MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Name

DYNAMICS LAB

ACT

Register No :
Sem./Year :
Class

Prepared By

Approved By
1

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DYNAMICS LAB

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Exp. No.

Title of Experiment

Determination of Youngs modulus using Beam Test Apparatus

Determination of whirling speed of shafts

Determination of MI for Flywheel and Connecting Rod

Torsional vibration of two rotor system

Transverse vibration of cantilever beam

Undamped free vibration of spring mass system

Watt governor

Porter governor

Gyroscopic couple

10

Cam Analysis

ACT

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ACT

BEAM TEST APPARATUS

Exp. No :

Date :

Aim :
To determine the Youngs Modulus of the given metal by Central Loading.
Appratus Required:
1.Magnetic Stand
2. Weight Pan
3. Load
Formulae:
1. Central Loading = E= WL3/48YI
Y= deflection in mm
W=load applied in Newton
L=Span of the beam
I=moment of inertia of section
Where,
I = bd3/12 mm4
b= breath of the beam
d= depth of the beam
Tabulation:

S.No

Load

Deflection

Youngs
Modulus

( mm )
Kg

1
2
3
4

Observations:
b=
mm
d=
mm
l=
mm
3

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Procedure:
1. Mount the given metal beam between the two simply support.
2. Set the dial gauge to Zero reading.
3. Add a known load at the centre of the beam using weight pan and measure the deflection in
the dial gauge.
4. Increase the load and measure deflection.
5. Youngs modulus is calculated using the given formulae.

Model calculation:

Reading No. :

Result:

---------

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ACT

DETERMINATION OF WHIRLING SPEED OF SHAFTS

Date :

Exp. No :
Aim:
To determine the whirling speed for various diameter shafts experimentally and compare
it with the theoretical values.
Apparatus Required:
1)
Shaft 3 nos.
2)
Digital tachometer
3)
Chuck key
4)
AC voltage regulator
Description of the setup:
The apparatus is used to study the whirling phenomenon of shafts. This consists of a
frame in which the driving motor and fixing blocks are fixed. A special design is provided to
clear out the effects of bearings of motor spindle from those of testing shafts.
Procedure:
1) The shaft is to be mounted with the end condition as simply supported.
2) The speed of rotation of the shaft is gradually increased.
3) When the shaft vibrates violent in fundamental mode ( I mode ), the speed is noted down.
4) The above procedure is repeated for the remaining shafts.
Observation:
, N / m2
Youngs modulus, E (for steel)
=
2.06 x 1011
Length of the shaft, l
=
,m
Diameter of the shaft, d
=
,m
Formulae:
1. mass, m = p x v
, kg
p = Density of material = 8000, kg/m3
v= Volume = /4 x d2 x l
, m3
2. A uniformly distributed load (UDL) = Shaft self weight
th= Wl4/384 EI

, I= Moment of interia
= /64 x d4
,m4

Theoritical Natural frequency (fn)= 0.5615/th

3. Therotical Critical Speed
(or)
Whirling Speed of shaft = [fnx60]

, Hz

, rpm

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Tabulation:
Sl.
No

Diameter of
the shaft (d)
(m)

Distance
between chuck
and fixed end
(l)
(m)

Theoritical
Critical Speed (N
cr)th
(rpm)

Actual Critical Speed

Ncr1

Ncr2

Ncr3

Mean
(Ncr)act

1
2
3

Model calculation

Reading No:__________________

Result:

Deflection
actual
(act)

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ACT

DETERMINATION OF MI FOR FLYWHEEL AND CONNECTING ROD

Exp. No :
Aim:

Date :

To find the mass moment of inertia of the Connecting rod by using oscillation method.
Apparatus Required:
Bigger Connecting Rod
Smaller Connecting Rod
Stop watch
Procedure:
Measure the centre to the connecting rod and also measure the inner diameter of both
ends.
Measure the weight of the connecting rod
Attach the smaller ends of the connecting rod to shaft
Give the oscillation to connecting rod
Measure the time taken for oscillation to calculate the time period.
Remove the connecting rod from the shaft and again attach the bigger rod to shaft
Again measure the time taken for oscillation and calculate the time period (tp)

