The world is beautiful and everyone wants to look beautiful.

And if some fragrances are mixed

with beauty of people then they look more attractive. And here our business is also about the mix
of some different fragrances that will increase the beauty of a person. We are going to launch
three in one perfume. We are launching three in one perfume because all the men and women
who use perfumes, they buy different perfumes to fulfill the need of different flavors. Everyone
has different tastes and therefore we are going to solve their problems by providing them the
only one perfume bottle with three different flavors. There is no need to buy three different
bottles to fulfill the need of their tastes of different flavors.
We are aimed at developing an ethical and responsive environment in all our endeavors and
maintaining a continued Innovative and creative product base for improving the lifestyle of
customers.

Vision Statement:
To be the leading manufacturer and distributor of perfume in the whole world

Mission Statement:
Our mission is to enrich the quality of life of people through responsible application of
knowledge, skills and technology. Our Company is committed to the pursuit of excellence
through world class product, innovative processes and empowered employees to provide the
highest level of satisfaction to our customers.

Company goals and objectives:

We have different goals and objectives to achieve.

Identifying the target customers of the perfume market

To study the willingness of the people to buy the perfume Identifying market segments.
Identifying the channels and outlets for distribution of the product
Identifying the raw materials for establishing the perfume market
Determining the potential sources of capital, money, finance and other financial support

to perfume business plan.

Determining the viability of rate of return on investment, profit-volume ratio, break-even
analysis and other financial analysis.

 Determining location and utility facilities for establishing the industry.

To determine the cost of establishing such determining the customers attitudes toward
the perfume market identifying customers level of income.
Identifying acceptable pricing policy.
Determining potential promotional strategy
Determining the availability of working force.

Target market:
Our target market includes people of all ages in Pakistan even they are young, old or child. At
starting point we will target our Province Punjab but as we will succeed in this province we will
launch our products in whole Pakistan. We will continue to grow in our geographical area until
we provide our product to every country of the world.

Industrial Analyses:
Description of our Perfume company:
We are dealing with perfume industry and this industry has been used since the beginning of
human history and its use has been recorded as far back as the ancient Egyptians and ancient
China. The use of scented oils and perfumes were used in religious ceremonies and as a pre-love
making ritual, which is not much different than our uses today. We are providing three different
flavors of fragrance in one perfume bottle. Whenever the strength of customer will increase, we
will increase the size of our company.

Industry trends:
The rapid pace of globalization has modernized the perfume industry scenario worldwide. Many
perfume companies are providing at large scale better quality perfumes with very broad and deep
product and service assortment.
As more and more perfume companies are opening, the customers prefer to buy perfume with
best fragrance and easily available perfume. Many perfume companies are providing products
and services different from other perfume companies.
The main focus in this perfume company is on the provision of a wide array of customer
satisfaction instead of competing on the basis of price. The combination of distinctive, appealing
merchandise and customer satisfaction are the main attributes that attract consumers towards
Royal Perfume.

Industry size:
There are only few industries in big cities of Pakistan. These all are providing better fragrant
perfumes to their customers.
According to a survey report there are about 100 perfume companies in Pakistan, most of
companies are situated in major cities e.g. Islamabad, Lahore and Karachi. These are further subdivided into the following categories.

Perfume Industry Analysis

Category
A
B
C

Size
Large
Medium
Small

No. Of Hostels
10-20
50-60
20-40

Type
Better Services
Average Services
Poor Services

Some perfume companies in Pakistan:

These are some known perfume companies in Pakistan:

Aroma Perfumes
Ayesons Perfumes
Euphoria Perfumes
Perfect Scent
Halley Berry Perfume
Luzi Perfumes
Black Boos

The fragrance industry affects a variety of markets, which include cosmetics, household cleaning
items, fabric care and air fresheners.

Legal form of ownership:

Our business is partnership based and in this business we are four partners from different
departments. We started partnership business because every one of us is from different
departments. And there will be no chance to failure in any of the department because everyone
leading in a department will be the owner. Therefore everyone will work with full devotion.

Keys to Success:
Our business plan has shown that, while there are a lot of new entrants into the perfume market,
there is still a lot of opportunity for our company to compete. Because we are introducing a new
form of perfumes where only one bottle of perfume will contain three different flavors. We have
an opportunity to lead because we are completing the needs of customers with providing them
different flavors in one bottle. And there is no need of spare bottle of perfume to change the
flavor for different occasions.

