----------Design Data ::7.

Metric Data 3

Duct Systems 4

Pipe SYSiSlllS 5

Air C.onditicmlng 6

Electrical Data 7

-------,
Fuels and Energy 8

I
-_ofi

Noise and Vibration 9

Refrigeration Data 1 0 ~

DISCLAIMER
PREFACE TO 1st. EDITION
" This handbook has been P,-ep3ied with the objective of presenling commonly used data in a convenient
. fonn for members use as a quick reference either in the office or in the field.

The informaliono( advice contained in this document is intended for use only by
persons wh~ have had adequate technical tra'ining 1n the field to which the information
relates. The document has been compiled as an aid only and the information or
advice should be verified before it is put to use by any person. The user should also
establish the applicability of the inform~tion or advice in relation to any specific
circ,umstances. While the information or advice is believed to be correct the

The himdbooldsinlended to re~ace the Design Data Book and therefore contains data previously
conlained in that p1lbUcaliolL In adCrliion selected malerial has been reproduced from the Design Aids
series and olhersources.
Some data contained in the handbook reqUires interprelalion and therefore a degree of experience Is
reqUired, in its use. It is hoped that the handbook wil! prove of use to sttJdents Who could' apply the
information under the guidance of a lecturer.

Australian Institute of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heating Inc., its officers.
employees and agents. disclaim' any responsibility for inaccuracies conta.ined within

The handbook will be issued free fo all new members 01 the Institute.

the document inc/udi~9 those due 10 any negligence in the preparation an,d-

Despite careful checking error may be present in lhe /inal publication. 1would be graleful jf any errors or
suggestions fqr improvement to the handbook are brought to the aflenlion of our headquarters in
Melbourne.

publication of the said document.

M. R. Hughes. MIE Ausl., MAIRAH

Ed"lIor
Adelaide. February. 1989

PREFACE TO 2nd. EDITION

The handbook has now been in use for six: years and by all reports has proven to be of good service to
members. In compi~ng tile second edition lhe objectives of Ihe firsl edition as set down in the preface have
been adhered 10.
The many comments lhat were receWed on the first edition have' been invaluable in Ihe pceparafion of the
second eGffion. The comments caobe summarised as follows - more durable cQver.consorrdaled index:.
updating and correction of errors. These matters hav.8 been attended to in this edition.
Section 1 has been enlarged by the inclusion of some newdala and the relocation of some da!aJrom other
sections. Section 2 inclUdes updated outdoor air requltEiments and exhausl air rat~. IreW energy
consumption data and weather data inclUding that for New Zealand. the Australian standards previously
included are obsolete and have been excluded. Section 5 pipe system resistancli!" calculations and friction
charts are now in accordance with Application Manual DA 16. Section 6 has had the Solar Dafa removed.
Sec60n 9 recommended sound levelsbave f:leer/"Updaled. Section 10 has been revised exrenslvefy ha'Jing
_ regard to refrigerant change over. other sections have had minor rewon.

Copyright the Auslralian Insti!ute of Refrigeration Air Conditioning and Heating (Inc.)
I wish to acknowledge the invaluabie conlribution of the reviewers who made signilicant contributions to
the final prDducl.

ACN 004 082 928

The AIRAH Appr/C8tion Ma~uaiS haVe been a source of ImpOrtanldata .....hich has been vilallo the success
of the handbook.

First Edition published May 1989

Second Edition pUblished May 1995

Members may wish to retain their tirsteditions with the original data.

Printed by Port Phillip Press Ply ltd

M. R. Hughes. MIE Ausl. M.NR.A.H

Editor

E1

ISBN 0 949436 178

------------------

r.'~

Adelaide. March,1995

et;~

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--Contents
Section 1 General Information
1.0 I Physical Constants & Miscellaneous dala
1.02 Properties of Mel<lls
1.03 Properties of liquids
1.04 Properties of Gases
1:05 Water Density
1.06 Specific Heat of Waler
1.07 Properties of Saturated Steam

2.32 Economic life of equipment

2.33 BUilding services cam
2..34dbt'wb Occurences-Adelaide

"35
2..36

_Alice Springs

238

_ Brisbane
_Canberra

1.08 Ideal gas laws

2.39
2.40
2..41

1 .09 Equalions
1.10 Equations (cont.)

