Visvesvaraya Technological University

Belgavi 590014

A Seminar Report on

MULTI-LEVEL PARKING SYSTEM

In partial fulfillment of requirements for VIII Semester in Bachelor of
Engineering in Mechanical Engineering
Submitted by

NIKHIL PATOLE
(USN: 2KL11ME067)
Under the guidance of

Prof. RAMESH.H.KATTI

Department of Mechanical Engineering

KLE Dr. M S Sheshgiri
College of Engineering and Technology,
Belgavi 590014
2014 2015

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Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgavi

Department of Mechanical Engineering

KLE Dr. M S Sheshgiri

College of Engineering and Technology, Udyambag
Belgavi 590014

Certificate
Certified that the seminar entitled MULTI-LEVEL PARKING SYSTEM, is a
work carried out by NIKHIL PATOLE, (USN: 2KL11ME067), in fulfillment of
requirement for VIII Semester in Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical
Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgavi, during
the year 2014 - 2015. It is certified that all corrections / suggestions indicated
for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited in the
department library. The Seminar has been approved as it satisfies the
academic requirements in respect of project work prescribed for the said
Degree.

Guide
(R.H.KATTI)

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Head of Department
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Principal
(DR.B.G.KATAGERI)

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CONTENTS
ABSTRACT...6
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION ..7
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY...........................................................................8
CHAPTER 3
TYPES OF AUTOMATED MULTI-LEVEL CAR PARKING
SYSTEMS................................................................................................10
3.1 PUZZLE TYPE MULTI-LEVEL PARKING SYSTEM...10
3.2 ELEVATOR TYPE MULTI-LEVEL PARKING SYSTEM.11
3.3 MULTI FLOOR AUTOMATED TYPE PARKING
SYSTEM...12
CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
4.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF 8051 MICROCONTROLLER.................13
4.2 PIN DIAGRAM OF MICROCONTROLLER...................................14
4.3 COMPONENTS OF MICROCONTROLLER...................................14
4.4 DC MOTOR.......................................................................................17
4.5 EXTERNAL STRUCTURE...............................................................17
4.6 RELAYS.............................................................................................18

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CHAPTER 5
ADVANTAGES, LIMITATIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF MULTILEVEL PARKING SYSTEM
5.1 ADVANTAGES.................................................................................19
5.2 LIMITATIONS...................................................................................20
5.3 APPLICATIONS................................................................................21
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION.........................................................................................22
REFERENCES.........................................................................................23

TABLE OF FIGURES:
Fig.2.1.1 -Traditional parking system.................................................9
Fig.2.1.2-Multi-level parking system.....9
Fig.3.1-Puzzle type multi-level parking system...10
Fig.3.2-Elevator type multi-level parking system11
Fig.3.3-Multi floor automated type parking system.12
Fig.4.1- 8051 microcontroller...13
Fig.4.2- Pin diagram of microcontroller...14
Fig.4.5- DC motor17
Fig.4.6-Relay.......................................................................................18

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ACKOWLEDGEMENT

I have taken efforts in this report. However, it would not have been possible without
the kind support and help of many individuals. I would like to extend my sincere
thanks to all of them.

I am highly indebted to Prof. Ramesh.H.Katti for his guidance and consultant

supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the report and
also for his support in completing the seminar.

I would like to also thank our beloved H.O.D Dr.S.F.Patil for all his support in
accomplishing this report.

I also wish to thank all the staff members of the department of Mechanical
Engineering helping me directly or indirectly in completing this work successfully.

Finally I am thankful to my parents and friends for their continued moral and material
support throughout the course and helping me finalize the presentation.

NIKHIL PATOLE

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ABSTRACT
In this report, the basic multi-level car parking system with three floors is considered
to show the use of control systems in parking systems. The control system will play a
major role in organizing the entry to and exit from the parking lots. It also presents the
design of multi-level parking lots which occupy less space on the ground and contain
a large number of cars. In the modern world, where parking space has become a very
big problem, it has become very important to avoid the wastage of space in modern
big cities. Automatic multi-level car parking system helps to minimize the car parking
area in malls, apartments, etc. The parking lots have an elevator to carry cars to
different floors according to the vacancies. The elevator is controlled by a
microcontroller along with the help of some sensors.

