UNIVERSITY OF ASIA PACIFIC

Report on
Emerging telecommunication technologies

Group Members:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Jan A Alam Riyadh (11108002)

Masuma Khan
(11108017)
Md. Rakib Shikder (11108019)
Mojaffor Hossain (11108034)

Contents:

Page No

1. What Is Telecommunications?

2. Historical Perspective.

3. Wired communication

4. Wireless communication

4.1 Wireless networks and Advantages

4.2 Applications of wireless technology

4.2.1. Mobile telephones

4.2.2. Wireless data communications

4.2.3. Wireless energy transfer

10

4.2.4. Wireless Medical Technologies

10

4.2.5. Computer interface devices

10

4.3. Categories of wireless implementations, devices and standards

11

5. Evolution of Telecommunication Technologies

12

5.1 Mobile radio telephone (also known as "0G")

13

5.1.1Mobile phone network

13

5.2. Mobile broadband

14

5.3. 1st generation or 1G

15

5.4. 2nd generation or 2G

15

5.4.1. 2G technologies

16

5.4.2. Capacity

16

5.4.3. Disadvantages

17

5.4.4. Advantage

17

Contents:

Page No

5.4.5. Evolution of 2G

17

5.4.6. 2G Shut Down

18

5.5. 3rd generation or 3G

18

5.5.1. Standards of 3G technologies

19

5.5.2. Break-up of 3G systems

21

5.5.3. Features of 3G

22

5.5.3.1. Data rates

22

5.5.3.2. Security

22

5.5.4. Applications of 3G

22

5.5.5. Evolution of 3G

22

5.6. 4th generation or 4G

23

5.6.1. Technical Understanding

23

5.6.2. IMT-Advanced requirement

24

5.6.3. System Standard of 4G

25

5.6.3.1. IMT-2000 compliant 4G standards

25

5.6.3.2. Forerunner versions

26

5.6.3.3. Advanced antenna systems

27

5.6.3.4Open-wireless Architecture and Software-defined radio (SDR)

27

5.6.4. Beyond 4G research

27

5.7. 5G (or 5th generation)

28

6. Notes and References

29

1. What Is Telecommunications?
Telecommunication is communication at a distance by technological means, particularly
through electrical signals or electromagnetic waves. [1][2][3][4][5][6] The word is often used in its
plural form, telecommunications, because it involves many different technologies.
Telecommunications is no longer about just the wires and devices, but the cumulative value of
the things that the network delivers for customers. It is about making tremendous amount of data
accessible and easy to use for billions of users. The best and leading products and services will
be those that are completely transparent and offer the most value to the quality-of-life in realtime. --------David Belanger, Chief Scientist, AT & T Labs.[7]
Telecommunications has been defined as a technology concerned with Communicating from a
distance, and we can categorize it in various ways.

Figure 1

Figure 1 shows one possible view of the different sections of telecommunications.

It includes mechanical communication and electrical communication because
telecommunications has evolved from a mechanical to an electrical form using increasingly more
sophisticated electrical systems. This is why many authorities such as the national post,
telegraph, and telephone (PTT) companies are involved in telecommunications using both
forms.[8]

2. Historical Perspective

18001837 Preliminary developments: Volta discovers the primary battery; Fourier and Laplace
present mathematical treatises; Ampere, Faraday, and Henry conduct experiments on electricity
and magnetism; Ohms law (1826); Gauss, Weber, and Wheatstone develop early telegraph
systems.
18381866 Telegraphies: Morse perfects his system; Steinhill finds that the earth can be used for
a current path; commercial service is initiated
(1844); multiplexing techniques are devised; William Thomson calculates the pulse response of a
telegraph line
(1855); transatlantic cables are installed.
(1845); Kirchhoffs circuit laws.
1864 Maxwells equations predict electromagnetic radiation.
18761899 Telephony: Alexander Graham Bell perfects acoustic transducer; first telephony
exchange with eight lines; Edisons carbon-button transducer; cable circuits are introduced;
Strowger devises automatic step-by-step switching (1887); Pupin presents the theory of loading.
18871907 Wireless telegraphy: Heinrich Hertz verifies Maxwells theory; demonstrations by
Marconi and Popov; Marconi patents complete wireless telegraph system (1897); commercial
service begins, including ship-to-shore and transatlantic systems.
5

19041920 Communication electronics: Lee De Forest invents the Audion

(triode) based on Flemings diode; basic filter types devised; experiments with AM radio
broadcasting; the Bell System completes the transcontinental telephone line with electronic
repeaters (1915); multiplexed carrier telephony is introduced: H. C. Armstrong perfects the
super heterodyne radio receiver (1918); first commercial broadcasting station.
19201928 Carson, Nyquist, Johnson, and Hartley present their transmission theory.
19231938 Television: Mechanical image-formation system demonstrated; theoretical analysis
of bandwidth requirements; DuMont and others perfect vacuum cathode-ray tubes; field tests and
experimental broadcasting begin.
1931 Teletypewriter service initiated.
1934 H. S. Black develops the negative feedback amplifier.
1936 Armstrongs paper states the case of frequency modulation (FM) radio.
1937 Alec Reeves conceives pulse code modulation (PCM).
19381945 Radar and microwave systems developed during World War II; FM used extensively
for military communications; hardware, electronics, and theory are improved in all areas.
19441947 Mathematical representations of noise developed; statistical methods for signal
detection developed.
19481950 C. E. Shannon publishes the founding papers on information theory.
19481951 Transistor devices are invented.
1950 Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is applied to telephony. Hamming presents the first
error correction codes.
1953 Color TV standards are established in the United States.
1955 J. R. Pierce proposes satellite communication systems.
1958 Long-distance data transmission system is developed for military purposes.
1960 Maiman demonstrates the first laser.
1961 Integrated circuits are applied to commercial production.
1962 Satellite communication begins with Telstar I.