Product and services:

RP provide a best product and service to its customers. We will sell each customized bottle of
perfume as a product, with the service being the added value we give it with custom labels and
jars.
These are the features that a customer will be able to customize:
1. Custom scent
2. A selection of jars
3. The color of perfume
Here are the benefits to our customers if they buy our product:

Their very own scent they can show off to their friends
The feeling of being unique
They can use our perfume as a gift for friends.
Our product will be durable, reliable and comfortable.

HR Plan
ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

CEO

Finance
Manager

Marketing
Manager

HR
Manager

Operations
Manager

Finance
Assista
nt

Sales
Person

Coordinat
or

Workers

Job Description:

Our organization consists of following post:

1. CEO 1
2. Finance manager 1
Finance Assistant 1
3. HR manager 1
Coordinator 1
4. Operations manager 1
Workers 22
5. Marketing Manager 1
Sales Representator 1

CEO

CEO is a person who is responsible to check the performance of others and to run the business. Actually
the CEO of our company is the owner of the company. Actually the CEO has to take the decisions and to
conduct meetings for planning, leading, organizing and controlling in the organization to make better
performance.

Job Title:
HR and Operations Manager
Manager is responsible for the daily operations and then regularly report to other partners.
Summary of Work:
Provides leadership, support and guidance to ensure that standards, inventory levels and
customer service expectations are met maintains records of income, expenditures, supplies
personnel and equipment.

Job Description:

Supervises, coordinates and evaluates work of all employees and workers in about their
works and services.
Conducts planning and budgeting.
Manages a cost-effective program.
Responds to customer preferences and industry trends to plan new services and schemes.
Maintains required records including inventory, income/expense, and home delivery
income / expenses and personnel records.
Ensures that established sanitation and safety standards are maintained.

Education Requirements:
Minimum Masters Degree in Business Administration from a recognized university of Pakistan
Experience:
Experience in relevant field, Preference will give to those candidates who have experience to
work as manager in any reputable cosmetic indusrty.
General Knowledge, Skills and Abilities:
Manager must possess the following:

Skill in motivating and supervising the Employees and Workers.

Basic computer skills.

Ability to maintain records and complete reports as required.

Written and oral communication skills.
Ability to interact positively to public.
Ability to Recruiting of Employees.
Have skills to check the performance of employees.

Job Title:

Marketing Manager

Plan, direct, or coordinate marketing policies and programs, such as determining the demand for products
and services offered by a firm

Education Requirement and Experience:

For this purpose, candidate must have Master Degree (Preference will give to Candidates who
have Business administration Degree in Marketing. Minimum 3 years experience as marketing
manager in reputable organization.

Job Description:

Enhance the business through promotional mix tools.

Ensure all the marketing activities which help to growth of business.
Meet with all advertisers in order to make advertisement.
Establish marketing strategies to meet organizational objectives.
Evaluate customer research, market conditions competitor data and implement marketing
plan changes as needed.
Assign the duties to subordinates.

Skills Required for a Marketing Manager:

Marketing manager requires some skills to become successful in their jobs such as:

Ability to lead and can work in stress condition.

Having strong interpersonal communication skills

Having skills to motivate workers

Ability to work in unfavorable circumstances

Job Title:

Finance Manager

Financial Management means planning, organizing, directing and controlling the financial
activities.
Education Requirement and Experience:

For this purpose, candidate must have Master Degree (Preference will give to Candidates who
have Business administration Degree in Finance). Minimum 3 years experience as finance
manager in reputable organization.
Job Description:
*0 A finance manager has to make estimation with regards to capital requirements of the
company.
*1 The finance manager has to decide to allocate funds into profitable ventures so that there
is safety on investment and regular returns is possible.
*2 Finance manager has to make decisions with regards to cash management
*3 The finance manager has not only to plan, procure and utilize the funds but he also has to
exercise control over finances
*4 Finance manager taking the decision about financing, budgeting and investing activities.
*5 Assign the duties to their subordinates.
Skills Required for a Finance Manager:
Finance manager requires some skills to become successful in their jobs such as:
*6 Ability to lead and can control financial activities of the organization.
*7 Having strong analytical and financial skills
*8 Having skills to motivate workers
*9 Ability to work in unfavorable circumstances
.Workers:
There is a need of at least twenty workers in the organization who have to work in the
organization for the production of perfumes.
Qualification of workers must be at least matric and preference will be given to those who have
more education and more experience of work in the organizations like this one.

Peon
He is responsible to clean the office of all the staff members and also of serving tea and food to the
employees and management time. There is one peon in the organization.