2A2
2.43

~Da~n

1,11 Fan laws

1.12 Pump la...iS

"45

2.37

2.44
2,46

_ Hobart
_ Melbourne

1.13log mean temperature difference

1.14 Air filtration
1.15 Air filtration
1: 16 Airborne particle size comparison
1.17 Beams
1 18 Metal gauges
1.19 Financial Analysis

2.52

1.20 Greek Alphabet

2.53

Section 2 " Design'Data

Section 3 - Metric Data

2.01 Design P<lramelers

2,02 Design pan'lmeters (cant.)
2.03 Design parameters (conI.)
2.04 Cooling JO:'ld check figures
2.05 Energy consumption in office buildings

3.01 Melrlc system

3.02 Melric conversion
3.03 Metric conversion (conI.)
3.04 Temperature conversion
3.05 Metric prefix
3.06 S I Unils

2.06

2,07 Energy consump.tion of mech. equipment

2.08 Design largets for energy consumption
2.09
~
2.10
2.11 Design temperature dala
2.12
2.13
2.14 Minimum ouldoor air requiremenls
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20 Minimum exhaust air requiremenls
2.21 Heating degree days
222 Heat gain from people
2.23 Heal gain from electric inotors
2.24 Heat gain from Ale fans
2.25 Heat gain to supply dud
2.26 WalerfJow rates
2.27 Hot water system sizing
2.28 Waler storage lank capacity
2.29 Air Flow vs. ACH & Ceiling Height
2.30 Air Flow vs. CSA & Velocity
2.31 Tank capacity

6.04 RAC Load Estimate .

6.05 Heat transmission thru building structures

Section 5 - Pipe Systems

2.47
~48

-Perth

2.50

_ S'ydney

"4'
2.51

_TownSville

Section 4 - Duct Systems

4.01 buct sizing methods
4.02 Duct system resislance
4.03 Velocily pressure _ air
4.04 loss coefficients (kT)
4.oS
~

4.06
4.07
4.00
"4.09

4.to

-Ut
4.12

4.13
4.14
4.15

4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19 Circular duct friction chart
4.20 Circular equivalent of rectangular duel
4.21 Weighls &. area of rectangular duct
4.22 Weights &. area of drcular duct

E'~
I

E~9

6.06

5.01 Pumping system configuration

5.02
~
~
5.03 Pipe system pressure losses
5.04 Loss coefficients (kr )
5.05
6.06
5.07 Velocity pressure -waler
5.08 Pressure loss 2ff water in right steel pipe.
5.09 Pressure loss ,100 waler in med. steel pipe
5.10 Pressure loss Nwaler in med. steel pipe
5.11 Pressure loss 82"waler in med. steel pipe
5.12 Pressure loss 175D waler in med. steel pipe
5.13 Pressure loss 100 water in heavy sleel pipe
5.14 Pressure loss 20" waleiinheavy steel pipe
5.15 Pressur!" loss 82"wate,r In heavy'steel pipe
5.16 Pressure loss,175~water in heavy steel pipe
5.17 Pressure loss 100water in copper tube
5.18 Pressure loss 20"walerin copper tube
5.19 Pressure loss 35Q water in copper tube
5.20 Pressure loss 8~ water in copper tube
5.21 Pressure loss 2{}'lwalerin PVC pipe
5.22 Pressure loss 35water in PVC pipe
5.23 Natural gas in copper pipe
5.24 Natural gas in sleel pipe
5.25lPG in copper pipe
5.25 lPG in sleel pipe
5.27 Steam pipe sizing
5.28 Steam condensale pipe sizing
5.29 Compressed air pipe sizing
5.30 Vacuum in copper pipe
5.31 Medical gases in copper pipe
5.32 Medical c;ompressed air in copper pipe
5.33 Heat loss from bare pipes
5.34
5.35 Heat emission or gain from insulated pipes
5.36

5.37
5.38
5.39
5.40
5.41
5.42
5.43
5.44
5.45 Thermal condUctivity of pipe insulation
5.46 Copper pipe to AS1432
5.47 Steel pipe to AS1074 &. AS1836
5.48 Pipe thermal expansion
5.49 Diversity ~ Hot and cold water
5.50 Diversily - Medical gases
5.51 Pipe Mass

6,07
6.08
6.09
6.10 Overart heat transfer coefficients (U)
6.11
5.12
6.13

6.145.15
6.16
6.17
6.18
6.19 Thermal resislance of malerials (R)
~.20

6.21
6.22
6.23
6.24
6.25

6.26
6.27 Thermal properties of materials
6.28 U with insulation.of air space added
6.29/nsulation thickness guide
6.30 Psychrometric Chart

Section 7 _E1ectricalData
7.01 Electrical formula
7.02 RaUngs for 3 phase induc.lion motors

Section 8 - Fuels and Energy

8.01 Fuel oil properties
8.02 Conversion factors
8.03 Gas conversion factors
8.04 Fuel heating value .
8.05 Typical natural gas analysis

S'ection 9

~~

Noise'andVibration

9.01 Sound levels

9.02 Noise Rating Curves
9.03 Recommended design sound levels
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07
9.08 Sound transmission loss for materials
9.09 Sound Transmission Class of materials
9.10 Absorption CoeUicients for materials
9.11 Standard frequenq bands
9.12 Addition &. sut-traction of noise levels
9.13 Anti vibration mounts &. hangers
9.14 Vibration isOlation

Section 6 - Air conditioning

6.0 I Psychromebic plotting
6.02

5.03

,-'-",.

