, action, object,
attribute, quantity, location N.Yu.Shvedova writes, commenting on this link as this
is necessary: the language "created a very harmonious and stable organization of
words, as free from naming function and the function expression of all kinds of
dependencies to be judgmental, specially designed for global signifying concepts
of physical and mental world and those meanings that conceptual fasten different
levels of language and thus give it the quality of the natural integrity. "
Nouns that call people and animals (animate), answer the question who?
Other nouns (inanimate) answer to the question what?
Nouns that answer the question who?
(Wolf, lynx, tortoise, Misha, butterfly, girl, protein.)
Nouns that answer the question what?
(Maple, ball, apple, wind, board, pen, pencil case)
Nouns in a sentence answers the question of who? or what? - Is the subject
and is the main idea in a sentence.
Fluffy snow hid quilt clearing. Here raced cowardly hare.
Nouns that respond to the offer to other questions - this minor sentence.
They are designed to offer connotation.
Flashed in the sun bright red fox fur coat.
Homogeneous parts of the sentence in the text are expressed mainly nouns
and verbs, which gives our speech accuracy, clarity and a sense of forward motion.
Most of the text of nouns and pronouns, because the first man gave names of
objects, things that he saw, and then describe their actions. Verbs occupy third
place in the text. For the author, it is important to show movement, development.
48

Man found words for all that they found in the universe. But this is not
enough. He called every action and condition. He defined the word properties and
qualities of all that surrounds it. Dictionary reflects the changes occurring in the
world. He captured the experience and wisdom of the ages, and not behind,
accompanied by life, the development of technology, science, and art. It can be
called any thing and has the means to express most of abstract and generalized
ideas and concepts. What an immense and inexhaustible sea - human speech! (S.
Marshak.)
Nouns used in a speech in the literal and figurative sense. Nouns can have
not just one but several meanings. Figurative meaning is one of the meanings of an
ambiguous word. All values are ambiguous word something similar, have
something in common. People watch the world around us, carefully eyeing the
individual subjects, and compare them to notice the similarities. On the basis of
this similarity, the name of the object is transferred to another, that is, the word is
used in a figurative sense.
Appointment sensible slovarya- explain what the words mean. About
ambiguity can be found in the Dictionary.
Housing, - neuter,. Room for housing. Landscaping homes.
5) Synonyms in speech are used for a more accurate expression of thought,
for the expression of emotional color, as a means of overcoming the repetition of
the same word.
Home, house, apartment, living space, shelter, shelter, angle, with the roof
(over the head); housing (colloquial.); Blood (lips.); roof (set.) / untidy,
inconvenient den, den, lair (colloquial.) / dark, close (colloquial).
Opposites in speech are used to contrast images, the sharp opposition of
signs and phenomena.
FRIEND - ENEMY
Faithful friend - the worst enemy. Guilty if I do not know, now let this trial
friends and enemies.
49

With the exception of the Kazakh language, where there is no birth - nor
female, neuter male nor middle; accordingly, no declination it is not observed.
But the usual classification register writing remains the same: the division
into a common noun and a proper name is absolutely around the same as the
Russian system. remains Askar, a wonderful word "y" - "right": writing
capital letters will be kept in the translation of proper names and abbreviations.
We turn to the morphological properties of the noun in the Kazakh language.
Actually attributes nouns bit: the type of composition and type of word
formation.
By type of nouns are divided into two types:
1. Simple ( ), which, in turn, are divided into two
subspecies:
Indigenous ( ). These words can not be broken into its
constituent parts and accordingly, they consist of single morpheme - root. Most of
these monosyllabic words and short - , , , , ;

Derivatives ( ). These nouns are formed from the root

words and other parts of speech by adding suffixes to them: , ,
;
2. Complex ( ). They are formed by adding the roots of
words, nouns, and the like are divided into four subtypes depending on how they
are connected:
By type of word formation nouns can be:
1. lexically formed words (
) this group includes nouns formed in ancient times and in the historical
process to expand the scope of its values, or even change them (); nouns
formed objectification of other parts of speech (); and this group includes
words borrowed from other languages ().
2. Syntactically formed words (
) these include nouns formed association (), pairing (), combination ( ) and contraction (A) of other words.
50