Calculate the moment of inertia of connecting rod

Observation:
Mass of connecting rod
Larger= kg
Smaller= Kg
Center distance between holes
Bigger end=
Smaller end=

m
m

Formula:
1. Time Period (tp) = Time taken/No of oscillation
2. k=[g x a x tp2/4 2 - a2]1/2
3. I=m[k2+a2]
where,
k = radius of gyration
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ACT

I=moment of inertia
m=mass of connecting rod
a= center distance
Tabulation:

Types of
S.No
connectin
.
g rod

Position

Bigger
connectin
g rod
(larger)

Smaller
end

Smaller
connectin
g rod

Smaller
end
Larger
end

Model calculation:

No of
Oscillatio
n

Time taken for n

oscillation (sec)
T1

T2

Larger
end

Reading No. : --------

Larger rod:

Smaller rod:
Result

Mea
n

Time
Perio
d (tp)

Radius
of
gyratio
n (m)

Mase
momen
t of
Inertia
(kgm2)

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Exp. No :

DYNAMICS LAB

ACT

TORSIONAL VIBRATION OF TWO ROTOR SYSTEM

Date :

Aim :
To determine the period and frequency of torsional vibration of the two rotor system
experimentally and compare it with the theoretical values.
Apparatus Required :
i. Experimental Shaft, Spanner
ii. Chuck key
iii. Measuring tape
iv. Stop watch
v. Weights and
vi. Cross-arms
Description of the setup:
Two discs having different mass moment of inertia are clamped one at each end
of shaft by means of collet. Mass moment of inertia of any disc can be changed by attaching the
cross lever with weights. Both discs are free to oscillate in the ball bearings. This provides
negligible damping during experiment.
Procedure:
i) Fix the discs A and B to the shaft and fit the shaft in bearing.
ii) Deflect the discs A and B in opposite directions by hand and release.
iii) Note down the time required for n = oscillations.
iv) Fit the cross arm to the disc A and attach equal masses to the ends of cross arm and again
note down time.
v) Repeat the above procedure with different equal masses attached to the ends of cross arm.
Observation:
, mm
Diameter of the disc A ,
DA =
Diameter of the disc B ,
DB =
, mm
Mass of the disc A,
mA =
, kg
, kg
Mass of the disc B,
mB =
Modulus of rigidity of the shaft,
G = 80 x 109
, N/m2
Shaft diameter ,
d
=
, mm
Length of the shaft between discs, L
=
,m
Mass of the cross arms with bolts and nuts =
,kg
Formulae:
Experimental Period of Vibration Texp = tn/n sec.
where,
tn=mass time taken for n oscillations
n=number of oscillations
Therotical Period of Vibration Ttheo = 2 IA x L/G Ip
where,
mass moment of inertia I= MA(DA2)/8, kg-m2
MA=Mass of disc A, Kg
9

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DA=Diameter of disc A, m
where,
G=Modulus of Rigidity, N/m2
L=length of shafts, m
Polar moment of inertia Ip= /32 d4, m4
Experimental Frequency Vibration = 1/texp Hz
Theoretical freguency Vibration= 1/ther Hz

Tabulation:
Mass (kg
S.No.
)

Time(s)

Oscillation

Texp

1
2
3
Model calculation:

Reading No. : --------

Result:
10

Tther

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Exp. No :

DYNAMICS LAB

ACT

TRANSVERSE VIBRATION OF CANTILEVER BEAM

Date :

Aim :
To determine stiffness
vibration.

and natural frequency of cantilever beam with transverse

Appratus Required:
1.Experimental setup
2. Vernier caliper
3. Stopwatch
Formulae:
1. Stiffness of the spring, K exp

= Load / deflection = W / exp , N/m

2. Experimental time period of vibration, T exp

=
tm / n
Where, tm= mean time taken for n oscillations
n = number of oscillations = 10
1 / T exp
3. Experimental frequency of vibration, F exp =
4. Theoretical deflection ,th = Wl3/3EI
Where,
W= weight
,Kg
L= leanth of the beam
,mm
E= Youngs modulas (2.7x105 N/mm2 )
I= mpment of inertia = bh3/12 , mm4
5. Theoretical frequency of vibration, Fth = 0.4987/ th

, sec

, Hz

, Hz

Procedure:
1. Measure the length, width and thickness of the beam.
2. Add known point load and measure the deflection
3. Increase the load and note the deflection and vibration
4. Calculate the stiffness and natural frequency.