Section 1O-"Refrigeration Data

10.01 Cool Room Rerrig. Plant Sizing
10.02 Cool room product slorage
10.03
10.04 Brines
10,05 Refrigerant PressureTemperalure Chart
i O.OQ' Refrigeran~
10.07

10.08
10.09
10.10 Ammonia refrigerant pipe sizing
10.11 R22 refrigeranl pipe sizing
10.12 CFC Phase oul application glide

e:

h;;,~ .. ~

t='.

:~

E~--~

e+:-~

~;3

eJ>!

Section 1
General Information

Physical Constants &

Miscellaneous Data
Physical constants
Velocily of light in vacuum
6.021 X10:13 mot'

Avogadro constant (particles per mole)

Universal gas constant
Absolute temperature at freezing ,point of pore waler

27J.15K

Acceleratm~ of gravily - Standard

Velocily of sound in dry air at20"C
332 rns'

Velocity of sound in dry air at 0 c

Miscellaneous data

1 Micron'" 10. 6 m
1 Angstrom unit = 10'0 m
Standard Atmosphere = 101.325 kPa
Standard-Temperature and Pressure (S.T.P.) - a pres;;ure of 101.325 kPa and temperature of tf-c.
Normaltemperalure and Pressure (N.T.P.) - as for S.T.P. above.

--'"'fI

1.1

Properties ot" Metals

Properties of Liquids
Melting

Specific

Thennal

Point

Heat

kg/m"

Capacity
at 200 e
kJfkg K

Conductivity
at zo"C

2710

659

0.913

20'

Acetic add

1049

Brass (70 CuI30 Zn)

8500

1027

0.370

110

Aceloile

780

Bmnze (90 Cul10 Sn)

8800

1027

0.360

180

Benzene

879

Copper

8930

1083

0.385

385

Bromine

3100

Ge:man Silver (SO Cu/2S Zn/1S NI)

8700

1027

0.400

29

Carb!?o disUlphide

.19300

1067

0.132

.296

lmar (64 Fe/36 Ni)

8000

1527

0.503

16

Iron. cast

7150

1227

0.500

7S

Elhyl afcohol

lead

11340

327

0.126

35

Glycerol

l\..1onel (70 Ni!3U Cu)

8800

1327

210

Mercury

Nicltel

a900

1489

OA60

59

Plalinum

21450

1769

0.136

69

Sito<~r

10500

957

0.235

419

970

96

1.240

134

Slainlass steel (18 CriB Ni)

7930

1527

0.510

150

Slee'. mild

7860

1427

OA20

63

TIn

7300

232

0.226

65

Titanium

4540

1677

0.523

23

.20

0.365

111

Name

Aluminium

9c1d

Sodium

Z;""

Density
at 20 c

7140

1.2

. Density
at 20"C

Melling

Boiling

Point

Point

kg/m'

17

118

1.960

95

57

2.210

80

1.700

-7

59

0.460

1293

-111

45

1.000

Carbon lelrachJofide

1632

-23

77

0.8.0:0

Chloroform

1490

-63

61

0.950

'"

-117

79

2.500

1262

20

290

2.400

13546

-39

357

0.140

Methyl alcohol

791

9'

64

2.500

Nilrobenzene

11i5

211

1.400

Olive oil

920

297

1.970

Phenol

1073

41

182

2.350

Toluene

667

95

111

1.670

Turpentine

870

~10

156

1.760

Name

W/mK

~f3
,

Specific
Heat
Capacity
at 20 ce
kJ/kg K

1.3

..

--------

~-

Properties of Gases
Name

Density "
alSTP

Water Density vs. Temperature

Standard Atmospheric Pressure
Specific
Heat
Capacity
atSTP

Boiling
Point

Ratio of"
Specific
Heats

kgfm' ,

kJ/kg K

C,IC,

Acetylene

1.173

84

f.590

126

Argon

1.784

186

0.524

1.667

Carbon dioxide

1.977 .

-78

0.834

1.304

192

1.050

Carbon monoxide

1.250

..

Chlorine

- 3214

Ethylene

1.:260

I .-'

.35

0.478

-103

1.500

Temperature

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42

1.404

...-

1.36

1.26
.