Security guard

The security guard is responsible for the security of all the faculty members and employees of the
organization. There are two security guards in the organization, one for day timing and one for night.

Recruitment Process:

As our focus is the whole country of Pakistan. Therefore, we had to convince the people from every
corner the country. For this purpose we used different sources of advertisement. The sources which we
used are:
Print Media(Newspapers, Bill Boards)
Electronic Media (TV, Radio)
Internet

RECRUITMENT BUDGET:
We used different mediums for recruitment which may include T.V media, Radio, print media and internet
etc.

In news papers we advertise our ads once in a week.

In weekly magazines we advertised our ads once in a week for two months.
We used billboards for advertising in different cities.
Our ads were shown on different sites for two months.
Our one and a half minute ad was shown on different TV channels for two times in a week. This
ad was also continued for two months.

Selection process:
Our selection process included different steps that are:

Initial screening
Compilations of application form
Test Before Employment
Interview
Conditional job offer
Back ground investigation
Physical and medical examination
Permanent job offer

Selection cost:
For selection a recruitment agency was hired and all the work for selection was worked by the recruitment
agency.

Form of Ownership:
Business Partnership:
The name of the business is Royal Perfume and it will be established as partnership at will.
The right, duties, authorities and profit sharing ratio is predefined and stated in Deed of
Partnership.
The total capital will be Rs. 4 million and each of them will contribute 25% individually.
There will be four partners: Each will assume an equal ownership in the business; it means equal
contribution in profits and losses.
Partnership has many benefits over sole-proprietorship like
Partnerships are relatively easy to establish; however time should be invested in
developing the partnership agreement.
Diversified management
It is easier to raise capital in a partnership
The business usually will benefit from partners who have complementary skills.
By sharing in the profits, partners work harder and strive for success.
Enjoy additional revenues
Risk Diversified
Best Location:
As we have highest rate in Gujranwala that is 130. Therefore, we will make our Head Office in
Gujranwala and we will make plant in Gujranwala because we can get most benefits in
Gujranwala as compared to other cities.

Why to Produce in Gujranwala?

We will make our production Plant in Gujranwala because:
Raw Material is easily available in Gujranwala which is needed for the production of our
product.
Labor is cheap in Gujranwala and is also easily available.
We have also transportation benefits in Gujranwala.
Gujranwala is an industrial zone. Therefore, we can easily make productions there.
Area:
The area that company covers is nearly 3 Canals. Our company is located in Industrial zone in
Gujranwala.
Market Access:
We can easily access to our customers while producing our product in Gujranwala. There are a
lot of customers in Gujranwala. We can easily access to our customers by providing our products
to different outlets of the region and these products will be provided through transportation to the
outlets.

Layout:
Production Plant:
As we are on startup point therefore, the production plant which we have organized for the
production of our product is on Rent. If we are succeed to grow our business then we will
purchase our own building otherwise we will continue to produce our products in a building that
is on rent. We are paying 50,000 Rupees per month as a rent of the building.

Operations:
Suppliers:
Suppliers are important for every type of business because if the raw material is good then
product will also be good. They are very important for business because they had to provide raw
material to the company. We have different suppliers who provide different type of raw material
that we use to produce our product.
Dealers:
We have different dealers and distributors from whole Pakistan. We also have made our outlets in
different cities from where customers buy our product.

Quality Control:
Because perfumes depend heavily on harvests of plant substances and the availability of animal
products, perfumery can often turn risky. Thousands of flowers are needed to obtain just one
pound of essential oils, and if the season's crop is destroyed by disease or adverse weather,
perfumeries could be in jeopardy. In addition, consistency is hard to maintain in natural oils. The
same species of plant raised in several different areas with slightly different growing conditions
may not yield oils with exactly the same scent.
Problems are also encountered in collecting natural animal oils. Many animals once killed for the
value of their oils are on the endangered species list and now cannot be hunted.
Synthetic perfumes have allowed perfumers more freedom and stability in their craft, even
though natural ingredients are considered more desirable in the very finest perfumes. The use of
synthetic perfumes and oils eliminates the need to extract oils from animals and removes the risk
of a bad plant harvest, saving much expense and the lives of many animals.
Start up Cost:
We started our business with 4 million rupees. All the startup cost was equally invested by the
partners of the company. This startup cost includes all the machinery, equipment, tools and other
factors involved in production and selling of product.