3. morphologically formed words (

) that is, nouns formed with suffixes.
In all three languages the noun has certain syntactical characteristics.
The chief syntactical functions of the noun in the sentence are those of the
subject and the object. But it might be used as an attribute or a predicative.
The noun is generally associated with the article. Because of the
comparative scarcity of morphological distinctions in English in some cases only
articles show that the word is noun.
The noun can be modified by an adjective, a pronoun, by another noun or by
verbals. The categorical functional properties of the noun are determined by its
semantic properties.
The most characteristic substantive function of the noun is that of the subject
in the sentence, since the referent of the subject is the person or thing immediately
named. The function of the object in the sentence is also typical of the noun as the
substance word. Other syntactic functions, i.e. attributive, adverbial, and even
predicative, although performed by the noun with equal ease, are not immediately
characteristic of its substantive quality as such. It should be noted that, while
performing these non-substantive functions, the noun essentially differs from the
other parts of speech used in similar sentence positions. This may be clearly shown
by transformations shifting the noun from various non-subject syntactic positions
into subject syntactic positions of the same general semantic value, which is
impossible with other parts of speech.
Mary is a flower-girl. the flower-girl (you are speaking of) is Mary. He
lives in Glasgow. Glasgow is his place of residence. This happened three years
ago. Three years have elapsed since it happened.
Apart from the cited sentence-part functions, the noun is characterised by
some special types of combinability.
In particular, typical of the noun is the prepositional combinability with
another noun, a verb, an adjective, an adverb. E.g.: an entrance to the house; to turn
round the corner; red in the face; far from its destination.
51

The casual (possessive) combinability characterises the noun alongside of its

prepositional combinability with another noun. E.g.: the speech of the President
the President's speech; the cover of the book the book's cover.
English nouns can also easily combine with one another by sheer contact,
unmediated by any special lexemic or morphemic means. In the contact group the
noun in preposition plays the role of a semantic qualifier to the noun in postposition. E.g.: a cannon ball; a log cabin; a sports event; film festivals.
The lexico-grammatical status of such combinations has presented a big
problem for many scholars, who were uncertain as to the linguistic heading under
which to treat them: either as one separate word, or a word-group. In the history of
linguistics the controversy about the lexico-grammatical status of the constructions
in question has received the half-facetious name "The cannon ball problem". [23]
Taking into account the results of the comprehensive analysis undertaken in
this field by Soviet linguists, we may define the combination as a specific wordgroup with intermediary features. Crucial for this decision is the isolability test
(separation shift of the qualifying noun) which is performed for the contact noun
combinations by an easy, productive type of transformation. Cf.: a cannon ball a
ball for cannon; the court regulation the regulation of the court; progress report
report about progress; the funds distribution the distribution of the funds.
The corresponding compound nouns (formed from substantive stems), as a
rule, cannot undergo the isolability test with an equal ease. The transformations
with the noun compounds are in fact reduced to sheer explanations of their
etymological motivation. The comparatively closer connection between the stems
in compound nouns is reflected by the spelling (contact or hyphenated
presentation). E.g.: fireplace place where fire is made; starlight light coming
from stars; story-teller teller (writer, composer) of stories; theatre-goer a
person who goes to (frequents) theatres.
Contact noun attributes forming a string of several words are very
characteristic of professional language. E.g.: A number of Space Shuttle trajectory
optimisation problems were simulated in the development of the algorithm,
52

including three ascent problems and a re-entry problem (From a scientific paper on
spacecraft). The accuracy of offshore tanker unloading operations is becoming
more important as the cost of petroleum products increases (From a scientific
paper on control systems).
As a part of speech, the noun is also characterised by a set of formal features
determining its specific status in the lexical paradigm of nomination. It has its
word-building distinctions, including typical suffixes, compound stem models,
conversion patterns. It discriminates the grammatical categories of gender, number,
case, article determination, which will be analysed below. Subject and the verb in
the following sentence: The poor creature was laming. (Not: The tree was laming.)
The human selectional base underlies the connection between the nouns in
the following combination: John's love of music (not: the cat's love of music).
The phenomenon of subclass selection is intensely analysed as part of
current linguistic research work.