19621966 Data transmission service offered commercially; PCM proves feasible for voice and
TV transmission; theory for digital transmission is developed; Viterbi presents new error
correcting schemes; adaptive equalization is developed.
1964 Fully electronic telephone switching system is put into service.
1965 Mariner IV transmits pictures from Mars to Earth.
19661975 Commercial satellite relay becomes available; optical links using lasers and fiber
optics are introduced; ARPANET is created (1969) followed by international computer
networks.
1976 Ethernet LAN invented by Metcalfe and Broggs (Xerox) .
19681969 Digitalization of telephone network begins.
19701975 PCM standards developed by CCITT.
19751985 High-capacity optical systems developed; the breakthrough of optical technology and
fully integrated switching systems; digital signal processing by microprocessors.
19801983 Start of global Internet based on TCP/IP protocol .
19801985 Modern cellular mobile networks put into service, NMT in Northern Europe, AMPS
in the United States, OSI reference model is defined by International Standards Organization
(ISO). Standardization for second generation digital cellular systems is initialized.
19851990 LAN breakthrough; Integrated Services Digital Network
(ISDN) standardization finalized; public data communications services become widely available;
optical transmission systems replace copper systems in long-distance wideband transmission;
SONET is developed. GSM and SDH standardization finalized.
1989; Initial proposal for a Web-linked document on the World Wide Web (WWW) by Tim
Berners-Lee (CERN) [2].
19901997 The first digital cellular system, Global System for Mobile Communications
(GSM) is put into commercial use and its breakthrough is felt worldwide; deregulation of
telecommunications in Europe proceeds and satellite TV systems become popular; Internet usage
and services expand rapidly because of the WWW.
19972001 Telecommunications community is deregulated and business grows rapidly; digital
cellular networks, especially GSM, expand worldwide; commercial applications of Internet
expand and a share of conventional speech communications is transferred from public switched
telephone network (PSTN) to Internet; performance of LANs improves with advance of gigabitper-second Ethernet technologies.

20012005 Digital TV starts to replace analog broadcast TV; broadband access systems make
Internet multimedia services available to all; telephony service turns to personal communication
service as penetration of cellular and PCS systems increases; second generation cellular systems
are upgraded to provide higher rate packet-switched data service.
2005 Digital TV will replace analog service and start to provide interactive services in addition
to broadcast service; third generation cellular systems and WLAN technologies will provide
enhanced data services for mobile users; location-based mobile services will expand,
applications for wireless short-haul technologies in homes and offices will increase; global
telecommunications network will evolve toward a common packet-switched network platform
for all types of services. [9]

3. Wired communication
Wired communications make use of underground communications cables (less often, overhead
lines), electronic signal amplifiers (repeaters) inserted into connecting cables at specified points,
and terminal apparatus of various types, depending on the type of wired communications used.[10]

4. Wireless communication
Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without help
of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.[11] Wireless operations permit
services, such as long-range communications, that are impossible or impractical to implement
with the use of wires. The term is commonly used in the telecommunications industry to refer to
telecommunications systems (e.g. radio transmitters and receivers, remote controls etc.) which
use some form of energy (e.g. radio waves, acoustic energy, etc.) to transfer information without
the use of wires.[12] Information is transferred in this manner over both short and long
distances.[13]

4.1. Wireless networks and Advantages

Wireless networking is used to meet many needs. Perhaps the most common use is to connect
laptop users who travel from location to location. Another common use is for mobile networks
that connect via satellite. A wireless transmission method is a logical choice to network a LAN
segment that must frequently change locations. The following situations justify the use of
wireless technology:

To span a distance beyond the capabilities of typical cabling,

To provide a backup communications link in case of normal network failure,
To link portable or temporary workstations,
To overcome situations where normal cabling is difficult or financially impractical, or
To remotely connect mobile users or networks.

Developers need to consider some parameters involving Wireless RF technology for better
developing wireless networks:
8

Sub-GHz versus 2.4 GHz frequency trends

Operating range and battery life
Sensitivity and data rate
Network topology and node intelligence

4.2. Applications of wireless technology

4.2.1. Mobile telephones
One of the best-known examples of wireless technology is the mobile phone, also known as a
cellular phone, with more than 4.6 billion mobile cellular subscriptions worldwide as of the end
of 2010.[14] These wireless phones use radio waves to enable their users to make phone calls
from many locations worldwide. They can be used within range of the mobile telephone site used
to house the equipment required to transmit and receive the radio signals from these instruments.

4.2.2. Wireless data communications

Wireless data communications are an essential component of mobile computing.[15] The various
available technologies differ in local availability, coverage range and performance,[12][16] and in
some circumstances, users must be able to employ multiple connection types and switch between
them. To simplify the experience for the user, connection manager software can be used,[17][18] or
a mobile VPN deployed to handle the multiple connections as a secure, single virtual network.[19]
Supporting technologies include:
Wi-Fi is a wireless local area network that enables portable computing devices to connect easily
to the Internet.[20] Standardized as IEEE 802.11 a,b,g,n, Wi-Fi approaches speeds of some types
of wired Ethernet. Wi-Fi has become the de facto standard for access in private homes, within
offices, and at public hotspots.[21] Some businesses charge customers a monthly fee for service,
while others have begun offering it for free in an effort to increase the sales of their goods.[22]
Cellular data service offers coverage within a range of 10-15 miles from the nearest cell site.[16]
Speeds have increased as technologies have evolved, from earlier technologies such as GSM,
CDMA and GPRS, to 3G networks such as W-CDMA, EDGE or CDMA2000.[23][24]
Mobile Satellite Communications may be used where other wireless connections are
unavailable, such as in largely rural areas or remote locations.[16] Satellite communications are
especially important for transportation, aviation, maritime and military use.[25]
Wireless Sensor Networks are responsible for sensing noise, interference, and activity in data
collection networks. This allows us to detect relevant quantities, monitor and collect data,
formulate meaningful user displays, and to perform decision-making functions[26]

4.2.3. Wireless energy transfer

Wireless energy transfer is a process whereby electrical energy is transmitted from a power
source to an electrical load that does not have a built-in power source, without the use of
interconnecting wires. There are two different fundamental methods for wireless energy transfer.
They can be transferred using either far-field methods that involve beam power/lasers, radio or
microwave transmissions or near-field using induction. Both methods utilize electromagnetism
and magnetic fields[27]

