Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
REINFORCED
CONCRETE
Fifth Edition
Reinforced Concrete Design
A Fundamental Approach
Fifth Edition
BOND DEVELOPMENT OF
REINFORCING BARS
A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
10a
SPRING 2004
By
Dr . Ibrahim. Assakkaf
Introduction
Slide No. 1
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Introduction
Slide No. 2
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
(a)
End slip
Reinforcing bar
Introduction
Slide No. 3
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Introduction
Introduction
Slide No. 4
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Slide No. 5
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Slide No. 6
Introduction
Slide No. 7
Introduction
Slide No. 8
Introduction
Slide No. 9
Introduction
Max moment is at a
Slide No. 10
Introduction
w
A
Moment
Diagram
l ld
Introduction
Slide No. 11
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Introduction
Slide No. 12
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
ACI-318 Code
The provisions of the ACI Code are directed
toward providing adequate length of
embedment, past the location at which the bar
is fully stressed, which will ensure
development of the full strength of the bar.
Therefore, the current method based on ACI
disregard high localized bond stress even
though it may result in localized slip between
steel and concrete adjacent to the cracks.
Slide No. 13
Slide No. 14
3 f y
(1)
db
ld =
40 f c c + ktr
d b
Slide No. 15
Notations of Eq. 1:
(c + ktr)/db: shall not be taken greater than 2.5
ld = development length (in.)
fy = yield strength of nonprestressed reinforcement (psi)
= compressive strength of concrete (psi); the value of
f c shall not exceed 100 psi (ACI Code, Section 12.1.2)
db = nominal diameter of bar or wire (in.)
Slide No. 16
Slide No. 17
Slide No. 18
= 6.7
f c
f ct
1.0
Slide No. 19
10
Slide No. 20
Figure. 4
Bars Y
Bars X
s
s
Single Layer
Plan View
Bars Y
ld
Bars X (continuous)
Elevation View
Bars Y
Section A-A
Slide No. 21
K tr =
Atr f yt
1500 sn
where
Atr = total cross-sectional area of all transverse
reinforcement that is within the spacing s and that
crosses the potential plane of splitting through the
reinforcement being developed (in2)
fyt = yield strength of transverse reinforcement (psi)
11
Slide No. 22
Slide No. 23
As required
As provided
(2)
12
Slide No. 24
ct
Slide No. 25
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
2. Check 1.7.
3. Determine c, the smaller of cover or
half-spacing (both referenced to the
center of the bar).
4. Calculate
Atr f y
K tr =
, or use K tr = 0 (conservative)
1500 sn
5. Check
c + K tr
2.5
db
13
Slide No. 26
As required
As provided
3
ld =
40
f y
f c c + ktr
d b
d
b
Slide No. 27
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 1
Calculate the required development length ld
into the beam for the negative moment steel
shown so as to develop the tensile strength of
the steel at the face of the column. Required
As = 2.75 in2, f c =4,000 psi, and fy = 60,000
psi. Assume normal-weight concrete.
14
Slide No. 28
Example 1 (contd)
21 column
ld
3-#9 bars
3-#9
1.5 clear
21
#4 stirrups
14
#4 stirrups full
length of beam
1
o.c. spacing
2
for development length ld
#4 stirrups @4
Slide No. 29
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 1 (contd)
3#9 bars : d b = 1.128
From Table 1
Area of 2 #4 stirrups
15
Slide No. 30