Conclusion
In this thesis work we had investigated the similarities and differences of
noun in English, Russian and Kazakh languages. We had chosen this theme
because we were interested in it and also it is one of the most important part of
speech in teaching grammar in all modern languages. Nouns play great role in the
persons speech as it expresses name of things, events, and phenomenon.
Noun it is part of speech, indicating the subject matter and expresses
categorical grammatical meaning of objectivity in private grammatical categories
53

of animate / inanimate, gender, number and case. Nouns are called objects in a
broad sense, i.e. not only concrete objects of reality, their totality or components,
but also living beings, as well as the operation and status in abstraction from their
manufacturers, and the number of properties in abstraction from their carriers.
Therefore, the values of the object is this abstract grammatical meaning inherent in
any and all nouns.
During this analysis we had found that The classification of nouns in these
three languages is similar; all three languages has two numbers: singular and
plural. The meaning of singular and plural seems to be self-explanatory. As English
plurals end in -s. But in Kazakh and Russian, there are more endings to make
plurals. Some nouns are always singular as in English. These are nouns that
designate substances (oxygen, copper), products (cheese, fish), a block of objects
(furniture), some actions (hunting, clearing up), feelings (love, health), some
vegetables and berries (potato, carrots).
The case system in Russian and Kazakh languages is more developed
comparing with English. In English there are only two cases: common case and
genitive case. But in Russian and Kazakh languages case system there are six and
seven cases: Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, Locative and Instrumental.
The case system in Russian does two things. First, it marks the grammatical
functions of nouns which are indicated by word order in English, that is, the
subject, object and indirect object of the sentence. (This means that these nouns are
free to be ordered almost anywhere in the sentence since their function is clearly
indicated by their form.) Second, cases mark certain adverbial functions such as
the time, manner, and means of carrying our an action, which are marked by
prepositions in English, e.g. by hand, on Friday, with enthusiasm This function
leads to the case system being associated with prepositions. Remember: in Russian
all prepositions are associated with a case which is attached to their objects. Since
only nouns can express case, this means that only nouns may be objects of
prepositions.
54

We used various references to investigate the noun. In our course work we

had investigated the similarities and differences of grammatical categories of noun
in English and in Russian languages. Russian language as English distinguishes
two numbers and the meaning of singular and plural seems to be self-explanatory.
Cases are something that is probably the most complicated concept in
Russian language to the student that speaks only English. Old English had cases,
but in contemporary English language you can notice cases and declension mostly
in personal pronouns. The question about category of case in English for nowadays
has discussion character. It depends on approach which author uses in this
problem; to English language was given different numbers of cases. M. Deibchain
assumed understanding of case as combination of preposition with noun in initial
form; he supposed that there are four cases in English language: nominative,
genitive (possessive), dative and accusative. But fundamentally, this version of the
problem of case was represented in wrong way, so far as case is word form, which
has corresponding to case morpheme, as s in English. So we can note from
typological characteristics of case category of noun that all nouns in English are
divided into two classes: words denote unanimated things, which have not the
category of case; and words that denote animated things and time, which have two
cases- nominative and possessive. If we recognize this point of view, it will
correspond to the modern system of case; it means that in fact there is no category
of case. In that moment we have new grammatical category called genitive
category, which represented by morpheme -s.
So the analysis of this similarities and differences in these three languages
will help teachers to teach grammar by comparing English with their mother
tongue (Russian or Kazakh) or vice versa.