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CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
In todays world major problem is the availability of space. For this reason, it
is a challenge to use less space for idle things. One amongst them is parking as there
is a lot of space required for parking. It requires a large empty horizontal piece of
land, acquiring which is again a big problem in crowded cities. The other concern
with parking lots is the convenience of user near entry and exit points. It is commonly
observed that a problem occurs when there are number of users simultaneously
papering at the entry and exit points and this causes an unnecessary traffic jam and
leads to waste of time. The best solution to this can be a vertical parking lot facility.
In this system, one motor is used to rotate mechanism. Any user can park and
remove his car at any time without disturbing the other car. Multi-level car parking
system helps in parking large number of cars in a smaller parking area. This Car Parking
System enables the parking of vehicles, floor after floor thus reducing the space used.
Such a system is proposed and designed in this project. Additions are made to the
existing systems to ensure maximum space utilization. To serve this purpose, parking
slots are assigned inside the multilevel structure depending on the size of the car.
Implementation of design is carried out mainly in lab view with hardware being
introduced at input and output stages only. Size of vehicle is calculated and processed and
a suitable slot on a suitable floor is allotted for parking. Programming in lab view is done
in a way that ensures that the whole system is user friendly and can be handled even by an
inexperienced operator.

1.1 Problem Statement: - In metropolitan cities, vehicle parking has become a

major concern in all busy areas and a good traffic system needs a good parking
system The horizontal parking takes up lots of space and cannot be utilized for other
applications. Also horizontal parking needs larger land and money investments. It is
very difficult to automate the horizontal parking system. High maintenance cost, high
labour cost and high capital costs are involved in horizontal and regular parking.

1.2 Problem Solution:- Providing total consulting such as demand forecasts,

recommendation of a desirable parking system, design and safety measurements,
customized application suitable for various types of landscapes and buildings.
Structures available below or above the ground reducing cost through precise control
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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY
Over the years, car parking systems and the accompanying technologies have
increased and diversified. Car parking systems have been around almost since the time
cars were invented. In any area where there is a significant amount of traffic, there are
car parking systems. Car parking systems were developed in the early 20th century in
response to the need for storage space for vehicles. The term multi-level car park is
used in the United Kingdom, Hong Kong and many Commonwealth of Nations
countries. In the western United States, the term parking structure is used especially
when it is necessary to distinguish such a structure from the garage in a house. In
some places in North America, parking garage refers only to an indoor, often
underground, structure outdoor multi-level parking facilities are referred to by a
number of regional terms.
Architects and civil engineers in the USA are likely to call it a parking
structure, since their work is all about structures, and that term is the vernacular in
some of the western United States. When attached to a high-rise of another use, it is
sometimes called a parking podium. United States building codes use the term open
parking structure to refer to a structure designed for car storage (not repair) that has
enough openings in the walls that it does not need mechanical ventilation or fire
sprinklers, as opposed to a parking garage that requires mechanical ventilation or
sprinklers but does not require openings in the walls. The openings provide fresh air
flow to disperse either car exhaust or fumes from a fire should one break out within
the structure.
In todays time and age, vehicles are a predominant mode of transportation.
With rising number of vehicles and dwindling parking spaces, vehicles parked along
the road and even on sidewalks have become fairly common phenomena. With these
parked vehicles encroaching on road space and pedestrian space, traffic congestion
and accidents are inevitable. A well-organized parking system which makes maximum
use of available space offers a solution to this situation.

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2.1 There are two types of parking systems: 1. Traditional parking systems
2. Multilevel parking systems

1. In Traditional parking systems, vehicles are parked in perpendicular or parallel

fashion. With no safety against the theft or protection against atmospheric conditions,
it is not a space efficient system either.

Fig.2.1.1 -Traditional Parking System

2. Multilevel parking systems are preferred since they multiply parking capacity of a
given area. Various floors are present for parking the vehicles with ramps and
staircases provided for moving between floors.
These types of systems are expensive to build and require manpower for coordination. To make the system automated and less expensive, stacking systems are
used. In these systems, lift is available for moving the vehicle from one floor to
another. The system has three to six floors divided into three columns with middle
column kept free for maneuvering cars. The actual parking of the car is controlled
manually by operator. This type of manual intervention may cause some faults.

Fig.2.1.2-Multi-level parking system

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CHAPTER 3

TYPES OF AUTOMATED MULTI-LEVEL CAR

PARKING SYSTEMS

Technologies used for automated parking systems are as follows:

1. Puzzle type multi-level parking system
2. Elevator type multi-level parking system
3. Multi floor automated type parking system

3.1

PUZZLE TYPE MULTI-LEVEL PARKING

SYSTEM:

Fig.3.1-Puzzle type multi-level parking system

This system has more than two levels of parking. Its design has a structure that
enables use of all parking entrances and exits on ground level. The parking pallets

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move left, right, upwards and downwards and always have one empty slot for
movement.
The operation is simple and there is no need for an attendant.