Tabulation:

S.No

Load Kg

Deflection,
act

Deflection
, th

( mm )

( mm )

Time taken for n

=10 oscillation
( sec )
t1
t2
t3
tm

1
2

11

Time
Period
(s)

Frequency
( Hz )
Fact

Fth

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Model calculation:

DYNAMICS LAB

Reading No. :

Cantilever Beam with point load at any point

max = Wa2/6EI (3l-a)
Result:

12

ACT

---------

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Exp. No :

DYNAMICS LAB

ACT

UNDAMPED FREE VIBRATION OF SPRING MASS SYSTEM

Date :

Aim :
To determine stiffness of the given helical spring, period and frequency of undamped free
vibration (longitudinal vibration) of spring mass system experimentally.
Apparatus Required :
1) Helicalspring
2) Platform
3) Weights
4) Measuring scale
5) Stop watch
Description of the setup:
It consists of an two open coil helical spring of which one end is fixed to the screw rod
and a platform to the other end. This platform is used to add weights and a lock nut is also
provided to clamp the weights added.
Procedure:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

Fix one end of the helical spring to the upper screw rod.
Attach the other end to the platform and add some weight.
Note down the deflection.
Stretch the spring through some distance and release.
Observe the time taken for n = 20 oscillations.
Repeat the steps from 2 to 5 for other known weights.

Formulae:
1. Stiffness of the spring, K exp

= Load / deflection = W / X , N/m

2. Experimental time period of vibration, T exp

=
Where, tm= mean time taken for n oscillations
n = number of oscillations = 20

tm / n

, sec

3. Experimental frequency of vibration, F exp =

1 / T exp
, Hz
(Or)
Experimental frequency of vibration, T theo = (1/2) {Kexpm / W} , Hz
Where, W (Load added)
=( mx9.81)
Kexpm
= Experimental mean stiffness
(L0) Initial length of spring= ______ , m
(L1) Length of the spring after load added= _________, m
Deflection
13

,N
, N/m

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X=(L1-L0)

DYNAMICS LAB

ACT

,m

Tabulation:

S.No

Load added,
W
kg

Deflection, X

Stiffness,
K exp = W
/X

(m)

(N/m)

Time taken for n = 20

oscillations
( sec )
t1

t2

t3

1
2
3
K expm

Model calculation:

Reading No. :

Result:

14

---------

t4

t5

tm

Period Freque
of
ncy of
vibratio vibratio
n
n
( sec )
( Hz )
T exp
F exp

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ACT

WATT GOVERNOR
Exp. No. :

Date :

Aim : To determine the sensitivity of the watt governor.

Apparatus Required:
1. Universal governor
2. Tachometer
3. Spanner
Description of the setup:
The drive unit consists of a DC electric motor connected through belt and pulley
arrangement. Motor and test setup are mounted on a M.S. fabricated frame. The governor spindle
is driven by motor through V belt and is supported in a ball bearing.
The optional governor mechanisms can be mounted on spindle. Speed is controlled by the
electronic control unit. A tachometer is used to determine the speed. A graduated scale is fixed to
the sleeve and guided in vertical direction. Sleeve displacement is to be noted on the scale
provided.
The centre sleeve of the watt governors incorporates no weight.
DC motor with drive:
HP motor and voltage regulator control for speed variation. Separate linkages for governor
arrangements (Watt, Porter and Proell ) are provided using same motor and base.
Procedure:
1. It is a universal governor with no center load attached to the governor spindle.
2. The centre sleeve moves up and down in a center governor spindle.
3. Rotate the crank at constant speed and increase the speed slowly till it begin to lift.
4. Measure the speed of rotation where the spindle sleeve begins to lift.
5. By increasing the speed of rotation till the spindle sleeve reaches the top most position.
6. Now measure the speed, when the spindle sleeve just touches the top most position
(Max. speed)
7. Calculate the range speed, mean speed and the sensitivity of the porter governor by using
the formulae
.

Tabulation:
Speed
Sleeves
(N)
Displacement
(lift)
in
in mm
rpm

Sl. No.