55

Bibliography
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2. Corbett, G. (2000). Number. Cambridge University Press.
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Grammar of the English Language. London-New York, 1931.
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also: R. Qurk. The Use of English. London, 1964, p. 74.
56

5. Fries. Ch. The Structure of English. An Introduction to the Construction of

English Sentences. London, 1963, pp. 62-63, pp. 94100.
6. Illyish B. The structure of Modern English M.- L. 1965
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study with reference to Sakha.] Ph.D. diss. University of Utrecht.
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the universality of semantics." Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Meeting
of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, ed. Joshua S. Guenter, Barbara A. Kaiser
and Cheryl C. Zoll,. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society.
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question", 1928, p. 6;
20. Yartseva W. H The problem of paradigm in the language of the analytical
system. Proc .: "Questions of German linguistics." M.- L., 1961, p. 229;
21.Yartseva W. H Historical English grammar. M.- L., 1960;
22.Yartseva W. H .. historical syntax of the English language. Moscow-Leningrad,
1961;www. answers.com/topic/agreement linguistics
57

23.English Aylshyn Tl ( ), Zh. Qaliev, V.S. Malycev, Z.N.

Ochakovskaya, Mektep Publishers, 1981.
A New Kazakhstan in a New World. Letter from the President to the People of
Kazakhstan. Astana, April 28, 2007.
24.On the State Program for Linguistic Functioning and Development for 20012010. Order No. 550 of the Republic of Kazakhstan President dated February
7, 2001. Challenges in Translation, Tatiana Ten. Article from the Caravan
newspaper.
25."The more successful the country becomes, the more people will begin
speaking Kazakh." Interview with Minister of Culture and Information
Ermuhamet Ertysbaev. On the Singing Phonetics of the Kazakh Language,
Tolkyn Zabirova.
26.Kazakh for Beginners, Almasbek Belbotaev and Zhanyl Tukebaeva, Book 2.
Almaty, Qazaqstan Publishers, 1993.
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31.Bronte, E. "Jane Eyre",
32.Frank Herbert "Dune"
33.Galsworthy "Saga of Forsytes"
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35.Michael Judith "A Certain Smile",
36.Rice Anna "Savant of bones"
37.Shakespeare William, "The remarkable rocket".
38.Tolkien J.R.R. "The return of thinking"
39.Brucov writing is in two volumes. Volume 1
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41.A.S. Pushkin The writing is in three volumes. Volume 2
42.Tyutchev "Studying poetry in school"
43.A. Fet "Russian Literature"

58

Appendix
Category of Nouns:
/ Type

//Examples
, , , ,

/ Common , , , , , ,

house, tree, bird, horse

, , ,
/Proper

, , ,
Michle, London, Cyprus, George

59

, , ,
/Concrete

, , , , , ,

paper, apple, tree, pen

, , ,
/Abstarct

, , , ,

feeling, frienship, think, love

, , ,

/Animate

, , , , , , ,
girl, boy, bird, pig, animal
, , ,

/
Inanimatite

, , , , ,

book, mountain, village, news

, , , ,
/Material

, , , , , ,
,

water, sugar, iron, salt, milk

, ,
, , -, -,

/Collective

Vegetables, birds, patatoe,

Composition of Nouns:
//
Examples

/Type
60

,
,,
,
//Simple

, , ,
,
Union, review, rock,
man, doctor

//C
omposite

/
/
Unite-combined

(<
),
(<
)
/ (< ),
/United
(< )
Bracelets
(<forearm), belt
(<lumbar belt)
, ,
/ , ,
/Combined
, ,

, ,

//Paired

-, , -,
eyes, sunglasses,
shoes

//Abbreviat , ,
ion
, ,
2106, .., ,

61

USA, etc., i.e.,

,
,
,
, ,

//Solid

butter, outerwear,
great hundred,
weather

Cases of nouns:
//case
//Nominative

//description
My mother lives in London.

. - .
.
- .

//Genitive

My father's car is stolen.

-
.

- .

//Dative

The man gave his daughter a book.

-
-

-

62

 -
//Accusative

The man gave his daughter a book.

-
-

-

//Instrumental
He shot it with the gun.

-
.

-
.
2)
:
-
.
-
.
- .
//Prepositional

I live in Moscow.

- .
-
.
-
.
63

64