-268.9

5.240

1.66

Helium

0.179

HycJrogen

0.090

252.8

14.300

1.41

Hydrogen chloride

1.640

-84

0.796

1.40

Hydrogen sulphide

1.538

-62

1.020

1.32

Melhane

0.717

164

2200

1.313

Nitrogen

1.250

-196

1.040

1.404

Nitrous oxide

1,978

-90

0.892

1,303

Oxygen

1.4-29

~183

0.913

1.40

SUlphur dioxide

2.927

-10

0.645

1.26

'.

44

46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
NOTE: Specific Volume
{kg Im~

Density

Temperature

kgfm'
999,87
999.97
1000:0
999.97
999.88
999.73
999.52
99927
998.97
S98.52
998.23
997.80,
997.32
006.81

99626
995.67
995,05
994.40
993.71
992.99

9!l22
991.5
990]
989.8
989.0
988.1
9872

---.~

1.4

...

9862
985.3
984.3
9832

973.1

. 200

(m' I kg)_~ l/Del'!sity

.'

1.S

982.2
981.1
980.1
978.9
977.8
976.7
975.5
974.3
971.8
970.6
969.3
968,0
966.7
965.3
964.0
962,6
S51.2
959.8
958.4956.9
5155,5
95tO
952.6
951.0
943.1
934.8
926.1
917.0
863.0

110
120
130
140
150

JJ;;---~.c:~

~ . '11...

62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
102
104
106

'108

.....'11\
i

Density
kglm'

at

.. ~ -"!J)
I:~

.,

e-I"F~

Specific Heat Capacity of Water at

1 Atmosphere Pressure
Temperature

Specific Heal
Capacity

kJlkg K

Specific Heal
Capacity
kJlkgK

42174

55

4.1821

4.2019

60

4.1841

10

4.1919

65

4.1865

15

4.1855

70

4.1693

20

4.1816

75

4.1925

25

4.1793

80

4.1961

30

4.1782

85

42002

35

4.1779

90

4.2048

40

4.1783

95

42100

100

4.2157

45

4.1792

50

4.1804

Temperature

Properties of Saturated Steam

I .

~E~
e\';:.~!

Gauge
Pressure

e; i~~
@ '-'3
[

e; r~
.c;~~
~[

E: .:,'3
,

Water
Sensible
Heat

h,

~b3
[

Ste<lm

2501
24502

2501
2538.7
2561.5
2584.7

0
2.5
5.0
.10.0
20.0
30.0

0.01
21.11
32.88
4.5.81
60.06
S9.10

137.82
191.83
251.40
.289.23

2423.7

40.0
50.0
60.0
80.0
100.0

75.87
81.33
85.94
93.50
99.63

0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0

101.3
106.3
f 11-3
116.3
121.3

30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
80.0

kJ f kg

Total

Specific
Volume

Heat

Sleam

h.
kJ/kg

v.
m'/kg

23S8.r..."

2609.7

2336.1

2625.3

54.25
28.192
14.647
7.649
5.229

317.58
340.49
359.89
391.66
417.46

23f.9.2
2305.4
2293.6
2274.1
2256.0

2636.8
2645.9
2653.5
2665.8
2675.5

3.993
3.240
2.732
2.067
1.694

100.00
101.40
102.66
103.87
105.10

419.04
424.9
430.2
435.6
440.6

2257.0
?253.3
2250.2
2245.7
2243.4

2670.0
2678.2
2680.4
2682.3
2684.2

1.573
1.601
1.533
1.471

131.3
141.3
151.3
161.3
161.3

107.39
109.55
111.61
113.55
117.14

450.4
459.7
468.3
476.4
491.6

2237.2
2231.3
2225.6
2210.5

2687.6
2691.0
2693.9
2696.8
2702.1

1.312 '
1.225
l.149
1.063
0.971

100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0

201,3
251.3
301.3
351.3
401.3

120.42
127.62
133.69'
139.02
143.75

505.6
536.1
562.2
585.0
605.3

2201.1
2181.0 .
2163.3
2147.6
2133.4

2706.7
2717.1
2725.5
2732.6
2738.7

0.831
0.714
. 0.603
0.522
0.461

350.0
400.0
450.0
500.0
600.0

451.3
501.3
551.3601.3
701.3

148.02
151.96
155.55
158.92
165.04

623.3
640.7
656.3 .'
670.9
697.$

2120:'3
2108.1
2096.7
2066.0
2066.0

2743.9
2748:8
2753.0
2756.9
2763.5

0.413
0.374
0.342
0.315
0.272

700.0
800.0
900.0
1000.0
1200.0

80t.3
901.3
1001.3
1101.3
1301.3

170.50
175.43
179.97
184.13
191.68

721.4
743.1
763.0
761.6
815.1

2769.1
2030.9
2015.1
2000.1
1972.5

2769.1
2774.0
2778.1
2781.7
2787.6

0240
0215
0.194
0.177
0.151

8850

@ ::~
1.6

Specific
Enfhalpyof
Evaporation
(Latent Heat)
h,;
kJ I kg

er~
;~C)

