Different between ALE IDOC and BAPI

ALE
ALE is SAP proprietary technology that enables data communications between two or more SAP
R/3 systems and/or R/3 and external systems. When a new enterprise resource planning (ERP)
solution such as R/3 is implemented, companies have to interface the ERP system with legacy
systems or other ERP systems.
ALE provides intelligent mechanisms where by clients can achieve integration as well as
distribution of applications and data.
ALE technology facilitates rapid application prototyping and application interface development,
thus reducing implementation time.
The ALE components are inherently integrated with SAP applications and are robust, leading to
a highly reliable system.
ALE comes with application distribution/integration scenarios as well as a set of tools, programs,
data definitions, and methodologies that you can easily configure to get an interface up and
running.
BAPI
BAPIs provide a stable, standardized method for third-party applications and components to
integrate into the Business Framework. These interfaces are being specified as part of SAP's
initiative with customers, partners and leading standards organizations. Also, SAP has
implemented the emerging Object Application Group (OAG) specifications with BAPIs.

Pros and Cons for both BAPI and Call Transaction

BAPI
One of the big plusses for BAPIs is that the interface and function are not supposed to change.
This is a big plus when you do upgrades or hot packs because the transaction can change (format,
required inputs etc.) which means you then need to update the call transaction.
Some of the BAPIs are better documented and easier to use than others.
You usually need to perform the BAPI that actually does the COMMIT after you call your BAPI.
The Program coding for calling a BAPI is usually cleaner than setting up the screen flow etc. for
the Call Transaction.

You don't need to worry about special data circumstances interrupting the normal data flow of
the screens and causing errors because of that.
BAPIs probably have better performance since they don't do the screen flow processing.
In general if the BAPI exists for the transaction you want to perform and you can figure out how
to use it the BAPI is probably the best way to go.
This is just from my experience working with both BAPI and Call Transaction. I have had some
very good successes with BAPIs, but very occasionally found that I could not get the BAPI to
perform the update I needed.
ABAP Tips:
The interface concept of the classic R/3 is based on two different strategies: Remote Function
Calls (RFC) and data exchange through IDoc message documents. RFC makes direct and
synchronous calls of a program in the remote system. If the caller is an external program it will
call an RFC-enabled function in R/3 and if the calling program is the R/3 system it will call an
RFC-function in another R/3-system or it will call a non-R/3 program through a gateway-proxy
(usually rfcexec.exe). BAPIs are a subset of the RFC-enabled function modules, especially
designed as Application Programming Interface (API) to the SAP business object, or in other
words: are function modules officially released by SAP to be called from external programs.
IDocs are text encoded documents with a rigid structure that are used to exchange data between
R/3 and a foreign system. Instead of calling a program in the destination system directly, the data
is first packed into an IDoc and then sent to the receiving system, where it is analyzed and
properly processed. Therefore an IDoc data exchange is always an
asynchronous process. The significant difference between simple RFC-calls and IDoc data
exchange is the fact, that every action performed on IDocs are protocols by R/3 and IDocs can be
reprocessed if an error occurred in one of the message steps.
While IDocs have to be understood as a data exchange protocol, DE and ALE are typical use
cases for IDocs. R/3 uses IDocs for both DE and ALE to deliver data to the receiving system.
ALE is basically the scheduling mechanism that defines when and between which partners and
what kind of data will be exchanged on a regular or event triggered basis. Such a set-up is called
an ALE scenario.
The philosophical difference between DE and ALE can be pinned as follows: If we send data to
an external partner, we generally speak of DE, while ALE is a mechanism to reliable replicate
data between trusting systems to store a redundant copy of the IDoc data. The difference is
made clear, when we think of a purchase order that is sent as an IDoc. If we send the purchase
order to a supplier then the supplier will store the purchase order as a sales order. However, if we
send the purchase order via ALE to another R/3 system, then the receiving system will store the
purchase order also as a purchase order.