3.2

ELEVATOR TYPE MULTI-LEVEL PARKING

SYSTEM:

Fig.3.2-Elevator type multi-level parking system

In this type of parking system there is minimal use of land. An area of 25 x 22 can
park up to 72 vehicles. The entry and exit is very quick and convenient.
It is completely equipped with multiple sensors and triple safety devices.

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3.3

MULTI FLOOR AUTOMATED TYPE PARKING

SYSTEM:

Fig.3.3-Multi floor automated type parking system

The entry and exit of the car in this type of parking system is quick because each
elevator and cart is operated independently on each level. A built in turntable is
incorporated on each level. It has an excellent level of safety and reliability.

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CHAPTER 4

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
4.1

Circuit diagram of 8051 microcontroller:

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Fig.4.1- 8051 microcontroller

4.2

Pin Diagram of Microcontroller:-

Fig.4.2- Pin Diagram of Microcontroller

4.3 Components of microcontroller:1. Accumulator:

ACC is the accumulator register. It is an 8 bit register. It is most versatile and holds
sources operand and receives the result of arithmetic operations including addition,
subtraction, integer multiplication, division and Boolean bit manipulations. It is
also used for data transfer between 8051 and any external memory. Several
functions like rotate, test etc. apply specifically on the accumulator.
2. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU):
The ALU can perform arithmetic and logic operations on eight bit data. It can
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perform arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division

and logical operations like AND, OR, EX OR, complement, rotate etc.
3. Program Status Word (PSW) and Flags:
Many instructions affect the status of flags. In order to address these flags
conveniently they are grouped to from the program status word. PSW contain
Carry flag ( CY) , Auxiliary carry flag ( AC ), User defined Flag 0 (F0 ) , register
bank selections flag (RS0,RS1) Overflow flag( OV ) Parity flag (p) .Flags are 1 bit
registers provided to store the results of some instructions. A Flag is a flip flop that
indicates some condition produced by the execution of an instruction.

4. RST:
Reset input. A high on his pin two machine cycles while the oscillator is running
resets the device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog
times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8 EH) can be used to disable this
feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.
5. Program Counter (PC):
It is a 16-bit register. It is used to hold the address of a byte in the memory. It keeps
the track of the execution of the program. The program instruction bytes are fetched
from locations in memory that are addressed by the Program counter.
6. The Stack and Stack Pointer:
The stack is a reserved area of the memory in RAM where temporary information
may be stored. An 8 bit stack pointer is used to hold the address of the most recent
stack entry. This location, which has the most recent entry, is called as the top of the
stack.
7. Special Function Registers:
A map of the on-chip memory area called the Special Function Register (SFR) space.
Note that not all of the addresses are occupied, and unoccupied addresses may not be
implemented on the chip. Read accesses to these addresses will in general return
random data, and write accesses will have an indeterminate effect. User software
should not write 1s to these unlisted locations, since they may be used in future
products to invoke new features. In that case, the reset or inactive values of the new
bits will always be
Timer 2 Registers: Control and status bits are contained in registers T2CON and
T2MOD (shown in Table 10-2) for Timer 2. The register pair (RCAP2H, RCAP2L)
are the Capture/Reload registers for Timer 2 in 16-bit capture mode or 16-bit auto15
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reload mode. Interrupt Registers: The individual interrupt enable bits are in the IE
register. Two priorities can be set for each of the six interrupt sources in the IP
register.
8.Input and output ports:
The I/O circuit of microcontroller is totally versatile. It connects the microcontroller
to external world. The microcontroller 89v51 has four i/o ports i.e. 24 lines out of 32
port lines are for one of the two entirely different function so, although
microcontroller is 40 pin chip, it appears to have 64 pins.
As two functions are multiplexed, in order to decide which function is supported we
need to see how the circuit is connected and what software commands are used to
program the pin. The microcontroller has four ports named as p0, p1, p2, p3. All these
ports are bidirectional
9. Features of microcontroller
Compatible with mcs-51 products
4k bytes of in-system reprogrammable flash memory
Fully static operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
Three-level program memory lock
128 x 8-bit internal ram
32 programmable I/O lines
10. Pin out:
Power Vcc , Vss
Reset RST
Crystal - XTAL [1, 2]
External device interfacing- EA, ALE, PSEN, WR, RD
I/O Port -P0[7;0], P1[7:0], P2[7:0], P3
P3 is shared with control lines -Serial I/O RxD, TxD,
External interrupts INT0, INT1
Counter control T0, T1
P0 and P2 are multiplexed with Address and Data bus
The EA on pin 31 is tied high to make the 89C51 executes program from internal
11. Power Supply:16
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There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert high voltage AC
mains electricity to a suitable DC voltage supply for electronic circuits and other
devices. A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which
performs a particular function. A 5V regulated supply.

