Code No: RR310402 Set No.

1
III B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, February 2008
ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION
( Common to Electronics & Communication Engineering and Electronics &
Telematics)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
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1. (a) As related to antennas, define and explain the following terms:

i. Gain
ii. directivity
iii. radiation resistance
iv. effective area
v. effective length
vi. efficiency
vii. beam width
viii. bandwidth.
(b) Evaluate the directivity of
i. an isotropic source, and
ii. source with bi-directional cos θ power pattern. [8+8]

2. (a) Explain the terms Poynting vector, Impedance of free space and bring out
their relation with radiation fields of an antenna.
(b) Show that the rms field strength from an antenna with gain G, radiating P
1/2
watts of power is given by, E = (30PG)
r
Volts / mts. in free space. Find E at
a distance of 1km., if the radiated power is 1kW for
i. an isotropic case,
ii. a half wave dipole. [8+8]

3. (a) What is array factor? Find the array factor of two element array?
(b) For an array of two identical infinitesimal dipoles oriented with a separation
of D and phase excitation difference B between the elements, find the angles
of observation where the nulls of the array occur. The magnitude of excitation
of the elements is same. [8+8]

4. (a) Compare the requirements and radiation characteristics of resonant and non-
resonant radiators?
(b) Determine the lengths and spacing requirements for a 3-element Yagi -Uda
antenna array at 500 mHz, and explain its characteristics. [6+10]

5. (a) Establish and explain the gain and beam width relations for a parabolic re-
flector and account for its beam shaping considerations.

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Code No: RR310402 Set No. 1
(b) Write short notes on: Cassegrainian antennas. [8+8]

6. (a) Distinguish between sectoral, Pyramidal and Conical Horns, with neat sketches.
List out their utility and applications.
(b) With neat set up, explain the absolute method of measuring the gain of an
antenna. [8+8]

7. (a) Show that for vertical incidence of radio waves on the ionosphere, the critical
frequency fC is related to the maximum electron density Nm by the equation.

Nm e2
fc2 =
4π 2 ∈0 m

where e, ∈0 and m have their usual significance. Express Nm in terms of fC

and a constant factor utilizing the usual values of ∈0 , m and e. Hence find the
expression for MUF.
(b) Explain the significance of the terms:
i. Maximum of MUF,
ii. Optimum frequency. [10+6]

8. Calculate the transmission - path distance for an ionospheric transmission that

utilize a layer of height 200 Km. The angle of elevation of the antenna beam is 200 .
The earth’s radius can be assumed to be 6370 Km. [16]

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Code No: RR310402 Set No. 2
III B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, February 2008
ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION
( Common to Electronics & Communication Engineering and Electronics &
Telematics)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Define and explain the significance of the terms: Radiation intensity, Beam
area, Beam efficiency, effective height, and resolution.
(b) A source has a constant power pattern limited to top half of the hemisphere
only. Find its directivity and effective area. [10+6]

2. (a) Define and account for the presence of

i. Radial power flow
ii. Radiation resistance for a short dipole,
iii. Uniform current distribution
(b) Obtain the relative amplitudes of radiation, induction and electro-static fields
at a distance of 2λ from a short current element having an uniform current of
1 mA along its length. [8+8]

3. (a) Compare the radiation characteristics of Uniform Linear Arrays, fed with-
i. Uniform amplitudes
ii. Triangular taper amplitudes
iii. Binomially tapered amplitudes.
(b) list out the mathematical relations for a N element half-wavelength spaced
binomial array. Hence, find the directivity, HPBW for N=20 case. What is
the expression for its field pattern? [10+6]

4. (a) With neat schematics, describe the principle of working of a 3 element yagi
antenna, listing out its length and spacing requirements.
(b) Sketch the current distributions on a folded dipole, and account for its input
impedance when the two legs have unequal diameters. [8+8]

5. (a) With neat schematics, derive the expression for pitch angle to get circularly
polarized radiation pattern for a helical antenna, operating in broadside mode,
and sketch its pattern.
(b) What are the different advantages and disadvantages of loop antennas?[10+6]

6. (a) Distinguish between sectoral, Pyramidal and Conical Horns, with neat sketches.
List out their utility and applications.
(b) With neat set up, explain the absolute method of measuring the gain of an
antenna. [8+8]

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Code No: RR310402 Set No. 2
7. (a) Show that for vertical incidence of radio waves on the ionosphere, the critical
frequency fC is related to the maximum electron density Nm by the equation.