Saturation
Temperature

'Pa

'Pa

er~
I

Absolute
Pressure

1.7

2392.8

222004

1.414

Equations

Ideal Gas Laws

Real gases behave like ideal gases when they are far from their boiling points. From Soyles Law PV is
a constant at conslant te~peraturea~d fnJrn. Charles law vrr is constant al constanrpfessure.

WATER

kW
Soyles and Chades Laws can be combined in the form :-

'" 4.187 x Litre/second x K

kW

'" 4.187 x Ulre' x Klsecond

kWh

=4.187xLilrexKx 1160 x 1160

PV=mRT.

wherewhere:-

4.187 = Specific heal capacitx" of water (kJlkg K @ 140(;)

P '" Absolute pressure kPa

HEAT CONTENT OF AIR

V'" volume m)
latent

m = mass kg

Watt

= (2450 kJlkg I 0.845

Watt

:: 2.900 xUs xglkg

T '" Absolute temperature CC'C.t-273}

R = Gas constant

rn) /kg) x (Us /1000) x glkg

whereR for:-

2450 '" latent heat of water (kJlkg @21C)

0.845

= Specific volume of moist air (mJlkg)

Air

= 0.287 kJfkgK

Waler Vapour

= 0.462 kJlkgK

Sensible

Oxygen

'" 0.26 kJlkgK

Wait

::; (1.025 kJlkg K / 0.645 mJlk.g) x lis x K

Nitrogen

= 0.297 kJlkgK

Watt

=1.213xUsxK

Hydrog~n

= 4.157 kJlkgK

where -

Carbon Dioxide

= 0.189 kJlkgK

1.025 '" Specific heal of moist air kJlkg K

Total
Watt

= 1.184 x Us X (kJlkg)

where -

1.164::; Density of moist air@20 0e/50%RH(kg/m')

1.8

1.9

Fan Laws

Equations (cant.)
POWER. GENERAL EQUATION

kW: (9.81 xhx P :0:0)/1000 x

Variable

Constants

L,w

Formula

Speea

Alrdt'nSlty.lan
si.re. dlStrlhullon
system

1. Volume flo..... isdneclly

P[oportlonallo Ihe speed
2_ Pressure IS direclly
prop0l1ionalto Ihe square ollhe
speed
3 Air power is direcUy
proportional to the cube of the
speed

q,lq.. : N,IN;

.-

Tj

~~

wherep =: Density (kg/m')

el~-~

I' = H~2d(met;e) Note: 9.81 xh" kPa

11'" efficiency
Q '"

Cl ~~

Flov"'-rate (lis)

kW"= (9.81 xhx pxQ)/1-000x n

Er~

POWER'SHAFT

e~ ~~
J

kW-={2"nxrotalionaf speed (r.p-.s). x torque (Nm)}-J 1000

Examples er heating or cooling a flowing fluid

Generalequaoon: -

Rate of Heat Flow (kW) = Flow rate (Us) x Density (kg/l) x Specific heal (~.Jr",g) x Temp. change (
Example:-Calcuiate temp.rise in 10 minutes when 100 L or water @

20~C is healed with a

j,

I)

to k.W heater.

kW=UsxO.999x4.182x At

kWs=lxO.999x4.182x td
10 X 10 iso _:= 100 x 0.999 x 4.182

x 61

bt=14AK

E~"iTiple:- Calculate time required to heat 100 Litre of water@ 2(fClhrough 1~ K.~ a 10 kW heater.
~.-':

kW=UsxO.9SSx4.182x lJ.t
kWs=lxO,999x4.182x At

s = (100 x 0.999 x4.182 x 10) 110

s = 418 seconds

~~

~~
~,;'~

e', 'P"'"
!