Business Model:
Business model is very important for any organization which produces anything. A business
model is made to see that how the business will run.
Partnering
Network

Key Activities

Key Resources

Offer

Customer
Relationship

Distribution
channel

Customer
segmentation

Cost Structure for one month

Revenue statement

There are different steps for Business model:

Partnering Network
Key Activities
Key Resources
Offer
Customer relationship
Distribution Channels
Customer Segmentation
Cost Structure
Revenue Statement
Partnering Network:
As we are producing perfumes therefore, raw material is most necessary for our company to
produce perfumes. This does not mean that we dont have any need of labor. Labor is also
necessary for our company but not as much as Raw material is important for our company.
We need different things to produce our product like fruits, wood, flowers and oils etc. We have
made a contract with different gardens and oil making companies that we will buy at least this
limit of your products for our company.
Key Activities:
We have different activities that are needed for our company to produce perfume. Our business
cannot run without fruits, flowers, wood, oils and alcohol etc.

These are some sources necessary to run our business:

Collection of ingredients
Extraction of oils
Blending of oils
Aging of Perfumes
Key Resources:
There are different resources that are necessary for the production of our product. Natural
ingredientsflowers, grasses, spices, fruit, wood, roots, resins, balsams, leaves, gums, and
animal secretionsas well as resources like alcohol, petrochemicals, coal, and coal tars are used
in the manufacture of perfumes. Some plants, such as lily of the valley, do not produce oils
naturally. In fact, only about 2,000 of the 250,000 known flowering plant species contain these
essential oils. Therefore, synthetic chemicals must be used to re-create the smells of non-oily
substances. Synthetics also create original scents not found in nature.
Some perfume ingredients are animal products. For example, castor comes from beavers, musk
from male deer, and ambergris from the sperm whale. Animal substances are often used as
fixatives that enable perfume to evaporate slowly and emit odors longer.
Offer:
We as a manufacturer of perfumes are providing perfumes to customers. Actually we are
providing three perfumes of different smells to our customers in one bottle. There is not a single
company in the world that is producing three perfumes in one bottle. Therefore, we have a
competitive edge that is three in one perfume.
Actually perfume industry is at its maturity age but still we have a very good point to enter and
that point is three perfumes in one bottle. We are providing our customers to have three flavors of
smells in only one bottle.
Customer Relationship:

We are making our relationship strong with our customers by providing them relaxation of
having three perfumes in one bottle and there is no need to take three different bottles for the
taste of three different smells.
Distribution Channels:
We have used channel 2 for distributing our products. We sell our products to retailers and then
from retailers local customers buy our product.
Company

Retailers

Customers

We have used different advertisement channels for the promotion of our product:
Cable Advertisement:
Message will be delivered through full ad on the cable at local channel.
FM Radio Advertisement:
Through radio the ad will be on air for reminders and awareness in the people.
Brochures:
Broacher is also a good way to communicate the people that what services we are offering.
Banners:
Banners are good tools to deliver a message that there is something exist from which you can get
much benefits. It will be helpful to memorize the name of our three in one perfume in the mind
of the people.
Customer Segmentation:
We have used Mass Market concept to segment our customers.
Mass Market:
We have targeted the whole market of Punjab as we are making perfumes for men, women and
also for children. This perfume will be in access of all the people of country. Whether they are
rich or whether they are middle class people.

Marketing Plan
SWOT ANALYSIS:
Strengths:
First Mover Advantage
Strong Financial Performance
Increasing benefits for customers
Easily accessible
Providing quality services
Good mass product as compare to competitors
Higher involvement of investment Higher amount of investment from personal resources
so we have to bear no interest expenses
Risk sharing by partners
More satisfaction for customers
Higher profit Margin
Weaknesses:
Increasing cost for getting best fruits, flowers and oils
Production processes may cause explosion
Production processes may cause air pollution

 Lack of experience due to low experience

Energy crisis
Opportunities:
Emerging economies are creating vast demand for perfumes and fragrances with
increasing population
Only few competitors in production area
Interest of other countries can cause in expanding our market globally
New in market with three in one perfume to get more profit
Location of manufacturing plant can attract more employees
Increasing market growth
Threats:

Heavy taxes by government

Political situation of the country
Competitors gaining control over the services
Govt. policies regarding the inflation and economic conditions will be the threat for our
business.
Threat of new entrants
Political instability
Chance of first mover loss
Challenging economic conditions
Increase in inflation

Competitor Analysis:
The industry in which we operate is growing rapidly and there are a lot of companies that are
producing perfumes.
There are companies who are in competition with our company:

Aroma Perfumes
Ayesons Perfumes
Euphoria Perfumes
Perfect Scent
Halley Berry Perfume
Luzi Perfumes
Black Boos