4.2.4. Wireless Medical Technologies

New technologies such as mobile body area networks (MBAN) the capability to monitor blood
pressure, heart rate, and oxygen level and body temperature, all with wireless technologies. The
MBAN works by sending low powered wireless signals to receivers that feed into nursing
stations or monitoring sites. This technology helps with the intentional and unintentional risk of
infection or disconnection that arises from wired connections.[28]

4.2.5. Computer interface devices

Answering the call of customers frustrated with cord clutter, many manufacturers of computer
peripherals turned to wireless technology to satisfy their consumer base Originally these units
used bulky, highly limited transceivers to mediate between a computer and a keyboard and
mouse; however, more recent generations have used small, high-quality devices, some even
incorporating Bluetooth. These systems have become so ubiquitous that some users have begun
complaining about a lack of wired peripherals Wireless devices tend to have a slightly slower
response time than their wired counterparts; however, the gap is decreasing.
Computer interface devices such as a keyboard or mouse are powered by a battery and send
signals to a receiver through a USB port by way of a radio frequency (RF) receiver. The RF
design makes it possible for signals to be transmitted wirelessly and expands the range of
effective use, usually up to 10 feet. Distance, physical obstacles, competing signals, and even
human bodies can all degrade the signal quality. [29]
Concerns about the security of wireless keyboards arose at the end of 2007, when it was revealed
that Microsoft's implementation of encryption in some of its 27 MHz models was highly
insecure.[30]

10

4.3. Categories of wireless implementations, devices and standards

Radio communication system

Broadcasting
Amateur radio
Land Mobile Radio or Professional Mobile Radio: TETRA, P25, OpenSky,
EDACS, DMR, dPMR
Cordless telephony: DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)
Cellular networks: 0G, 1G, 2G, 3G, Beyond 3G (4G), Future wireless
List of emerging technologies
Short-range point-to-point communication : Wireless microphones, Remote
controls, IrDA, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), TransferJet, Wireless
USB, DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications), EnOcean, Near Field
Communication
Wireless sensor networks: ZigBee, EnOcean; Personal area networks, Bluetooth,
TransferJet, Ultra-wideband (UWB from WiMedia Alliance).
Wireless networks: Wireless LAN (WLAN), (IEEE 802.11 branded as Wi-Fi and
HiperLAN), Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN) and (LMDS,
WiMAX, and HiperMAN)
Comparison of wireless data standards
Digital radio
Hotspot (Wi-Fi)
Li-Fi
List of emerging technologies
MiFi
Mobile (disambiguation)
Personal area network
Radio antenna
Radio resource management (RRM)
Terrestrial television
Timeline of radio
Tuner (radio)
Wireless access point
Wireless security
Wireless Wide Area Network (True wireless)

11

5. Evolution of Telecommunication Technologies

These are emerging telecommunication technologies
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Mobile radio telephone (also known as "0G")

Mobile broadband
1G
2G
3G
4G
5G
LTE (telecommunication)

12

5.1. Mobile radio telephone (also known as "0G")

Mobile radio telephone systems preceded modern cellular mobile telephony technology. Since
they were the predecessors of the first generation of cellular telephones, these systems are
sometimes retroactively referred to as pre cellular (or sometimes zero generation) systems.
Technologies used in pre cellular systems included the Push to Talk (PTT or manual), Mobile
Telephone System (MTS),Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS), and Advanced Mobile
Telephone System (AMTS) systems. These early mobile telephone systems can be distinguished
from earlier closed radiotelephone systems in that they were available as a commercial service
that was part of the public switched telephone network, with their own telephone numbers, rather
than part of a closed network such as a police radio or taxi dispatch system.
These mobile telephones were usually mounted in cars or trucks, though briefcase models were
also made. Typically, the transceiver (transmitter-receiver) was mounted in the vehicle trunk and
attached to the "head" (dial, display, and handset) mounted near the driver seat.
They were sold through WCCs (Wire line Common Carriers, AKA telephone companies), RCCs
(Radio Common Carriers), and two-way radio dealers. [31]

5.1.1. Mobile phone network:

GSM network architecture

The most common example of a cellular network is a mobile phone (cell phone) network. A
mobile phone is a portable telephone which receives or makes calls through a cell site (base
station), or transmitting tower. Radio waves are used to transfer signals to and from the cell
phone.
Modern mobile phone networks use cells because radio frequencies are a limited, shared
resource. Cell-sites and handsets change frequency under computer control and use low power
transmitters so that the usually limited number of radio frequencies can be simultaneously used
by many callers with less interference.
A cellular network is used by the mobile phone operator to achieve both coverage and capacity
for their subscribers. Large geographic areas are split into smaller cells to avoid line-of-sight
signal loss and to support a large number of active phones in that area. All of the cell sites are
connected to telephone exchanges (or switches), which in turn connect to the public telephone
network.
13

In cities, each cell site may have a range of up to approximately 12 mile (0.80 km), while in rural
areas; the range could be as much as 5 miles (8.0 km). It is possible that in clear open areas, a
user may receive signals from a cell site 25 miles (40 km) away.
Since almost all mobile phones use cellular technology, including GSM, CDMA, and AMPS
(analog), the term "cell phone" is in some regions, notably the US, used interchangeably with
"mobile phone". However, satellite phones are mobile phones that do not communicate directly
with a ground-based cellular tower, but may do so indirectly by way of a satellite.
There are a number of different digital cellular technologies, including: Global System for
Mobile Communications (GSM), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), cdmaOne,
CDMA2000, Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO), Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
(EDGE), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Digital Enhanced Cordless
Telecommunications (DECT), Digital AMPS (IS-136/TDMA), and Integrated Digital Enhanced
Network (iDEN).[32]

5.2. Mobile broadband:

Mobile broadband is the marketing term for wireless Internet access delivered through mobile
phone towers to computers, mobile phones (called "cell phones" in North America and South
Africa), and other digital devices using portable modems. Although broadband has a technical
meaning, wireless-carrier marketing uses the phrase "mobile broadband" as a synonym for
mobile Internet access. Some mobile services allow more than one device to be connected to the
Internet using a single cellular connection using a process called tethering.[33]
The bit rates available with Mobile broadband devices support voice and video as well as other
data access. Devices that provide mobile broadband to mobile computers include:

PC cards, also known as PC data cards, and Express cards

USB and mobile broadband modems, also known as connect cards
portable devices with built-in support for mobile broadband, such as laptop
computers, netbook computers, smartphones, iPads,PDAs, and other mobile Internet devices.