Example 1 (contd)
Table 1. ASTM Standard - English Reinforcing Bars
Bar Designation
#3 [#10]
#4 [#13]
#5 [#16]
#6 [#19]
#7 [#22]
#8 [#25]
#9 [#29]
#10 [#32]
#11 [#36]
#14 [#43]
#18 [#57]
Diameter
in
0.375
0.500
0.625
0.750
0.875
1.000
1.128
1.270
1.410
1.693
2.257
Area
in2
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.44
0.60
0.79
1.00
1.27
1.56
2.25
4.00
Weight
lb/ft
0.376
0.668
1.043
1.502
2.044
2.670
3.400
4.303
5.313
7.650
13.60
Slide No. 31
Example 1 (contd)
#3
0.11
0.22
0.33
0.44
0.55
0.66
0.77
0.88
0.99
1.10
#4
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
$5
0.31
0.62
0.93
1.24
1.55
1.86
2.17
2.48
2.79
3.10
#6
0.44
0.88
1.32
1.76
2.20
2.64
3.08
3.52
3.96
4.40
Bar number
#7
#8
0.60
0.79
1.20
1.58
1.80
2.37
2.40
3.16
3.00
3.95
3.60
4.74
4.20
5.53
4.80
6.32
5.40
7.11
6.00
7.90
#9
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
#10
1.27
2.54
3.81
5.08
6.35
7.62
8.89
10.16
11.43
12.70
#11
1.56
3.12
4.68
6.24
7.80
9.36
10.92
12.48
14.04
15.60
16
Slide No. 32
Example 1 (contd)
(5)
c + K tr 2.22 + 1.185
=
= 3.02 > 2.5, Therefore, use 2.5
db
1.128
(6) K ER =
As required 2.75
=
= 0.917
As provided 3.00
ld =
3
40
f y
f c c + ktr
d b
d
b
Slide No. 33
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 1 (contd)
Reduction factor
ld = K ER
3
40
ld = 0.917
f y
f c c + ktr
d b
d
b
3 60,000 1.3(1)(1)(1)
(1.128) = 38.3
40 4,000 2.5
OK
17
Slide No. 34
Slide No. 35
ldb = 0.02d b
fy
f c
(3)
18
Slide No. 36
Slide No. 37
19
Slide No. 38
4000
4.7
6.3
7.9
9.5
11.1
12.6
14.3
16.1
17.8
21.4
28.5
5000
4.5
6.0
7.5
9.0
10.5
12.0
13.5
15.2
16.9
20.3
27.1
6000
4.5
6.0
7.5
9.0
10.5
12.0
13.5
15.2
16.9
20.3
27.1
Slide No. 39
4000
5.9
7.9
9.9
11.9
13.8
15.8
17.8
20.1
22.3
26.8
35.7
5000
5.6
7.5
9.4
11.3
13.1
15.0
16.9
19.1
21.2
25.4
33.9
6000
5.6
7.5
9.4
11.3
13.1
15.0
16.9
19.1
21.2
25.4
33.9
20
Slide No. 40
4000
7.1
9.5
11.9
14.2
16.6
19.0
21.4
24.1
26.8
32.1
42.8
5000
6.8
9.0
11.3
13.5
15.8
18.0
20.3
22.9
25.4
30.5
40.6
6000
6.8
9.0
11.3
13.5
15.8
18.0
20.3
22.9
25.4
30.5
40.6
Slide No. 41
21
Slide No. 42
ld
Hook
Beam
Column
Figure 5. 180-Hook
Slide No. 43
Types of Hooks
Anchorage for main or primary reinforcement
is usually accomplished by means of 90 or
180 hook.
The dimensions and bend radii for these
hooks have been standardized by the ACI
Code.
Standard reinforcement hooks are shown in
Figure 6.
22
Slide No. 44
Types of Hooks
Slide No. 45
Types of Hooks
23
Slide No. 46
Types of Hooks
Slide No. 47
ldh = lhb MF
(4)
24
Slide No. 48
lhb =
1200d b
f c
(5)
Slide No. 49
4000
4.7
6.3
7.9
9.5
11.1
12.6
14.3
16.1
17.8
21.4
28.5
5000
4.2
5.7
7.1
8.5
9.9
11.3
12.8
14.4
16.0
19.2
25.5
6000
3.9
5.2
6.5
7.7
9.0
10.3
11.6
13.1
14.6
17.5
23.3
25
Slide No. 50
4000
5.9
7.9
9.9
11.9
13.8
15.8
17.8
20.1
22.3
26.8
35.7
5000
5.3
7.1
8.8
10.6
12.4
14.1
16.0
18.0
19.9
23.9
31.9
6000
4.8
6.5
8.1
9.7
11.3
12.9
14.6
16.4
18.2
21.9
29.1
Slide No. 51
4000
7.1
9.5
11.9
14.2
16.6
19.0
21.4
24.1
26.8
32.1
42.8
5000
6.4
8.5
10.6
12.7
14.8
17.0
19.1
21.6
23.9
28.7
38.3
6000
5.8
7.7
9.7
11.6
13.6
15.5
17.5
19.7
21.8
26.2
35.0
26
Slide No. 52
fy
60,000
(6)
Slide No. 53
MF =
As required
As provided
(7)
27
Slide No. 54
MF = 1.3
(8)
MF = 1.2
(9)
Slide No. 55
28
Slide No. 56
Example 2
Determine the anchorage or development
length required for the conditions shown in
the figure. Use f c = 3,000 psi (normalweight concrete) and fy = 60,000 psi. The
No. 8 bars may be categorized as top bars.