--'

I
i

Fan Size.
speed of
rolalion

Fan size

Air density. lir

speed

Alr density. speed

01 rolalion

4 Volume 11C'W am air power are

dileclly proportional to the sqll".re
of Ihe lan size
5. Speed is inversely proportronrll'
10 Ihe fan size
6. Pressure remains constant

7. Volume flow is directly

proportional to lhe cube of the fan
size
8. Pressure is directly
proportional 10 the square of the
fan size
9. Air power is directly
proportional (0 -the filth power or
Ihe lan size

= A/A; "'-{qJDJ;

NJN:'" O.JO,

P,: P;
QJQ,:

(0./0,)'

PIP .. ", {DJD:"-

A/A: '" (D,ID.,f

., '
N,/N, = q,/Q~ : A,iA.;
= (p-/ fl,t~

Air density

Speed, fan size.

dislribution

1,. Pressure and air power are

directly proportional 10 Ihe density
12. Volume flow remains constant

P,IP_.:A,I~'"

pi p~

q,-q:
REFERENCES
A = Air power (Wan)
0 = Impeller diameter (metre) N '" Revolutions/second
P '" TOlaJ.pressure(Pa) q = Volume now Cl/second) p '" Density (kglm J ) '1: Fan Efficiency

1. Total pressure-'" Stalic Pressure + Velocity Pressure

;?A"'Pxq
3. Shaft Power'" AI '1
4. Fan la\'VS ~pplylo ge~met~calfy simi~ar fans operating at the-same point on the fan curve.
5. System reSIStance vanes near/yas the air velocity squared.

'--:: ill

q,lq ..

10. Speed volume flow and air

po.....er are inversfy proportional 10
Ihe square [001 of density

'~

e- '-

= {N.lNY

Pressure, lan size

E: ---

1.10

A/A.

Air density
and speed of
rolation

11"""
.,...-

I ..,....
-, n:.

PJP;-'" (N,/N)'

1.11

I'

~:ic

t:~r='

Pump Laws

e-[~;

Affinity Laws:The following aflinity laws apply 10 cenlrifugal pumps

e=[8

The logarithmic mean temperature difference can be calculated from the

following eQuatl0n which 15 strictly correct only for constant U over

enti..re surface. steady operation. constant specific heat and parallel
or counter-flow adiabatic operation. If the temperature of one of the
fluids is constant direction of flow is illJllaterial.
GTTO - STIO
dT" --~,,

log

e-r~

where -

= Volumelric now rale (Us)

Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference

BTTD = Greatest terminal ..temperature difference~ C.. ,

STTO = Sma 11 es t tetmina 1 tempera ture difference c

feT~

P = Power (kW)
D '" lmpeUer diameler (mm)

N = Rolational speed (r.pm)

e_c~

H= Head per impeller stage (m)

L
eT'3'

Specifi~speed:-

e
where:N. = Specific speed

Specific.speed

Pump type

(approximate range)

Centrifugal high head

300 - 450

Centrifugal - medium head

450- 850
,

Centrifugal low head

850 - 1 600

Mixed now

1600-5000

Axial now

5000-10000

I:~

I
e'~
I
E'~

e l r3
I

e:~

200
U

1-....

100

;!

w
er

CL
CL
W

u:

5r---.:.

V1

er

"'

1.12

eS3
, I

~ l'-.I'-

r..... '-

1'-1'-

o '-

'" ,

5,

3
25
2
15

"
""-

'-..

""

,
........
1'-.

I"

"- '\\

1\

"

1\

\
1\ \

\
i\- \

\
r\

,
\

\1\

\ 1\1\ 1\

4 5 678910

''\

",f\

15 2 253

'

1\

'\

\'

,"
"
'\

1\

1"-

"1""-

,I

"

1'\

I\.'\

>

I, I\.

"(

1"-

i"-,

II~

"-..
K

"""

'-

I'--.. '-

z ,
er

;;-'

1'-

F- "- r-.....

..J

::f

"-

,Or--3()

......

"-

60

2 Sf-..-.
20

;-

--

50

o
L

c::.. h

0----

,
r----..
-...... ,,-' 1'-........

F::::

150

e ,,3

GTTO
e STTO

15 202530 '05050 80100' 150

SMALLEST TERMINAL TEMP. DIFFERENCE fOC

1.13

AS1668.2-1991',Appeoc:liiD Filter efficiency p mits

.
are atleasl20% No. 1 Dust ~fficienC'f NSW' ~r h 111 ~me C1r~umsta.nces re<luced ouldoor air if fillels
1
average efficiency for
large syste'ms
~the;~"/ior~UI~Ii~nS stlpu~ate 20% No. 1 Dust minimum
have the loll!?wing results when tested t~ AS1132_1973:_
o.
ust effiCiency when clean are likely to

all

Air Filtration
THE APPLICATION OF AIR FILTERS IN GENERAL AIR CONDITIONING

Filie':s

Eofficiency at .end of firsl cycle<:- 25-45% No. 1 Dust. 95-100'% No. 2 Dusl 90-98% N
verall effioency":- 93-99% No. 4 Dusl
.
0.3 Dust.