Roughly every ten years new mobile phone technology and infrastructure involving a change in
the fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards-compatible transmission technology,
higher peak data rates, new frequency bands, and wider channel frequency bandwidth in Hertz
becomes available. These transitions are referred to as generations. The first mobile data services
became available during the second generation (2G).[34][35][36]

14

5.3. 1st generation or 1G:

refers to the first generation of wireless telephone technology (mobile telecommunications).
These are the analog telecommunications standards that were introduced in the 1980s and
continued until being replaced by 2G digital telecommunications. The main difference between
the two mobile telephone systems (1G and 2G), is that the radio signals used by 1G networks are
analog, while 2G networks are digital.
Although both systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the
handsets) to the rest of the telephone system, the voice itself during a call is encoded to digital
signals in 2G whereas 1G is only modulated to higher frequency, typically 150 MHz and up. The
inherent advantages of digital technology over that of analog meant that 2G networks eventually
replaced them almost everywhere .One such standard is NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), used
in Nordic countries, Switzerland, Netherlands, Eastern Europe and Russia. Others include
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) used in the North America and Australia,[37]
TACS (Total Access Communications System) in the United Kingdom, C-450 in West Germany,
Portugal and South Africa, Radiocom 2000[38] in France, and RTMI in Italy. In Japan there were
multiple systems. Three standards, TZ-801, TZ-802, and TZ-803 were developed by NTT
(Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation [39]), while a competing system operated by DDI
(Daini Denden Planning, Inc.[40]) used the JTACS (Japan Total Access Communications System)
standard.
Antecedent to 1G technology is the mobile radio telephone, or 0G.

5.4. 2nd generation or 2G:

2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Second generation 2G
cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland by
Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj) in 1991.[41] Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their
predecessors were that phone conversations were digitally encrypted; 2G systems were
significantly more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile phone penetration
levels; and 2G introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages. 2G
technologies enabled the various mobile phone networks to provide the services such as text
messages, picture messages and MMS (multi media messages). All text messages sent over 2G
are digitally encrypted, allowing for the transfer of data in such a way that only the intended
receiver can receive and read it.
After 2G was launched, the previous mobile telephone systems were retrospectively dubbed 1G.
While radio signals on 1G networks are analog, radio signals on 2G networks are digital. Both
systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the handsets) to the rest
of the telephone system.
2G has been superseded by newer technologies such as 2.5G, 2.75G, 3G, and 4G; however, 2G
networks are still used in many parts of the world.

15

5.4.1. 2G technologies:
2G technologies can be divided into Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)-based and Code
Division Multiple Access (CDMA)-based standards depending on the type of multiplexing used.
The main 2G standards are:

GSM (TDMA-based), originally from Europe but used in almost all countries on all six
inhabited continents. Today accounts for over 80% of all subscribers around the world.
Over 60 GSM operators are also using CDMA2000 in the 450 MHz frequency band
(CDMA450).[42]
IS-95 aka cdmaOne (CDMA-based, commonly referred as simply CDMA in the US),
used in the Americas and parts of Asia. Today accounts for about 17% of all subscribers
globally. Over a dozen CDMA operators have migrated to GSM including operators in
Mexico, India, Australia and South Korea.
PDC (TDMA-based), used exclusively in Japan
iDEN (TDMA-based), proprietary network used by Nextel in the United States and Telus
Mobility in Canada
IS-136 a.k.a. D-AMPS (TDMA-based, commonly referred as simply 'TDMA' in the US),
was once prevalent in the Americas but most have migrated to GSM.

2G services are frequently referred as Personal Communications Service, or PCS, in the United
States.

5.4.2. Capacity:
Using digital signals between the handsets and the towers increases system capacity in two key
ways:

Digital voice data can be compressed and multiplexed much more effectively than analog
voice encodings through the use of various codecs, allowing more calls to be transmitted
in same amount of radio bandwidth.
The digital systems were designed to emit less radio power from the handsets. This meant
that cells had to be smaller, so more cells had to be placed in the same amount of space.
This was possible because cell towers and related equipment had become less expensive.

2G Data Transmission Capacity:[43]

With GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), you have a theoretical transfer speed of
max. 50 kbit/s (40 kbit/s in practice).
With EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution), you have a theoretical transfer
speed of max. 1 mbit/s (500 kbit/s in practice).

16

5.4.3. Disadvantages

In less populous areas, the weaker digital signal transmitted by a cellular phone may not
be sufficient to reach a cell tower. This tends to be a particular problem on 2G systems
deployed on higher frequencies, but is mostly not a problem on 2G systems deployed on
lower frequencies. National regulations differ greatly among countries which dictate
where 2G can be deployed.

Analog has a smooth decay curve, but digital has a jagged steppy one. This can be both
an advantage and a disadvantage. Under good conditions, digital will sound better. Under
slightly worse conditions, analog will experience static, while digital has occasional
dropouts. As conditions worsen, though, digital will start to completely fail, by dropping
calls or being unintelligible, while analog slowly gets worse, generally holding a call
longer and allowing at least some of the audio transmitted to be understood.

5.4.4. Advantage

While digital calls tend to be free of static and background noise, the lossy compression
they use reduces their quality, meaning that the range of sound that they convey is
reduced. Talking on a digital cell phone, a caller hears less of the tonality of someone's
voice.