4.4

DC MOTOR

A geared DC Motor has a gear assembly attached to the motor. The speed of motor is
counted in terms of rotations of the shaft per minute and is termed as RPM .The gear
assembly helps in increasing the torque and reducing the speed. Using the correct
combination of gears in a gear motor, its speed can be reduced to any desirable figure.
This concept where gears reduce the speed of the vehicle but increase its torque is
known as gear reduction. This Insight will explore all the minor and major details that
make the gear head and hence the working of geared DC motor.

4.5

External Structure:-

At the first sight, the external structure of a DC geared motor looks as a straight
expansion over the simple DC ones.

Fig4.5-DC Motor
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The lateral view of the motor shows the outer protrudes of the gear head. A nut
is placed near the shaft which helps in mounting the motor to the other parts of
the assembly. Also, an internally threaded hole is there on the shaft to allow
attachments or extensions such as wheel to be attached to the motor.

4.6

RELAYS

Fig.4.6-relay
Relays are remote control electrical switches that are controlled by another switch,
such as a horn switch or a computer as in a power train control module. Relays allow
a small current flow circuit to control a higher current circuit. Several designs of
relays are in use today, 3-pin, 4-pin, 5-pin, and 6-pin, single switch or dual switches.

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CHAPTER 5

ADVANTAGES, LIMITATIONS &

APPLICATIONS OF MULTI-LEVEL PARKING
SYSTEM
5.1 ADVANTAGES
1. Optimal utilization of space
Mechanical car parking system is a method of parking and retrieving cars
by using pallets and lifts. It thus removes the need for lengthy drive ways and
ramps, accommodating maximum cars in minimum space.
2. Can be constructed on minimum available space
MLCPS is flexible enough to solve varied parking problems. It can be
sited above or below the ground or a combination of both and designed to
accommodate any number of cars.
3. Lower construction cost
MLCPS are cost effective in terms of construction cost. MLCPS are
delivered pre-fabricated which are then assembled on the site. As the system is
operated automatically, added expenses of underground parking such as building
structure, providing lighting, security, etc. are avoided.
4. Low maintenance and operational cost
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Operating cost is low since mechanical car parking systems requires less
energy to run. There is no need for energy intensive ventilating systems as the cars are
not being driven inside the parking lot.
5. Safety of vehicle
MLCPS provide complete safety to a vehicle as parked cars are not accessible
to anyone else. Damages or a dent to the car is avoided while parking through narrow
drive ways.
6. Environment friendly
Environmentally, mechanized car parking has much to offer. One of the
greatest benefits related to conventional underground or open space parking, is the
saving of ground space. Outdoor space saved can be put to good use with gardens.

5.2 LIMITATIONS:
1. Deterioration and Maintenance
Multi-story parking facilities support hundreds of thousands of pounds of vehicles,
people and equipment every day. Because the garages support very large amounts of
weight and loads that constantly change, the structures quickly deteriorate in the
absence of constant maintenance activity. In addition, according to Canada's National
Resource Council, changing weather and environmental conditions can deteriorate a
garage's steel support structure, creating an unsafe environment for garage users. A
number of corrosion inhibitors can help delay processes that eat away at the
structure's integrity, according to the National Resource Council, but constant
maintenance and upkeep must include anti-corrosion measures to keep multi-story
parking facilities structurally sound.
2. Parking Angle Considerations
Because many drivers of varying levels of skills and experience drive in, around
and out of parking garages every day, designers must pay special attention to the
configuration of parking spaces within the structures. In a municipal parking garage
presentation prepared by architects Sakri and Khairuddin, the designers noted that
two-way traffic flow in a multi-story garage presents a number of parking challenges
for drivers and designers. Parallel parking, for example, creates an inefficient use of
limited space, while straight parking spaces make parking difficult for some drivers.
Other options, like angled parking, do not work well with a two-way traffic flow and
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can only work well in garages with separate entrance and exit openings.
3. Lighting
While most parking lots open at night, multi-story or otherwise, require some form of
lighting, the multi-story nature of parking garages creates a need for numerous lights
throughout the structure. In addition, because the inside of the structure may remain

dark even during the day, many of these lights must run at all times. This arrangement
can create high energy bills for garage owners and may require frequent lighting
maintenance to replace broken or burned-out bulbs.

