Power Point Presentation Thermal Gradient

Thermal Stresses
Thermal Stresses in Concrete

Introduction
Importance
Technological Aspects
Case Study – LA Cathedral
P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials
History
Original work of Roy W. Carlson, R.E. Davis, M.

Polivka, etc.
How to measure stresses and strain in dams?
Thermal stresses
E
σt = K r α ∆T
1+ϕ
where:
σt: tensile stress
Kr: degree of restraint
E: elastic modulus
α: coefficient of thermal expansion
∆T: temperature change
ϕ: creep coefficient
Degree of Restraint ( Kr )
A concrete element, if free to move, would have no

stress.
In practice, the concrete mass will be restrained either

externally by the rock foundation or internally by
differential deformations.
For example, there will be full restraint at the concrete-

rock interface ( Kr = 1.0), however, as the distance from
the interface increases, the restraint will decrease .
The same reasoning can be applied to determine the

restraint between different concrete lifts.
Degree of Restraint
When dealing with a non-rigid foundation, ACI-207.2R

recommends the following multipliers for Kr
1
multiplier =
Ag E
1+
Af E f
where:
Ag: gross area of concrete cross section
Af: area of foundation or other restraining element. (For
mass concrete on rock, Af can be assumed as 2.5 Ag.)
Ef: modulus of elasticity of foundation or restraining element.
E: modulus of elasticity of concrete.
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Temperature Evolution
∆T =
placement temperature of fresh concrete + adiabatic
temperature rise - ambient or service temperature - heat
losses.
Temperature of fresh concrete
Precooling of fresh concrete is a good method of controlling

the subsequent temperature drop.
Chilled aggregates and/or ice shavings are specified for
making mass concrete mixtures in which the temperature of
fresh concrete is limited to 10 oC or less.
During the mixing operation the latent heat needed for fusion
of ice is withdrawn from other components of the concrete
mixture, providing a very effective way to lower the
temperature.
Use of liquid nitrogen.
Cast at night or early in the morning
Adiabatic temperature rise
The rate and magnitude of the adiabatic temperature rise

is a function of the amount, composition and fineness of
cement, and its temperature during hydration.
Finely ground portland cements, or cements with

relatively high C3A and C3S contents show higher heats
of hydration than coarser cements or cements with low
C3A and C3S.
Use of pozzolanic materials to replace cement.
Heat Losses
Heat losses depend on the thermal properties of

concrete, and the construction technology adopted. A
concrete structure can lose heat through its surface, and
the magnitude of heat loss is a function of the type of
material in immediate contact with the concrete surface.
Numerical methods can be use to compute the

temperature distribution in mass of concrete
Introduction of heat equation
Heat flux in the x-direction
Thermal Balance
Addition of the flux variation in the three-directions determines the amount of

heat introduced in the interior of the element per unit time:
∂  ∂T  ∂  ∂T  ∂  ∂T  
 k + k + k  dx dy dz
 ∂x  ∂x  ∂y  ∂y  ∂z  ∂z  
If the material is homogeneous
 ∂2 T ∂ 2 T ∂2 T 
k 2 + 2 + 2  dx dy dz
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
For a material with mass density r and specific heat c, the increase of internal
energy in the element is given by:
∂T
ρ c dx dy dz
∂t
Thermal Balance
 ∂2 T ∂ 2 T ∂ 2 T  ∂T
k + +  = ρc
 ∂x 2 ∂y2 ∂z 2  ∂t
Now consider the case when there is heat generation inside

the material. The equation when added to the quantity of
heat generated in the interior of the element per unit of time -
wdxdydz - can be equated with the increase of internal energy
in the element.
 ∂ 2 T ∂ 2 T ∂2 T  ∂T
k + +  + w =ρc
 ∂x 2 ∂y2 ∂z 2  ∂t
Simple example from ACI
Example
Example
Example for dams: Itaipu Dam
General Information
Ambient Conditions
Yearly average temperature 21 C
Maximum Temperature 40 C
Mimimum Temperature -4 C
Volume of materials
Concrete 12.3 million m3

