Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
6, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1985
1 424
Open-Loop
EBRAHIM B. SHAHRODI,
S. B. DEWAN,
FELLOW, IEEE
vab L
D-bc
~-
ab
b cr..T-
L=0.35 p.u.
C= .17 A-connected
= .5 Y-connected
X = 0.41, R = 0.62
Gating T1_
-0.
Circuit-
(a)
I. INTRODUCTION
L0. 35
p.u.
C=.5 pu.U
Xd = 0.41 p.u.
Rd =0 .6
cY --
Gating ._
Circuit.
(b)
Fig. 1. Two-pulse and six-pulse rectifier circuit with
taken from rectifier side.
synchronization signal
are examined.
In Section III the describing function method is used to
justify qualitatively some of the instability characteristics of
the rectifier with input filter.
The perturbational stability criterion is developed in Section
1425
vdt
vab
72
60
48
36
24
12
30
90
120 180
Hz
I'
<
60
rii
17
l'tts
26
C=0 17 p.u.
50
'5
56 A
iln deg.
in
deg,
(a)
70
(b)
&'
in deg.
1426,
-I 3
1985
LI
.33 IX
V.
V.-
10
(a)
Band-pass filter
Low-pass
RC filter
SK
irom
the
secondary
VI
6
-
(b)
Fig. 5. Active filters added to gating circuit input. (a) Low-pass filter. (b) Bandpass filter.
14 27
(a)
(a)
(c)
3
/I
(b)
3-
2-1
REALTD(Jw)]
(3
1 .5
(b)
(c)
REAL[D(j(')1
(d)
-_-
S"
O+r3
_T63- =zCtvF
_
Fig. 6. Describing function diagrams at different firing angles corresponding to circuit of Fig. l(b) with Rd = 0.03 pu.
a=a ' + f
/+1
x 7T/3--.
(33-
A i
.1
(3)
(4)
Aa0
Ace,, WA'
=
I <
until the
(5)
(00fn I IAsXn
1428
. ~ ~ .1 I ,
or
AIf/Aal < 1.
(6)
-1<dSf/da<O
for
Jif-(fl<6.
'g.t
-f
|H(jK co)I
-
~~~~~~~Y. ..1.. A,
(7)
(a)
.f
4.
X
f -f 'f
(b)
0..v
If
"I
-'I'-t
V. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
f f
(c)
Fig. 8. Schematic representation of sequential changes in firing angle a after
initial perturbation in zero-crossing reference tf. As seen, firing angle can
drift away from its operating point a,, when stability condition (7) is not
satisfied in (a) and (c).
c f+
instability regions of the rectifier bridge with input filter. For
24.
this purpose, the curve of (f versus a is plotted. The segments
deg
of the curve with positive slope or negative slope greater than
161
- 1 show the possible instability regions.
1) Effect of Gating Circuit Filter: Generally, the synchro0
nizing input of the gating circuit has a low-pass input filter
30
40 50 60 708n 0 90
20
10
a IN DEGREES
such as an RC filter (Fig. 5(b), first stage). For the rectifier of
(a)
Fig. 1 where the synchronizing voltages are distorted, the
implementation of the low-pass synchronizing filter is impera(ft
tive. It is found, experimentally, that without the RC filter
29
deg
virtually no stable operating point exists, whereas when the
19
RC filter is added, the instability regions are significantly
reduced and limited to low firing angles (ae < 300). These
9
results are verified by the perturbational stability criterion
10M 20 30 40 go 60 70 8
90
shown in Fig. 9 (note that the curves start at a = cxmin).
a IN DEGREES
2) Effects of Harmonic Traps: The results of experiments
(b)
show that the problem of instability is not solved by the use of Fig. 9. 4 - a curves for six-pulse
rectifier of Fig. l(a) showing effect of
harmonic traps, although in some cases they may reduce the
RC control filter on instability regions. Circuit parameters in pu: L =
0. 35, C = 0.17, Ld = 0.41, and Rd = 0.62. (a) Without control filter. (b)
instability regions. Fig. 10 shows the (f - oa diagrams of a
With RC control filter.
six-pulse bridge with and without the fifth-, seventh-, and
eleventh-harmonic traps. As is seen, the instability regions are
almost the same (note too the increase of almin in the case of
I1429
f
120
120
deg
deg
80
&o
1D )
(A) Xd -0.02
0
20
30
40
50
60
ca IN DEGREES
70
40
70
80
90
co
40
40
(X) xd =
10
20
p.u.
