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2.
Determine the S-P interval by taking the S-wave arrival time minus the P-wave arrival time. Record your
results in Table 1.
3.
Use your S and P-wave arrival times and Figure 2 to determine the distance from each station to the epicenter.
There are 3 ways you can do this.
1
1) Go to your P-wave arrival time along the vertical axis, move horizontally until you intersect the P line, and
then go straight down to the horizontal axis and record the Distance to Epicenter.
2) Do the same thing using your S-wave arrival times and the S line.
3) Use your Time Difference, and find the place on the graph where the S and P lines are that amount of time
apart, then go straight down to the horizontal axis.
You should get approximately the same answer for all 3 of these methods. Dont forget to multiply the numbers
along the horizontal axis by 1,000 to get the correct distance!
4.
SPB
10
HDC
FDF
20
Time (min.)
5.
On Map 1, the epicenter distances were used to draw circles around each monitoring station. Based on their
geographic locations (Brazil, Costa Rica, Martinique), label each station on Map 1 with its abbreviated name
(SPB, HDC, FDF).
6.
The intersection of all 3 circles marks the earthquake epicenter. Drag this arrow to point at the epicenter on the
map.
7. Why is it necessary to have seismograms from at least three monitoring stations to find the epicenter of the quake?
1
1 It is nessesary because they locate the epicenter by triangulation. The distance is figured out by using the
arrival times of seismic waves of all three monitoring stations.
FDF
HDC
SPB
8. The earthquake occurred on a tectonic plate boundary. Refer to Map 2 to answer the following questions:
4
Volcanoes
For each of the volcanoes below, choose its type and magma viscosity by making the text bold.
Volcano Type
Magma Viscosity
Shield
High
Cinder cone
Intermediate
Stratovolcano
Low
9.
Shield
High
Cinder cone
Intermediate
Stratovolcano
Low
Shield
High
Cinder cone
Intermediate
Stratovolcano
Low
10.
11.
12. How does magma viscosity affect the steepness of a volcano? Choose the correct answer by making the text bold.
More viscous =
Less viscous =
Figure 3. Satellite image of Mount St Helens before (top) and after (bottom) the 1980 eruption.
13.
Take a look at Figure 3. When the volcano erupted, in what direction did the majority of the debris go?
1 North
14.
When Mount St Helens erupted in 1980, red hot lava did not spew out of the volcano and pour down its flanks. Rather,
Figure 4 shows the eruption and some of the destruction that occurred as a result of it. Based on this information, list three
volcanic hazards that may occur from eruptions at Mount St Helens.
1.
2.
3.
Ash
Gases
Pyroclastic flow
The eruptive history of Mount St Helens since 1400 AD is shown in Figure 5. What is the average number of years that
the volcano remains dormant between eruptions?
Plus or minus 120 years
16.
Give a geologic explanation as to why the eruption cycle appears to be somewhat regular. (hint: refer to Predicting
Volcanic Eruptions in Ch 9 lecture)
Since Mount St. Helens eruption cycle was so active within the 700+ years as shown in figure 5, there is substantial
reason to believe that the volcano would be classified as active and therefore eruptions would occur on a regular
schedule
17.
1
Based on the average dormant interval, and the fact that Mount St Helens last erupted in 1980, estimate the year in which
another major eruption is likely to occur.
I would estimate that the next eruption would take place around 2080.
18.
How accurate do you think such a prediction might be? Explain.
1 I believe that this prediction is very accurate. Based on the data provided, an eruption takes placed every 100 years.
The last eruption took place in 1980, therefore 100 years from that date would be 2080.