1
2
3
4
6

15

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Model calculation:

DYNAMICS LAB

Reading No. : ---------

Formulae:
Range speed (RS) = N2-N1
Mean speed (MS) =(N1+N2)/2
Where, N1 = initial speed
N2 = final speed
Sensitivity of governor = RS/MS
Graph: i) Displacement Vs Speed

Result: Thus the sensitivity of porter governor is determined.

16

ACT

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PORTER GOVERNOR
Exp. No. :

Date :

Aim : To determine the sensitivity of the porter governor.

Apparatus Required:
1. Universal governor
2. Tachometer
3. Central load
4. Spanner
Description of the setup:
The drive unit consists of a DC electric motor connected through belt and pulley
arrangement. Motor and test setup are mounted on a M.S. fabricated frame. The governor spindle
is driven by motor through V belt and is supported in a ball bearing.
The optional governor mechanisms can be mounted on spindle. Speed is controlled by the
electronic control unit. A tachometer is used to determine the speed. A graduated scale is fixed to
the sleeve and guided in vertical direction. Sleeve displacement is to be noted on the scale
provided.
The centre sleeve of the Porter and Proell governors incorporates a weight sleeve to
which weights may be added.
DC motor with drive: HP motor and DC drive control
for speed variation. Separate linkages for governor arrangements (Porter and Proell ) are
provided using same motor and base.
Procedure:
1. It is modification of Watt governor with known center load attached to the governor
spindle.
2. The load moves up and down in a center governor spindle.
3. To rotate the crank at constant speed and increase the speed slowly till it begin to lift.
4. Measure the speed of rotation where the spindle sleeve begins to lift.
5. By increasing the speed of rotation till the spindle sleeve reaches the top most position.
6. Now measure the speed, when the spindle sleeve just touches the top most position (max.
speed)
7. Calculate the range speed, mean speed and the sensitivity of the porter governor by using
the
formulae.
Tabulation:
Sl. No.

Sleeves Displacement
(lift) in mm

1
2
3
4
5
6
17

Speed (N)
in rpm

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Model calculation:

DYNAMICS LAB

Reading No. : ---------

Formulae:
Range speed (RS) = N2-N1
Mean speed (MS) =(N1+N2)/2
Where, N1 = initial speed
N2 = final speed
Sensitivity of governor = RS/MS
Graph: i) Displacement Vs Speed
Result: Thus the sensitivity of porter governor is determined.

18

ACT

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ACT

GYROSCOPIC COUPLE
Ex. No:
Aim:
To verify the gyroscopic couple of the given material experimentally.

Date:

Apparatus required:
Monitorised gyroscopic setup
Tachometer
Regulator and stop watch
Formula:
Therotical couple, Ttn = W x L = m x g x L
Actual couple,
Tact = I x W x Wp
Where,
I = mr2/2
Kg-m2
W= 2N/60
rad/s
wp = d/dt x /180
rad/s

(N-m)

Technical data:
Weight of rotor=
kg
Rotor diameter=
mm
Rotor thickness=
mm
Moment of inertia of disc coupling about central axis =
Distance of bolt of weight pan from disc center
=
Motor Speed
=

kg/ms2
mm
rpm

Procedure:
1. Balance the rotor on horizontal plane
2. Rotor is run at constant speed
3. The weight is added and noted
4. Time is also noted for 10 degree of spin
5. The procedure is repeated for different weight

S No

Speed in
rpm

Weight in
kg

Time
taken in
sec

Angular
velocity w
rad/s

19

Precession
angular
velocity Wp
rad/s

Gyroscopic couple
in n/m
Tth

Tact

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ACT

Result:
Thus the gyroscopic couple of the given motorized gyroscope is found experimentally and
compared with theoretical value.

20

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ACT

CAM ANALYSIS
Ex. No:

Date:

Aim:
To study the motion of follower and to draw the profile of cam.
Apparatus required:
1. Cam follower setup
2. Graph Sheet
Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Bring the cam and follower to zero.

Rotate the cam slowly and note down angle.
Note corresponding displacement.
Plot the graph between angle of rotation at crank displacement
The procedure is repeated for different cams.

Tabulation:

Angle of rotation ()
(degree)
0

2
.

20
.

18

360

Sl. No

Displacement of follower
(mm)

Result:
Thus the motion of the given flat faced follower and profile of cam analysis are drawn.

21