30
a
40
50 60
IN DEGREES
70
80
90
Fig.
(a)
120
deg
80
40
0
10
20
30
50
60
a IN DEGREES
80
90
(b)
Fig. 10.
- aa curves for six-pulse rectifier of Fig. 1(a) showing effect of
harmonic traps on instability regions. Circuit parameters in pu. L = 0.35,
C = 0.17, Ld = 0.41, and Rd = 0.25. (a) With no trap. (b) With fifth-,
seventh-, and eleventh-order harmonic traps.
aYmin=L/Rd
00
(9)
(The bar on top of variables indicate they are in pu. The base
values are defined in Appendix II.)
3) Effects of DC Choke: The size of dc choke has been
experimentally found to be relatively immaterial in the
instability of the gating pulses. This is in agreement with the (f
- a diagrams shown in Fig. 11 for three different values of
Ld.
In the previous section, both the experimental and theoretical results showed that the elimination of the ripple and
distortion do not solve the instability problem of the rectifier
with input filter. Therefore, in this section, assuming that the
ripple and distortion are zero, the inequality (7) is solved to
determine explicitly the instability regions. It is shown in
Appendix I that, under the aforementioned conditions, the
instability regions of an m-pulse rectifier with an LC filter
(Fig. 1) correspond to the firing angles satisfying the following
inequality:
2-k2)/k,< tan
a < (2 +
2-kx2)/kx
(10)
where
kX= Rd/Xeq
Xeq=L/(1-3 -L C).
(In pu notation, impedance and inductance are interchangeable, as are admittance and capacitance. Therefore, XL
L
and YF
C.)
-
*2
Nx
Fig. 12. 'Instability regions (shaded areas) of bridge rectifier with input filter
K= 1, 5, 7
(2 -
1.0
instability.
VII. CONCLUSION
The instability problem of the bridge rectifier with input
filter has been discussed in this paper. It has been shown that,
when the synchronizing signals are taken from the converter
side, the gating pulses can become unstable. The chance of
instability depends on the size of filter series inductance, the
load resistance, and the firing angle. According to the
experimental results justified by the describing function
method, during the instability, the gating pulses oscillate
around their operating point at frequencies lower than the
1430
fundamental frequency. Experimental results show that neither the reduction of ripple and distortion nor the employment
of equidistant gating circuit solve the instability problem.
However, a bandpass filter, tuned to the line frequency, at the
synchronizing input of the gating circuit avoids the formation
of the "subharmonic loop" responsible for the instability. To
justify the experimental results and to recognize a potential
unstable condition, a simple and fast stability criterion has
been introduced in this paper. The accuracy of the method in
determining the instability regions has been experimentally
verified. Using this method, the instability regions of the
rectifier have been explicitly determined.
APPENDIX I
The assumption of zero ripple allows the ac harmonics to be
determined in explicit forms as [41 (bars on top of variables
indicate they are in pu)
I
-I
laceb II R
Vacb VI R
(11)
(13)
VP' and 11' are also related through the network equation as
V1 '
(1 -LI1,' ir/2-ax)/(1-3 * L C)
-
Vdcb3
(12)
Id,, Vd0/Rd
VdO= VI * cos (a+ {1).
(22)
(23)
2 *
VIR7
where VIR and IIR are the rated voltage and current on the line
side. The foregoing definition of the base values results in
equal VA bases on both sides of the rectifier, as
(14)
(f= -i - i.
v1 is a constant, thus
(15)
or
Zdbl/Zacb = 18/71r2.
Solving (14) for 01 with the aid of (12) and (13) results in
(ii
tan l1= - 1/(k, tan2 a - tan a + k5)
REFERENCES
[1] J. D. Ainsworth, '"Harmonic instability between controlled static
converters and ac networks," Proc. Inst. Elec. Eng., vol. 114, pp.
where
kx=1fd/Xeq
X.eqL/(1-3
* L *
dtf/da = - (2k/
a-
( + tan2
1)
ca)/[(k,
(1'
tan2
C).
(11
gives
ca-tan
CZ +
kx)2+ 1].
According to (7), the potential instability regions correspond to a's satisfying the following inequalities:
dif/da > 0
dtf/da< -
(20)
(21)
see