5.4.5 Evolution of 2G
2G networks were built mainly for voice services and slow data transmission (defined in IMT2000 specification documents), but are considered by the general public to be 2.5G or 2.75G
services because they are several times slower than present-day 3G service.
2.5G ("second and a half generation") is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a
packet-switched domain in addition to the circuit-switched domain. It does not necessarily
provide faster services because bundling of timeslots is used for circuit-switched data services
(HSCSD) as well. The first major step in the evolution of GSM networks to 3G occurred with the
introduction of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). CDMA2000 networks similarly evolved
through the introduction of 2.5G
2.75G (EDGE) GPRS1 networks evolved to EDGE networks with the introduction of 8PSK
encoding. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT
Single Carrier (IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology that allows
improved data transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard GSM. EDGE was deployed
on GSM networks beginning in 2003initially by AT&T in the United States.
EDGE is standardized by 3GPP as part of the GSM family and it is an upgrade that provides a
potential three-fold increase in capacity of GSM/GPRS networks.The 2G digital service provided
very useful feature like; expended capacity and unique service such as caller ID,call forwarding,
and short messaging.

17

5.4.6. 2G Shut Down:

Australia
Telstra announced that they will shut down their GSM network by the end of 2016.[44]
Canada[edit]
Sasktel announced that it would be shutting down its CDMA networks in 2015 or early
2016,[45] starting with its EV-DO network, which was shut down on September 30, 2014.[46]

United States
Various carriers such as AT&T have made announcements that 2G GSM technology in the
United States is in the process of being shut down so that carriers can reclaim those radio bands
and re-purpose them for future technology needs. The shut down will be complete by the end of
2016. [ All 2G GSM devices will lose service at some point between now and the end of 2016.[47]
This shut down is having a notable impact on the electronic security industry where many 2G
GSM radios are in use for alarm signal communication to Central Station dispatch centers. 2G
GSM radios must be replaced by newer generation radios to avoid service outages.[48]

5.5 3rd generation or 3G:

3G, short form of third generation, is the third generation of mobile telecommunications
technology.[49] This is based on a set of standards used for mobile devices and mobile
telecommunications use services and networks that comply with the International Mobile
Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications by the International Telecommunication
Union. 3G finds application in wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed
wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV.
3G telecommunication networks support services that provide an information transfer rate of at
least 200 kbit/s. Later 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile
broadband access of several Mbit/s to smart phones and mobile modems in laptop computers.
This ensures it can be applied to wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed
wireless Internet access, video call sand mobile TV technologies.
A new generation of cellular standards has appeared approximately every tenth year
since 1G systems were introduced in 1981/1982. Each generation is characterized by new
frequency bands, higher data rates and nonbackward-compatible transmission technology. The
first 3G networks were introduced in 1998 and fourth generation "4G" networks in 2008.

18

5.5.1. Standards of 3G technology

Several telecommunications companies market wireless mobile Internet services as 3G,
indicating that the advertised service is provided over a 3G wireless network. Services advertised
as 3G are required to meet IMT-2000 technical standards, including standards for reliability and
speed (data transfer rates). To meet the IMT-2000 standards, a system is required to provide peak
data rates of at least 200kbit/s (about 0.2 Mbit/s). However, many services advertised as 3G
provide higher speed than the minimum technical requirements for a 3G service. Recent 3G
releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s
smart phones and mobile modems in to laptop computers.

the UMTS system, first offered in 2001, standardized by 3GPP, used primarily in Europe, Japan,
China (however with a different radio interface) and other regions predominated
by GSM 2G system infrastructure. The cell phones are typically UMTS and GSM hybrids.
Several radio interfaces are offered, sharing the same infrastructure:

The original and most widespread radio interface is called W-CDMA.

The TD-SCDMA radio interface was commercialized in 2009 and is only offered in
China.
The latest UMTS release, HSPA+, can provide peak data rates up to 56 Mbit/s in the
downlink in theory (28 Mbit/s in existing services) and 22 Mbit/s in the uplink.
the CDMA2000 system, first offered in 2002, standardized by 3GPP2, used especially in
North America and South Korea, sharing infrastructure with the IS-95 2G standard. The
cell phones are typically CDMA2000 and IS-95 hybrids. The latest release EVDO Rev B
offers peak rates of 14.7 Mbit/s downstream.

The above systems and radio interfaces are based on spread spectrum radio transmission
technology. While the GSM EDGE standard ("2.9G"), DECT cordless phones and Mobile
WiMAX standards formally also fulfill the IMT-2000 requirements and are approved as 3G
standards by ITU, these are typically not branded 3G, and are based on completely different
technologies.
The following common standards comply with the IMT2000/3G standard:

EDGE, a revision by the 3GPP organization to the older 2G GSM based transmission
methods, utilizing the same switching nodes, base station sites and frequencies as GPRS,
but new base station and cell phone RF circuits. It is based on the three times as
efficient 8PSK modulation scheme as supplement to the original GMSK modulation
scheme. EDGE is still used extensively due to its ease of upgrade from existing 2G GSM
infrastructure and cell-phones.
EDGE combined with the GPRS 2.5G technology is called EGPRS, and allows peak data
rates in the order of 200 kbit/s, just as the original UMTS WCDMA versions, and thus
formally fulfills the IMT2000 requirements on 3G systems. However, in practice EDGE
19

is seldom marketed as a 3G system, but a 2.9G system. EDGE shows slightly

better system spectral efficiency than the original UMTS and CDMA2000 systems, but it
is difficult to reach much higher peak data rates due to the limited GSM spectral
bandwidth of 200 kHz and it is thus a dead end.

EDGE was also a mode in the IS-135 TDMA system, today ceased.

Evolved EDGE, the latest revision, has peaks of 1 Mbit/s downstream and 400 kbit/s
upstream, but is not commercially used.

The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, created and revised by the 3GPP. The
family is a full revision from GSM in terms of encoding methods and hardware, although some
GSM sites can be retrofitted to broadcast in the UMTS/W-CDMA format.

W-CDMA is the most common deployment, commonly operated on the 2,100 MHz
band. A few others use the 850, 900 and 1,900 MHz bands.