Nm e2
fc2 =
4π 2 ∈0 m

where e, ∈0 and m have their usual significance. Express Nm in terms of fC

and a constant factor utilizing the usual values of ∈0 , m and e. Hence find the
expression for MUF.
(b) Explain the significance of the terms:
i. Maximum of MUF,
ii. Optimum frequency. [10+6]

8. A communication link is to be established between two stations using half wave-

length antenna for maximum directive gain. Transmitter power is 1Kw, frequency
of operation is 100 MHz and distance between transmitter and receiver is 100 Km.
What is the maximum power received by receiver? Explain and derive the formulas
used. [16]

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Code No: RR310402 Set No. 3
III B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, February 2008
ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION
( Common to Electronics & Communication Engineering and Electronics &
Telematics)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) From the knowledge of Directive gain ‘gd ’, Prove the following relation.
2 le 2
gd = 120π


Rrad λ
Where le = effective length of the antenna
Rrad = Radiation resistance of the antenna.
and state the importance of this relation.
(b) A source has bidirectional power pattern with a radiation intensity of U = 4
sin θ. Find its directivity and HPBW, sketching the pattern. [8+8]
2. (a) Define and account for the presence of
i. Radial power flow
ii. Radiation resistance for a short dipole,
iii. Uniform current distribution
(b) Obtain the relative amplitudes of radiation, induction and electro-static fields
at a distance of 2λ from a short current element having an uniform current of
1 mA along its length. [8+8]
3. (a) What is array factor? Find the array factor of two element array?
(b) For an array of two identical infinitesimal dipoles oriented with a separation
of D and phase excitation difference B between the elements, find the angles
of observation where the nulls of the array occur. The magnitude of excitation
of the elements is same. [8+8]
4. Write notes on:
(a) Parasitic elements and their reference
(b) Terminated antennas
(c) Applications of Rhombic Antenna.
(d) Multi director Yagi Antenna. [4+4+4+4]
5. (a) Establish and explain the gain and beam width relations for a parabolic re-
flector and account for its beam shaping considerations.
(b) Write short notes on: Cassegrainian antennas. [8+8]
6. (a) Distinguish between sectoral, Pyramidal and Conical Horns, with neat sketches.
List out their utility and applications.
(b) With neat set up, explain the absolute method of measuring the gain of an
antenna. [8+8]

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Code No: RR310402 Set No. 3
7. (a) Explain the following:
i. Ray path
ii. Skip distance
iii. Maximum usable frequency
iv. Faraday Rotation.
(b) What is meant by critical frequency? What information is conveyed by it
regarding the ionosphere? Describe a method to measure critical frequency.
[8+8]

8. (a) Discuss the effect of curvature of earth over space wave propagation.
(b) Explain the significance of the forms:
i. Standard atmosphere, and
ii. modified refractive radix.
(c) Calculate the power density reaching the moon’s surface from a 1MW pulse
transmitter located on the earth. The antenna gain is 55 db. Take the distance
between the moon and the earth is 4,00,000 Km. Assume that transmission
medium is loss less. [6+4+6]

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Code No: RR310402 Set No. 4
III B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, February 2008
ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION
( Common to Electronics & Communication Engineering and Electronics &
Telematics)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) As related to antennas, define and explain the following terms:

i. Gain
ii. directivity
iii. radiation resistance
iv. effective area
v. effective length
vi. efficiency
vii. beam width
viii. bandwidth.
(b) Evaluate the directivity of
i. an isotropic source, and
ii. source with bi-directional cos θ power pattern. [8+8]

2. (a) Define and account for the presence of

i. Radial power flow
ii. Radiation resistance for a short dipole,
iii. Uniform current distribution
(b) Obtain the relative amplitudes of radiation, induction and electro-static fields
at a distance of 2λ from a short current element having an uniform current of
1 mA along its length. [8+8]

3. (a) Compare the radiation characteristics of BSAs, EFAs, EFAs with increased
directivity, and Binomial arrays. Under what conditions they are preferred?
(b) What are the conditions for the linear array of 20 isotropic elements to radiate
in end fire, broad side modes, and Hansen-word yard array mode? [8+8]

4. (a) Explain the need and the configuration of a Folded Dipole Antenna. Sketch
its radiation pattern and compare its characteristics with those of a simple
λ/2 dipole.
(b) List out the design relations associates with a Rhombic Antenna. What are
its applications? [8+8]

5. (a) With sequence to helical antennas, explain the following features:

i. band width

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Code No: RR310402 Set No. 4
ii. circular polarization
iii. linear polarization under axial mode.
(b) Distinguish between the F/B and f/D ratios for a parabolic reflector. [10+6]

6. (a) Distinguish between the principal plane patterns, as applicable to

i. Horizontally Polarized antennas, and
ii. Vertically polarized antennas.
(b) Define the term: zoning, and distinguish between curved surface zoning and
plane surface zoning of lens antenna. Discuss their merits and demerits.[8+8]

7. (a) What is signal fading? List the various types of fading and explain.
(b) Determine the change in the electron density of E - layer when the critical
frequency changes from 4 MHz to 1 MHz between mid - day and sun-set.[8+8]
2
8. (a) Show that the radios of curature of the ray path is given by − for tro-
( d∈
dh )
r

pospheric waves.
(b) Distinguish between the froms standard atmosphere, substandard propaga-
tion, and super standard conditions. [8+8]

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