Competitive Edge:
The competitive edge that we have from customer is:
Three in one perfume
Employees satisfaction
More tastes in same price

PEST ANALYSIS:
The perfume industry has emerged to be one of the most rapid growing industries thus attracting
a substantial amount of investment in

business. The perfume product is developing day by day

in the Pakistan due to establishing of new organizations. There are already many perfume
industries in the Pakistan, some industries provide better facilities but majority of industries do
not provide all the facilities which are necessary.
The Pakistani economy is almost evenly divided between the production sector and the services
sector. The total contribution of production sector to real GDP is 51.3%.
We are starting our business in Gujranwala. We have find out proper place for making the
perfumes which provide more facilities. Environmental analysis process is not a static process, it
is dynamic analysis. It depends on the situation of the business condition
These factors have influence on every business and uncontrolable by any business.

Political Factors
Political factors have major influence on our business because this may involve in different
political parties that can create many difficulties for the management. When there is political
unrest in the country nobody can run business without proper help of Government. It is a threat
for our business. If there are favorable political conditions prevailing in the Country we can get

benefits and can achieve our goals. The political arena has a huge influence on business
particularly on small scale business. Political factors include government regulations and legal
issues affect the business in this way:
Interest rate is high and not favorable for us to get loan
Tax laws are being changed unexpectedly with new policies
Political instability is effects the businesses

Economic Factor
Economic Factor is the important factor that can affect our business. If the economic conditions
of country are not good and country has low GDP which altimetry declines the per capita income
by which people face different types of difficulties. And also inflation is another factor that
increases the cost of providing better perfumes to the people by the management. It is a kind of
threat for our business, but on the other hand we can help to increase the employment in the
economy of the country.
Recently the real GDP is 2.7% estimated in fiscal year 2011-12.
The Unemployment rate of past three years is 7.4% in 2010 14% in 2011 15% in 2012
which is increasing country and by opening such kind of perfume company will result in
decreasing the unemployment rate.
According to the economic survey 2011-12 the GDP was fixed to grow 4.5% but due to
the unfavorable circumstances it reduced to 2.4% and the inflation rate is increased to
13.8% last reported in July 2012 which is showing severe economic conditions.

Social Factors
The social and cultural influence on business varies from country to country and culture to
culture. So it is important to consider these aspects.
Shift in brand loyalty is important social aspect.
Some people think themselves more careful about their norms, values and culture that
must be implemented on this area.

Technological factors

Technological factors can affect our business directly because now a days technology is the
basic need that helps us to facilitate people by providing them the best perfume and combination
of perfumes in one bottle. In technology we are offering our customers to have more smells in
one bottle. Technology is vital for competitive advantage, and it is a major driver for
globalization. In this respect following points are considered as:
Adopting the new technology can uplift the business.
The technology offer a new way in communicating the consumers and business. It is
playing the role in providing advertisement tools, internet, TV and print media to
communicate the consumers and business.
Technology offers the more innovative services and products to the consumers as
providing services and products.

Goals & Objectives

Profit maximization
Our main objective is profit maximization by offering additional services which are missed by
our competitors. On the basis of contract it is easy to earn profit. In such type of business there is
a lot of profit as now a days customers are unable to get all the facilities in other perfumes. With
its high demand it is very profitable.
Personal Satisfaction
By our business we will give satisfaction to customers by providing better facilities to them. As
they show satisfaction about our services we will feel personal satisfaction.
Employment opportunities
As every new business provides employment opportunities to unemployed people same is the
case with us. We are providing opportunities to those workers who are expert in management and
other work activities that are needed for our organization.

Marketing Mix:
Product:
The type of our product is physical in which we are providing perfume to our customers. The
work related to our service is to provide more satisfaction about perfumes.

Features:
We provide three different flavors of smells in one bottle of perfume which is very helpful for
attraction of customers. We provide solution for our customers to have three different tastes of
smells by having one bottle instead of three different bottles for three different smells.
Service availability:
We provide better service than our competitor which is in market before us. We are providing
more services to our customers that are in the shape of three in one perfume.

Price:
The customers are especially sensitive to value. We must ensure that our price and service are
perceived to be good value to the client. In the market many direct competitor which can affect
our business from price point of view. Our business is new in the area so for the purpose of
gaining trust of our customers the cost must be attractive. We have all the resources at one place
that is helpful for reduce cost.
The pricing strategy that we have used is Market Penetration. By this strategy we can get more
share easily because we are providing more values than our competitors do. If we succeed to get
maximum share of the market then we will be succeed to increase the size of the market.