HSPA is an amalgamation of several upgrades to the original W-CDMA standard and

offers speeds of 14.4 Mbit/s down and 5.76 MBit/s up. HSPA is backward-compatible
with and uses the same frequencies as W-CDMA.

HSPA+, a further revision and upgrade of HSPA, can provide theoretical peak data rates
up to 168 Mbit/s in the downlink and 22 Mbit/s in the uplink, using a combination of air
interface improvements as well as multi-carrier HSPA and MIMO. Technically though,
MIMO and DC-HSPA can be used without the "+" enhancements of HSPA+

The CDMA2000 system, or IS-2000, including CDMA2000 1x and CDMA2000 High

Rate Packet Data (or EVDO), standardized by3GPP2 (differing from the 3GPP), evolving
from the original IS-95 CDMA system, is used especially in North America, China,
India, Pakistan, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, Europe and Africa.

CDMA2000 1x Rev. E has an increased voice capacity (in excess of three times)
compared to Rev. 0 EVDO Rev. B offers downstream peak rates of 14.7 Mbit/s while
Rev. C enhanced existing and new terminal user experience.

While DECT cordless phones and Mobile WiMAX standards formally also fulfill the IMT-2000
requirements, they are not usually considered due to their rarity and unsuitability for usage with
mobile phones. [50]

20

5.5.2. Break-up of 3G systems

The 3G (UMTS and CDMA2000) research and development projects started in 1992. In 1999,
ITU approved five radio interfaces for IMT-2000 as a part of the ITU-R M.1457
Recommendation; WiMAX was added in 2007.[51]
There are evolutionary standards (EDGE and CDMA) that are backward-compatible
extensions to pre-existing 2G networks as well asrevolutionary standards that require all-new
network hardware and frequency allocations. The cell phones utilise UMTS in combination with
2G GSM standards and bandwidths, but do not support EDGE. The latter group is
the UMTS family, which consists of standards developed for IMT-2000, as well as the
independently developed standards DECT and WiMAX, which were included because they fit
the IMT-2000 definition. [50]

21

5.5.3 Features of 3G
5.5.3.1 Data rates
ITU has not provided a clear definition of the data rate that users can expect from 3G equipment
or providers. Thus users sold 3G service may not be able to point to a standard and say that the
rates it specifies are not being met. While stating in commentary that "it is expected that IMT2000 will provide higher transmission rates: a minimum data rate of 2 Mbit/s for stationary or
walking users, and 384 Kbit/s in a moving vehicle," the ITU does not actually clearly specify
minimum required rates, nor required average rates, nor what modes of the interfaces qualify as
3G, so various data rates are sold as '3G' in the market. Compare with 3.5G and 4G.
In India, 3G is defined by telecom service providers as minimum 2 Mbit/s to maximum 28
Mbit/s.

5.5.3.2 Security
3G networks offer greater security than their 2G predecessors. By allowing the UE (User
Equipment) to authenticate the network it is attaching to, the user can be sure the network is the
intended one and not an impersonator. 3G networks use the KASUMI block cipher instead of the
older A5/1 stream cipher. However, a number of serious weaknesses in the KASUMI cipher
have been identified.
In addition to the 3G network infrastructure security, end-to-end security is offered when
application frameworks such as IMS are accessed, although this is not strictly a 3G property.[50]

5.5.4 Applications of 3G
The bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices gives rise to applications not
previously available to mobile phone users. Some of the applications are:

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Location-based services
Mobile TV
Telemedicine
Video Conferencing
Video on demand

5.5.5 Evolution of 3G
Both 3GPP and 3GPP2 are working on extensions to 3G standard that are based on an all-IP
network infrastructure and using advanced wireless technologies such as MIMO. These
specifications already display features characteristic for IMT-Advanced (4G), the successor of
3G. However, falling short of the bandwidth requirements for 4G (which is 1 Gbit/s for
stationary and 100 Mbit/s for mobile operation), these standards are classified as 3.9G or Pre-4G.
22

3GPP plans to meet the 4G goals with LTE Advanced, whereas Qualcomm has halted
development of UMB in favour of the LTE family.[50]
On 14 December 2009, Telia Sonera announced in an official press release that "We are very
proud to be the first operator in the world to offer our customers 4G services."[52] With the
launch of their LTE network, initially they are offering pre-4G (or beyond 3G) services in
Stockholm, Sweden and Oslo, Norway.

5.6. 4th generation or 4G:

4G, is the fourth generation of mobile telecommunications technology, succeeding 3G and
preceding 5G. A 4G system, in addition to the usual voice and other services of 3G, provides
mobile broadband Internet access, for example to laptops with wireless modems, to smart
phones, and to other mobile devices. Potential and current applications include amended mobile
web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, 3D
television, and cloud computing.
Two 4G candidate systems are commercially deployed: the Mobile WiMAX standard (first used
in South Korea in 2007), and the first-release Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard (in Oslo,
Norway and Stockholm, Sweden since 2009). It has however been debated if these first-release
versions should be considered to be 4G or not, as discussed in the technical definition section
below.
In the United States, Sprint (previously Clear wire) has deployed Mobile WiMAX networks
since 2008, while MetroPCS became the first operator to offer LTE service in 2010. USB
wireless modems were among the first devices able to access these networks, with WiMAX
smart phones becoming available during 2010, and LTE smart phones arriving in 2011. 3G and
4G equipment made for other continents are not always compatible, because of different
frequency bands. Mobile WiMAX is currently (April 2012) not available for the European
market.