Earth moving 23.6 million m3
Rock excavation 32.0 m3
Embankments 31.7 million m3
General Information
River Basin
Area 820,000 km2
Average annual precipitation 1,400 mm
Average discharge at Itaipu 9,700 m3/s
Reservoir
Area 1,350 km2
Volume 29 billion m3
Length 170 km
Dam
Maximum height 196 m
Total length 7,760
Generating Units
Quantity 18
Capacity 700 MW
Paraná River
Diversion of the Paraná

river was achieved by the
construction of a channel 2
km long, 150 m wide, and
90 m deep on the left river
bank.
Arch Dams
Two arch dams were

built to protect the
channel structures
from floods.
AND THEN…
the two arch dams

built to protect the
structures from
flood were
simultaneously
exploded in just 3
seconds
Complex
site
In November of 1979, a monthly production of 340,000 m3 was
achieved. In 1980, the yearly production was 3 million cubic
meter.
Seven aerial cables with
an span of 1300 m were
used for transporting
concrete in 8 m3
buckets.
To reduce the amount of

concrete in the dam, the
center of the block is
hollow
The spillway, with a length of 483 m, was designed for a
maximum discharge capacity of 62,220 m3/s.
Characteristics for the concrete for the thermal study
Compressive MPa
strength
3 days 17.2
7 days 20.4
28 days 29.8
60 days 35.8
Specific heat of 0.22 kcal/kg C

the concrete
Thermal 1.71 kcal/m.h C
conductivity
Density of the 2537 kg/m3
concrete
Concrete Mixture Proportions
Kg/m3
Cement 290
Water 154
Natural sand 556

Artificial sand 373
19-mm CA 742
38-mm CA 419
Superplasticizer 2.9
Thermal stresses in Itaipu dam
Finite element mesh

(before processing) for
the spiral box inside the
dam.
Courtesy from Selmo Kuperman, Itaipu Binacional, Themag Engenharia e Gerenciamento
Thermal stresses in Itaipu dam
Finite element mesh

after processing
Isotherms after 300 hours
Isotherms after 500 hours
Detail of the locations where the maximum
temperature developed

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Thermal Stresses

Thermal Stresses in Concrete

 Case Study – LA Cathedral

 Original work of Roy W. Carlson, R.E. Davis, M.

 How to measure stresses and strain in dams?

 A concrete element, if free to move, would have no

 In practice, the concrete mass will be restrained either

 For example, there will be full restraint at the concrete-

 The same reasoning can be applied to determine the

 When dealing with a non-rigid foundation, ACI-207.2R

 Precooling of fresh concrete is a good method of controlling

 The rate and magnitude of the adiabatic temperature rise

 Finely ground portland cements, or cements with

 Use of pozzolanic materials to replace cement.

 Heat losses depend on the thermal properties of

 Numerical methods can be use to compute the

Heat flux in the x-direction

Addition of the flux variation in the three-directions determines the amount of

If the material is homogeneous

Now consider the case when there is heat generation inside

 Concrete 12.3 million m3

Diversion of the Paraná

Two arch dams were

the two arch dams

To reduce the amount of

Specific heat of 0.22 kcal/kg C

Natural sand 556

 Finite element mesh

Courtesy from Selmo Kuperman, Itaipu Binacional, Themag Engenharia e Gerenciamento

 Finite element mesh

Courtesy from Selmo Kuperman, Itaipu Binacional, Themag Engenharia e Gerenciamento

Courtesy from Selmo Kuperman, Itaipu Binacional, Themag Engenharia e Gerenciamento

Courtesy from Selmo Kuperman, Itaipu Binacional, Themag Engenharia e Gerenciamento

Courtesy from Selmo Kuperman, Itaipu Binacional, Themag Engenharia e Gerenciamento

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Case Study – LA Cathedral

Original work of Roy W. Carlson, R.E. Davis, M.

How to measure stresses and strain in dams?

A concrete element, if free to move, would have no

In practice, the concrete mass will be restrained either

For example, there will be full restraint at the concrete-

The same reasoning can be applied to determine the

When dealing with a non-rigid foundation, ACI-207.2R

Precooling of fresh concrete is a good method of controlling

The rate and magnitude of the adiabatic temperature rise

Finely ground portland cements, or cements with

Use of pozzolanic materials to replace cement.

Heat losses depend on the thermal properties of

Numerical methods can be use to compute the

Concrete 12.3 million m3

Finite element mesh

Finite element mesh