Place:

Promotion & Advertising:

Promotion and advertisement for any business are very necessary to increase the sale. For arising
proper awareness in the people it is necessary to communicate a proper and full message through
advertisement and using promotional tools. To communicate the message we will use print media
and electronic media.
Our promotional strategy is according to our business which will remain suitable to our business.
The purpose of our promotional strategy is to assist with rapid market entry to ensure early and
sustained profitability.

We are using different promotional tools for the promotion of our product.
Cable Advertisement
Message will be delivered through full ad on the cable at local channel.
FM Radio Advertisement
Through radio the ad will be on air for reminders and awareness in the people.
Brochures
Broacher is also a good way to communicate the people that what services we are offering.
Banners
Banners are good tools to deliver a message that there is something exist from which you can get
much benefits. It will be helpful to memorize the name of our perfume in the mind of the people.

Process of Making Perfumes:

Raw Material:
Natural ingredientsflowers, grasses, spices, fruit, wood, roots, resins, balsams, leaves, gums,
and animal secretionsas well as resources like alcohol, petrochemicals, coal, and coal tars are
used in the manufacture of perfumes.
Some perfume ingredients are animal products. For example, castor comes from beavers, musk
from male deer, and ambergris from the sperm whale. Animal substances are often used as
fixatives that enable perfume to evaporate slowly and emit odors longer. Other fixatives include
coal tar, mosses, resins, or synthetic chemicals. Alcohol and sometimes water are used to dilute
ingredients in perfumes.

Manufacturing Process:
Collection

1 Before the manufacturing process begins, the initial ingredients must be brought to the
manufacturing center. Plant substances are harvested from around the world, often handpicked for their fragrance. Animal products are obtained by extracting the fatty
substances directly from the animal. Aromatic chemicals used in synthetic perfumes are
created in the laboratory by perfume chemists.

Extraction
Oils are extracted from plant substances by several methods: steam distillation,

2 In steam distillation, steam is passed through plant material held in a still, whereby the
essential oil turns to gas. This gas is then passed through tubes, cooled, and liquified. Oils
can also be extracted by boiling plant substances like flower petals in water instead of
steaming them.

3 Under solvent extraction, flowers are put into large rotating tanks or drums and benzene
or a petroleum ether is poured over the flowers, extracting the essential oils. The flower
parts dissolve in the solvents and leave a waxy material that contains the oil, which is
then placed in ethyl alcohol. The oil dissolves in the alcohol and rises. Heat is used to
evaporate the alcohol, which once fully burned off, leaves a higher concentration of the
perfume oil on the bottom.
Oils are extracted from plant substances by steam disfillation, solvent extraction,
enfleurage, maceration, or expression.

4 During enfleurage, flowers are spread on glass sheets coated with grease. The glass
sheets are placed between wooden frames in tiers. Then the flowers are removed by hand
and changed until the grease has absorbed their fragrance.

5 Maceration is similar to enfleurage except that warmed fats are used to soak up the
flower smell. As in solvent extraction, the grease and fats are dissolved in alcohol to
obtain the essential oils.

6 Expression is the oldest and least complex method of extraction. By this process, now
used in obtaining citrus oils from the rind, the fruit or plant is manually or mechanically
pressed until all the oil is squeezed out.

It is the ratio of alcohol to scent that determines perfume, eau de toilette, and cologne.
Blending

7 Once the perfume oils are collected, they are ready to be blended together according to
a formula determined by a master in the field, known as a "nose." It may take as many as
800 different ingredients and several years to develop the special formula for a scent.

After the scent has been created, it is mixed with alcohol. The amount of alcohol in a
scent can vary greatly. Most full perfumes are made of about 10-20% perfume oils
dissolved in alcohol and a trace of water. Colognes contain approximately 3-5% oil
diluted in 80-90% alcohol, with water making up about 10%. Toilet water has the least
amount2% oil in 60-80% alcohol and 20% water.
Aging

Fine perfume is often aged for several months or even years after it is blended. Following
this, a "nose" will once again test the perfume to ensure that the correct scent has been
achieved. Each essential oil and perfume has three notes: "Notes de tete," or top notes,
"notes de coeur," central or heart notes, and "notes de fond," base notes. Top notes have
tangy or citrus-like smells; central notes (aromatic flowers like rose and jasmine) provide
body, and base notes (woody fragrances) provide an enduring fragrance. More "notes," of
various smells, may be further blended.