5.6.1. Technical Understanding

In March 2008, the International Telecommunications Union-Radio communications
sector (ITU-R) specified a set of requirements for 4G standards, named the International Mobile
Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced) specification, setting peak speed requirements
for 4G service at 100 megabits per second (Mbit/s) for high mobility communication (such as
from trains and cars) and 1 gigabit per second (Gbit/s) for low mobility communication (such as
pedestrians and stationary users).
Since the first-release versions of Mobile WiMAX and LTE support much less than 1 Gbit/s
peak bit rate, they are not fully IMT-Advanced compliant, but are often branded 4G by service
providers. According to operators, a generation of network refers to the deployment of a new
non-backward-compatible technology. On December 6, 2010, ITU-R recognized that these two
technologies, as well as other beyond-3G technologies that do not fulfill the IMT-Advanced
requirements, could nevertheless be considered "4G", provided they represent forerunners to
23

IMT-Advanced compliant versions and "a substantial level of improvement in performance and
capabilities with respect to the initial third generation systems now deployed".[50]
Mobile WiMAX Release 2 (also known as WirelessMAN-Advanced or IEEE 802.16m')
and LTE Advanced (LTE-A) are IMT-Advanced compliant backwards compatible versions of
the above two systems, standardized during the spring 2011, and promising speeds in the order
of 1 Gbit/s. Services were expected in 2013.
As opposed to earlier generations, a 4G system does not support traditional circuitswitched telephony service, but all-Internet Protocol (IP) based communication such as IP
telephony. As seen below, the spread spectrum radio technology used in 3G systems, is
abandoned in all 4G candidate systems and replaced by OFDMA multi-carrier transmission and
other frequency-domain equalization(FDE) schemes, making it possible to transfer very high bit
rates despite extensive multi-path radio propagation (echoes). The peak bit rate is further
improved by smart antenna arrays for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications.

5.6.2 IMT-Advanced requirement

This article uses 4G to refer to IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications
Advanced), as defined by ITU-R. An IMT-Advanced cellular system must fulfill the following
requirements. [50]

Be based on an all-IP packet switched network.

Have peak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbit/s for high mobility such as mobile
access and up to approximately 1 Gbit/s for low mobility such as nomadic/local wireless
access.
Be able to dynamically share and use the network resources to support more simultaneous
users per cell.
Using scalable channel bandwidths of 520 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz.
Have peak link spectral efficiency of 15-bit/s/Hz in the downlink, and 6.75-bit/s/Hz in the
uplink (meaning that 1 Gbit/s in the downlink should be possible over less than 67 MHz
bandwidth).
System spectral efficiency is, in indoor case, 3-bit/s/Hz/cell in downlink and 2.25bit/s/Hz/cell in uplink.
Smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks.
The ability to offer high quality of service for next generation multimedia support.

In September 2009, the technology proposals were submitted to the International

Telecommunication Union (ITU) as 4G candidates.[6]Basically all proposals are based on two
technologies:

LTE Advanced standardized by the 3GPP

802.16m standardized by the IEEE (i.e. WiMAX)

24

Implementations of Mobile WiMAX and first-release LTE are largely considered a stopgap
solution that will offer a considerable boost until WiMAX 2 (based on the 802.16m spec) and
LTE Advanced are deployed. The latter's standard versions were ratified in spring 2011, but are
still far from being implemented.
The first set of 3GPP requirements on LTE Advanced was approved in June 2008.[53] LTE
Advanced was to be standardized in 2010 as part of Release 10 of the 3GPP specification. LTE
Advanced will be based on the existing LTE specification Release 10 and will not be defined as
a new specification series. A summary of the technologies that have been studied as the basis for
LTE Advanced is included in a technical report.
Some sources consider first-release LTE and Mobile WiMAX implementations as pre-4G or
near-4G, as they do not fully comply with the planned requirements of 1 Gbit/s for stationary
reception and 100 Mbit/s for mobile.
Confusion has been caused by some mobile carriers who have launched products advertised as
4G but which according to some sources are pre-4G versions, commonly referred to as
'3.9G', which do not follow the ITU-R defined principles for 4G standards, but today can be
called 4G according to ITU-R. A common argument for branding 3.9G systems as newgeneration is that they use different frequency bands from 3G technologies ;] that they are based
on a new radio-interface paradigm ; and that the standards are not backwards compatible with
3G, whilst some of the standards are forwards compatible with IMT-2000 compliant versions of
the same standards.[53]

5.6.3 System Standard of 4G

5.6.3.1 IMT-2000 compliant 4G standards
As of October 2010, ITU-R Working Party 5D approved two industry-developed technologies
(LTE Advanced and WirelessMAN-Advanced) for inclusion in the ITUs International Mobile
Telecommunications Advanced program (IMT-Advanced program), which is focused on global
communication systems that would be available several years from now.

LTE Advanced LTE Advanced (Long Term Evolution Advanced) is a candidate for IMTAdvanced standard, formally submitted by the 3GPP organization to ITU-T in the fall 2009, and
expected to be released in 2013. The target of 3GPP LTE Advanced is to reach and surpass the
ITU requirements. LTE Advanced is essentially an enhancement to LTE. It is not a new
technology, but rather an improvement on the existing LTE network. This upgrade path makes it
more cost effective for vendors to offer LTE and then upgrade to LTE Advanced which is similar
to the upgrade from WCDMA to HSPA. LTE and LTE Advanced will also make use of
additional spectrums and multiplexing to allow it to achieve higher data speeds. Coordinated
Multi-point Transmission will also allow more system capacity to help handle the enhanced data
speeds. Release 10 of LTE is expected to achieve the IMT Advanced speeds. Release 8 currently supports
up to 300 Mbit/s of download speeds which is still short of the IMT-Advanced standards.

25

IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced The IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMANAdvanced evolution of 802.16e is under development, with the objective to fulfill the IMTAdvanced criteria of 1 Gbit/s for stationary reception and 100 Mbit/s for mobile reception.

5.6.3.2 Forerunner versions

3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)
The pre-4G 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology is often branded "4G-LTE", but the first
LTE release does not fully comply with the IMT-Advanced requirements. LTE has a theoretical net
bit rate capacity of up to 100 Mbit/s in the downlink and 50 Mbit/s in the uplink if a 20 MHz
channel is used and more if multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), i.e. antenna arrays, are used.

