BIO 3350 (Summer 2008) TEST 3 Review

1. Describe the cardiac cycle.

2. Location openings of the coronary arteries.

3. Describe the isovolumetric contraction period of the cardiac cycle.

4. What happens during ventricular systole, what event?

5. The central circulation contains blood that is in what?

6. Part of the circulatory system that contains the most blood?

7. What causes the closing of the AV valves?

8. What causes the first heart sound?

9. In rapid tachycardia, why does the cardiac output fall?

10. Describe Preload work of the heart.

11. Define Pulse Pressure.

12. Describe the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

13. What primarily controls autoregulation of blood flow in microcirculation?

14. Build up of Hydrogen ions, Potassium ions, and nitric oxide in local tissues promote what?

15. What has the greatest effect on blood flow?

16. Where is the greatest pulse pressure in the arterial system?

17. What blood vessels participate in microcirculation?

18. Where are the majority of the receptors that bind and remove LDL to carry cholesterol from circulation?

19. Give examples of medical conditions that can induce secondary hyperlipoproteinemia?

20. What lifestyle factors increase the risk of atherosclerosis by producing a decrease in HDL?

21. What does atherosclerosis affect?

22. How does atherosclerosis exert its effects?

23. Describe embolus, and what all can an embolus involve?

24. What are the major risk factors for atherosclerosis?

25. How does cigarette smoking and hypertension enhance atherosclerosis?

26. How does the sympathetic nervous system regulate blood pressure?

27. Long term regulation of blood pressure depends on the function of what?

28. What are the factors that predispose someone to the development of hypertension?

29. What are the two factors that predispose to the development of varicose veins?

30. What conditions can contribute to the development of venous thrombosis?

31. What parameters of circulation are related to the arterial blood pressure?

32. What does the diastolic blood pressure represent?

33. What does the systolic component of blood pressure directly reflect?

34. General action of ADH

35. Common early symptom of target organ damage in long term hypertension.

36. Where are the effects of hypertension on the heart largely manifested?

37. What helps reduce water retention and decease vascular volume in individuals with hypertension?

38. Describe ACE-inhibitors?

39. What is pregnancy induced hypertension related to?

40. Explain isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly.

41. Describe variant (Prinzmental's) angina.

42. Explain why anginal pain does not develop in a number of people with advanced coronary atherosclerosis?
43. What medication is frequently used to reduce the risk of coronary thrombosis in the absence of angina?

44. What is the cause for the high frequency myocardial infarction from 6:00 am to noon?

45. What are the signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction?

46. This particular enzyme test is the first to increase in myocardial infarction.

47. Most common complication of early myocardial infarction?

48. Most common initial manifestations of dilated cardiomyopathies are related to?

49. Describe the cardiac conduction system.

50. Describe what happens during the T wave of the cardiac cycle.

51. Describe congestive hear failure.

52. What are the causes of hypovolemic schock?

53. What is the reason for the appearance of pale, cool, and clammy skin that is found in an individual with
shock?

54. Sympathetic stimulation causes what effects on the heart?

55. Describe the SA node.

56. What is the order of impulse conduction in the heart?

57. What compensatory mechanisms come into play if heart failure occurs?

58. What is the modern explanation of the mechanism of cardiac cell contraction? (which crossbridge)

59. What is an ECG and what represents the ventricular depolarization on the ECG?

60. Describe ECG graph paper