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UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID

FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLGICAS


Departamento de Gentica

ACUMULACIN DE MUTACIONES CON EFECTO SOBRE


VIABILIDAD EN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR


PRESENTADA POR

David Chavarras Lzaro

Bajo la direccin de los doctores


Carlos Lpez Fanjul de Argelles
Aurora Garca Dorado Garca

Madrid, 2001

ISBN: 84-669-1683-0

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