Assume a side cover on the main bars of
2 in. minimum. Bars are uncoated.
Slide No. 57
Example 2 (contd)
Column
ld (minimum)
14
ld (minimum)
3-#8 bars
2 clear
24
#8 bars
18
2 clear
#4 stirrups
@ 5 o.c.
Stirrups
Beam
29
Slide No. 58
Example 2 (contd)
Anchorage into the exterior column:
1. Establish values for the multiplying
factors , , , and :
a.
b.
c.
d.
Slide No. 59
Example 2 (contd)
3. Determine c. Based on cover (center of bar
to nearest concrete surface), consider the
clear cover, the No. 4 stirrups diameter, and
one-half the diameter of the No. 8 bar:
c = 2.0 + 0.5 +
1.0
= 3.0 in.
2
30
Slide No. 60
Diameter
in
0.375
0.500
0.625
0.750
0.875
1.000
1.128
1.270
1.410
1.693
2.257
Area
in2
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.44
0.60
0.79
1.00
1.27
1.56
2.25
4.00
Weight
lb/ft
0.376
0.668
1.043
1.502
2.044
2.670
3.400
4.303
5.313
7.650
13.60
Slide No. 61
Example 2 (contd)
4. The figure shows stirrups in the beam.
However, there are no stirrups in the
column, and Ktr can be taken as zero for
the column anchorage.
5. Check (c + Ktr)/db 2.5:
c + K tr 2.0 + 0
=
= 2.0 < 2.5 USE 2.0
1.0
db
31
Slide No. 62
Example 2 (contd)
7. Calculate ld:
f y
f c c + ktr
d b
d
b
ld =
3
40
ld =
3 60,000 1.3(1)(1)(1)
Slide No. 63
Example 2 (contd)
Anchorage using a standard 180 hook:
1. The basic development length lhb for the
standard hook shown in the figure can be
computed from
lhb =
1200d b 1200(1)
=
= 21.9 in. (also see Table 4c)
3000
f c
32
Slide No. 64
4000
7.1
9.5
11.9
14.2
16.6
19.0
21.4
24.1
26.8
32.1
42.8
5000
6.4
8.5
10.6
12.7
14.8
17.0
19.1
21.6
23.9
28.7
38.3
6000
5.8
7.7
9.7
11.6
13.6
15.5
17.5
19.7
21.8
26.2
35.0
Slide No. 65
Example 2 (contd)
3. The required development length is then
calculated from
ldh = lhb MF = 21.9(0.7 ) = 15.3 in.
EQ. 4
Check minimum :
minimum ldh = 8d b 6 in.
8d b = 8 in. < 15.3 in.
OK
OK
33
Slide No. 66
Example 2 (contd)
Anchorage into beam:
The development length required if bars
are straight can be taken as 53.4 in. as
determined previously. However, this
number is conservative (Ktr = 0).
To determine a more accurate value, we
have to take into consideration the
transverse reinforcement index Ktr
because there are stirrups in the beam.
Slide No. 67
Example 2 (contd)
Area of 2 #4 stirrups
Atr f yt
0.4(60,000 )
K tr =
=
= 1.067
1500 sn 1500(5)(3)
c + K tr 2.0 + 1.067
=
= 3.07 < 2.5 USE 2.5
db
1 .0
3 f y
ld =
db
40 f c c + ktr
d b
ld =
3 60,000 1.3(1)(1)(1)
34
Slide No. 68
Diameter
in
0.375
0.500
0.625
0.750
0.875
1.000
1.128
1.270
1.410
1.693
2.257
Area
in2
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.44
0.60
0.79
1.00
1.27
1.56
2.25
4.00
Weight
lb/ft
0.376
0.668
1.043
1.502
2.044
2.670
3.400
4.303
5.313
7.650
13.60
Slide No. 69
Example 2 (contd)
Anchorage into beam (contd):
The development length required if bars
are straight is 42.7 in.
Therefore, the bars must extend at least
this distance into the span.
Figure 7 shows the detailed sketch for the
development length.
35
Slide No. 70
Example 2 (contd)
2
1
cover
2
ldb
180 Hook
Column
18
Beam
24
36