Air fillers afe used 10 remove particulales 10 proted,equipment (cooling coils. duct work. ele) leduce room
cleaning costs and improve <llr quality for occupant hriatlh. Gas fillers arc only used in special
circumstances 10 absorb odours or harmful pollutants when outside ;;:lIr will not provide adequate dIlution

~~Sl hoolding capacity No 4 Dust- 0.03-0.1 gJ(Vs) (extended surface lilters tested at

. +or-.1m1s to 150 Pa final resistance)_

or when the outside air contains gaseous. pollutants.

I1 fillefS of 20% or more No. 1 Oust initial elficien ar

eel fi
re~lacement unless good pre lillers are used. ~lec~~~ali~ ~:~r media;iIl generally nee.d very'frequent
typIcal No. 1 Dus(inilial effICiency of 60-95% and fin I sist ers rn, ay e more economical. They have
a re
ance 0 125 Pa (agglomerator type).

Air fillers ShOljld be specilip.d and selected 10 suillhe air cleaning they are-inlendedto perform within lhe
constra"inls 01 the air handling system laking into account efficiency, ail flow rale. pressure drop. change
frequency and cost and fan power and ene:9yc051.
.

. Ih fi
h
Euroventslandard classfficalionsare sh
classifications ani based on mean- em;" In. e rst l ree columns in the following table,. Note that the
comparable Australian Standard c1as~fi~~nand ~resl~r;e ~ver le~t~ .to rate~ final resislances. The
.adjacent coh,linns.
_ s an an III Icatlon of 111l11al eHiclency are shown in the

The relevilnt Austra1i<l1l Standard for tesling particu[alc fillers used in general air conditioning is AS 11321973 "Methods of-lest for air filters lor use in air conditioning and general venlilation-. There remains
{December 94) no standard lor determining the performance ollilters \'IiUt gaseous pollulants.

Eurovent
Filter
Classification

Air fiUels periorm -dilferenlly for dillerentlesldusts and air flow rates. _Specifications should include
efflcienc:y-and arresl~mce lor the appropriate test dusts and dust holding capacity 10 the applicallon final
resis\anc-e (usually No. 4 dust for relurn air, No_ 3 dust for very dusty outside air), and require test dala
<:11 no less than the application flow rate.
Design for lower changeover resistance than the tested final resistance and for lower velocity than Ihe
tesled v~locily may give significant fil:er, fan and energy cost savings. However a careful assessment is

Average
Arrestance
(ASHRAE
DustlNo_4Dust!

Average Efficiency
(Atmospheric Dust
Spot)

Classification
by EffiCiency

Typb'

.. Arrestance Filters (c:oarse lilters)

lntllal atmospheric Oust Effidency Eo<20%

necessary.
EUl

When assessing competilive filters, potential traps to be wary of are:_ comparing dust holding c::Ipacities of filters tested to different final rcsislances.
_ applying a filter at higher than the tested final resistance, or tested air now rale.
_ confusing initial or minimum elliciency with average elliciency over an extended dust load.
is the lest submil1ed lcir the media and filter frame supplied.

--

:,~

Hislorically the following performance specilicalions have bee,n considere<l economic and -acceptable for
::.upply air in commercial buildings or good quality.
b

For extended surface lillers' tested to AS1132-1973to 125 Pa final resislance at 2.4 "or - 0.1 m/s

EU2

65"'=Am",SO

EU3

SO",=Am",gO

EU4

Minimum overall efficiencf:- 85% NoA dust.

MinimulJI dUS:; ~olding capacity NoA dust, al125 Pa final resistance:- 1.0 gf{US)
For

pane1'_~lters:,!ested10 AS1132-1973 to 125 Pa final resislal:ice at 1._~ +or - O.lmfs

Minimum efficiency at end 01 first cycle':- 10% NQ_1 ;du~i., 80%, No.2 dust, 80% No.3 dust.

t::!"::." ".,."
'",'''

90"'=Am

EUS

EUl
EUS

I~

EU9

Minimum overall eflicency":- 75% NoA dust.

_Minimum dust holding capacity NoA dust, al125 Pa final resistance:- 1.0 gJ{Us)

a Fillers liP IQ 600 mm deplh.

b bllsed on race d~nsiotlS c<'!nlre 10 cenlre between mounled fillers.

c for e~ample, Ifloil"'l reSl$t2nce = 35 Pa. and linalresislanee = 125 Pa. ~Efld fVst cycle resistance- = 35(125-351'3 = 65 Pa.
d -OVerall errlCleocy'" =(total dllst retalned)ll'Qfal dust fed). 10 firIllI resistance.
Fillers IeU lhan SO mm depth \p1ealed fillers Of flat panels or media)

.'
E --: >'1
-~~

Low

Medium

5-10

Medium

1015

..
Efficiency Fillers {Fine Filters)
Initial atmOSpheric Oust Efficiency Eo>=20%

EU6
Minimum efficiency at-end of first cycle' :_ 15% NO.l dust. 95% No.z dus\. 85% NO.3 dusl.