5.3 APPLICATIONS:

1. High Rise Building and Office Spaces

Multilevel building from 23 m to 150 m height and Building above 150 m height.
High rise steel structure can be made for any height as per as project requirement and
governing lows. Multi-level framing system offered bolded structure made of site
(from factory) using beam joist cold from deck slab and steel columns or composite
columns. Inter arch multi store steel buildings have unmatched benefits like

High strength to volume / mass ratio.

Speed in construction and time saving in comparison to RCC.

Steel frame are lighter in weight in comparison to RCC frame. Lighter

foundations are required for steel building due to less weight than RCC resulting cost
advantages over civil construction.
2. Hotels
Inter arch steel structure is an ideal solution for hotel application as in today urban
infrastructure there is space limitation for construction. Building can be built as per
architecture for optimized energy requirement such as nature cooling, solar gain or
natural day light. Hotels incorporate a high level of building services which can be
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easily interfaced within our system; air conditioning system ducts, electric power
plant for essential facilities fire protection system and all other mechanical and
electric services.
3. Educational Building
School and collage building construction faces a great challenge in todays
cities due to time and space constraint during construction, affordable, light and
energy efficient ecofriendly construction. Most public and private school system in
India are obliged to trim construction costs, despite the fact that the population of
school age children leads to overcrowded classroom in many instances across the
country.

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CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION
Automatic car parking system enables the vehicles to be parked floor after floor by
displaying the available slot thus reducing the ground space used. Here any number of cars
can be parked according to requirement making the system modernized and space saving
one. Multilevel parking system helps to avoid unnecessary traffic jam and waste of time
to find parking area. Vertical parking car system is very useful. We can park the vehicles
in less space, and it is more reliable.
The multi-level car parking system had successfully been designed and developed.
The control strategy for the traffic flow to the multi-level car parking system was carried
out using the PLC. The PLC with the help of some sensors checks the availability of the
vacant place on each floor. It can be noticed that the control system for the multi-level car
parking system has achieved the anticipated performance to regulate the entry and exit of
the car to/from several floors accurately. The movement of the elevator between the floors
was continuous and smooth as requested. The number of entering and existing car from all
the three floors was controlled as per the signals from the sensors on each floor at the
entry and exit point. The entry and exist phases of the cars depends on the availability of
the elevator and the time required for exist. The preference for the entry will be for the car
that is present at the stopping in front of an elevator at the ground floor. Meanwhile, the
preference for exist from other floors will depend firstly on the space and secondly on the
time demanded for exist.

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REFERENCES
1. E. S. Kardoss, K. Baliant, I. Wahl, Design of a Semi-Autonomous Park Assist
System, Proceedings of the European Control Conference, 2009, pp. 497-516.
2. C. W. Cheng, S. J. Chang, and T. H. Li, Parallel-parking control of autonomous
mobile robot, in Proc. Int. Conf. Industrial Electronics, and Control, and
Instrumentation, Tokyo, Japan, 1997, pp. 12991304.
3. M. Y. Idris, E. M. Tamil. Z. Razzak, N. M. Noor, Smart Parking System Using Image
Processing Techniques, Journal of Information Technology, 2009, pp. 114-127.
4. Alan J. Crispin, ''Programmable Logic Controllers and their Engineering
Applications, 2nd Edition, Reprinted 1997.
5. Tzafestas et. al., Advances in Intelligent Autonomous Systems: Microprocessor based
and Intelligent Systems Engineering. , Kulwer Academic Publishers, 1999.
6. M. Wada K.S. Yoon,H. Hashimoto, Development of Advanced Parking Assistance
System, IEEE Transactions On Industrial Electronics, vol. 50, pp. 4-17, February
2003.
7. E. S. Kardoss, K. Baliant, I. Wahl, Design of a Semi-Aautonomous Park Assist
System, Proceedings of TheEuropean Control Conference,2009, pp. 497-516.

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