The physical radio interface was at an early stage named High Speed OFDM Packet Access
(HSOPA), now named Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA). The first LTE USB
dongles do not support any other radio interface.
The world's first publicly available LTE service was opened in the two Scandinavian capitals,
Stockholm (Ericsson and Nokia Siemens Networks systems) and Oslo (a Huawei system) on
December 14, 2009, and branded 4G. The user terminals were manufactured by Samsung.[13] As
of November 2012, the five publicly available LTE services in the United States are provided by
MetroPCS,[53] Verizon Wireless, AT&T Mobility, U.S. Cellular, Sprint, and T-Mobile US.
T-Mobile Hungary launched a public beta test (called friendly user test) on 7 October 2011, and
has offered commercial 4G LTE services since 1 January 2012
In South Korea, SK Telecom and LG U+ have enabled access to LTE service since 1 July 2011
for data devices, slated to go nationwide by 2012. KT Telecom closed its 2G service by March
2012, and complete the nationwide LTE service in the same frequency around 1.8 GHz by June
2012.
In the United Kingdom, LTE services were launched by EE in October 2012, and by O2 and
Vodafone in August 2013.
Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e)

The Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) mobile wireless broadband access (MWBA) standard
(also known as WiBro in South Korea) is sometimes branded 4G, and offers peak data rates of
128 Mbit/s downlink and 56 Mbit/s uplink over 20 MHz wide channels.
In June 2006, the world's first commercial mobile WiMAX service was opened by KT in Seoul,
South Korea.
Sprint has begun using Mobile WiMAX, as of 29 September 2008, branding it as a "4G" network
even though the current version does not fulfil the IMT Advanced requirements on 4G systems.
26

In Russia, Belarus and Nicaragua WiMax broadband internet access is offered by a Russian
company Scartel, and is also branded 4G, Yota.

5.6.3.3. Advanced antenna systems

The performance of radio communications depends on an antenna system,
termed smart or intelligent antenna. Recently, multiple antenna technologies are emerging to
achieve the goal of 4G systems such as high rate, high reliability, and long range
communications. In the early 1990s, to cater for the growing data rate needs of data
communication, many transmission schemes were proposed. One technology, spatial
multiplexing, gained importance for its bandwidth conservation and power efficiency. Spatial
multiplexing involves deploying multiple antennas at the transmitter and at the receiver.
Independent streams can then be transmitted simultaneously from all the antennas. This
technology, called MIMO (as a branch of intelligent antenna), multiplies the base data rate by
(the smaller of) the number of transmit antennas or the number of receive antennas. Apart from
this, the reliability in transmitting high speed data in the fading channel can be improved by
using more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver. This is called transmit or receive
diversity. Both transmit/receive diversity and transmit spatial multiplexing are categorized into
the space-time coding techniques, which does not necessarily require the channel knowledge at
the transmitter. The other category is closed-loop multiple antenna technologies, which require
channel knowledge at the transmitter.[50]

5.6.3.4 Open-wireless Architecture and Software-defined radio (SDR)

One of the key technologies for 4G and beyond is called Open Wireless Architecture (OWA),
supporting multiple wireless air interfaces in an open architecture platform.
SDR is one form of open wireless architecture (OWA). Since 4G is a collection of wireless
standards, the final form of a 4G device will constitute various standards. This can be efficiently
realized using SDR technology, which is categorized to the area of the radio convergence.

5.6.4. Beyond 4G research

A major issue in 4G systems is to make the high bit rates available in a larger portion of the cell,
especially to users in an exposed position in between several base stations. In current research,
this issue is addressed by macro-diversity techniques, also known as group cooperative relay,
and also by Beam-Division Multiple Access (BDMA).
Pervasive networks are an amorphous and at present entirely hypothetical concept where the user
can be simultaneously connected to several wireless access technologies and can seamlessly
move between them (See vertical handoff, IEEE 802.21). These access technologies can be WiFi, UMTS, EDGE, or any other future access technology. Included in this concept is also smartradio (also known as cognitive radio) technology to efficiently manage spectrum use and
transmission power as well as the use of mesh routing protocols to create a pervasive network.
27

5.7. 5th generation or 5G

5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems) also known as Tactile
Internet [50] denotes the next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond the
current 4G/IMT-Advanced standards.
NGMN Alliance or Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance defined 5G network
requirements as:
- Data rates of several tens of Mb/s should be supported for tens of thousands of users.
- 1 GB/s to be offered, simultaneously to tens of workers on the same office floor.
-Up to Several 100,000's simultaneous connections to be supported for massive sensor
deployments.
- Spectral efficiency should be significantly enhanced compared to 4G.
- Coverage should be improved
- Signaling efficiency enhanced.
Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance feels that 5G should be rolled out by 2020 to meet
business and consumer demands.
Although updated standards that define capabilities beyond those defined in the current 4G
standards are under consideration, those new capabilities are still being grouped under the
current ITU-T 4G standards.
GSMHistory.com has recorded three very distinct 5G network visions having emerged by 2014:
A super-efficient mobile network that delivers a better performing network for lower
investment cost. It addresses the mobile network operators pressing need to see the unit cost of
data transport falling at roughly the same rate as the volume of data demand is rising. It would be
a leap forward in efficiency based on the IET Demand Attentive Network (DAN) philosophy .
A super-fast mobile network comprising the next generation of small cells densely clustered
together to give a contiguous coverage over at least urban areas and gets the world to the final
frontier for true wide area mobility. It would require access to spectrum under 4 GHz perhaps
via the world's first global implementation of Dynamic Spectrum Access.
A converged fiber-wireless network that uses, for the first time for wireless Internet access, the
millimeter wave bands (20 60 GHz) so as to allow very wide bandwidth radio channels able to
support data access speeds of up to 10 Gbit/s. The connection essentially comprises short
wireless links on the end of local fiber optic cable. It would be more a nomadic service (like
WiFi) rather than a wide area mobile service.[50]

28

6. Notes and Reference:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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29

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45. Addressing the demand for faster data
46. beginning with its EV-DO network, which was shut down on September 30,
2014.SaskTel Turning Down EV-DO Data Service
47. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/att-to-shut-down-2g-network-by-2017-2012-08-03
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30