Roughing

Am"'65

Noles prepared by:- Enen>onics pty. Lld.

AS11J2.51973
Initial Efficiency
(No.1 Dust)

40"'=Em<60

High

15-25

60<=Em"'aO

MEPA

25-50

80",=Em"'90

MEPA

50-70

90<-Em95

MEPA

70-85

95<=Em

MEPA

S5-95

~~:::SJ.

ei!~

Airborne Particle Size. Comparison

LOGARITHMIC SCALE OF
PARTICLE DIAMETERS

oo

-0

in Microns

'?

o
o
o

o
o
o

>:'.

11

RAIN

Beams

sc

slam
of oading

e-J;>
L
e~F
e

GAS MOL(C-ULES

I
~ I~~
I-~
,':-:7

11111

111/1/ I

:111111

CONCEN TRATIDrf

""'1m3

I,'IVISIBLE

I
.

-. I

-I

TOWf'{I U,-OUS AREAS

1l0RKSHOPS

FILTRATION
. FIELD
.~

0-01

0-1

5 10

er~

r-,~

e l! r3

ATMOSPHER.IC POllUTION

(OU;ITRY

e!I. :3
E

HJGIl NEBULOSITY

SLIGHT NEBULOSiTY

I':~-

HI/WIG & CtHElfl WORKS

OUST COLLECTION
FIEL~ _

100

c- ;'~
e- ;'3

1000

10000

Max

Reactions Canadian

Uniformly
loaded
Ends
supportad

W
R,.2

'L-L---..!L'

WL
M.
8

ML~

R,t=r-:--...
SHEAR

R,'

:::::::::::::::=tR2

WI:
76-8 El

[L-3:I

-,

Uniformly
loadad

WL

M,'

12
WL

Ends fixed

M2

2i:

1.

~.

M,CV

-W
R,z

.-

z-=:=:::...

BM

'\J

R,t=r-__---

5 HEAR _'<::::::::j

R2

:::::I'

WL
381.EI

R2

Uniformly
loadad
Onl2 end fixed
other free

c.:EL-l
M' WL
2

M
rt------.-

BM

'.

R, .W
R,.O

WL
8EI

R,t~R2
W

c.LL=:t

Load
concentratQd
. at frQe end
One end fixed
other free

M. WL

ML~_.

R[I

R,.W

WL
3EI

SHEAR

Load

concentrated
at centre

Ends support",

WL

M I.

-EL=::iE

Mt~
R.:l=~=tR,

W
R,'2
R,

.!!...

WL'
1.8EI

cL?=4:t

~.~

Shaar

Diagram

e-~"3

1.16

Max
BM

-'

1-;~

1111111

I in {melre}':'. W = wl = total load in Newtons

M in Newton metres.

Load

M - WL
,- 8

Ends fixod

M WL

concentrated
at cClntrQ:

~_._-

-----------------------------_._-_.--

M~~'

Mf

V'

BM

"'-.J

R't:~t:=Ch
1.17

W
R,.y
W
R,'Z

WL3
192EI

,
I

'-

'1

"

e-~

Metal Gauges
8.G. {8inningham Gauge,

No.

S.W.G. (standard

~jre

Inches

Millimeters

Inches

8.97

0.353

7.62

0.300

7.99

0.315

,.01

0.276

7,12

0.280

6.40

0.252

6.35

0.250

5.89

0.232

5.65

0223

5.39

0.212

5.03

0.198-

4.88

0)92

4.48

0.176

4.47

0.176

3.99

0.157

4,06

0.160

3.55

0.140

3.66

0.144

'0

3.175

0.125

3.25i

0.128

2.517

0.099

2.542

0.104

1.994

0.0785

2.032

O.OBO

1.588

0.0625

1.626

0.064

0.0495

1.219

0.048

0.036

,.

14

'8

1.257

I
e;..,~

Gauge)

Millimelers

12

.:-.-,

20

D.995

0.0392

0:914

22

0.794

0.0312

0.711

0.028

2'

0.529

0.0247

0,599

0.022

2.

0.498

0.0196

0.457

0.018

28

0.397

0.0156

0.376

0.Q148

30

0.312

0.0123

0.315

0.0124

Application

Equation

Example

To determine the future worth

at year (n) or a single sum
invested at interest rale (i)
(compound interest)

FWF"'(1+i)"

Future worth of $1000 in 10 years

invested at 10% interest rateFW '" FWF x 1000 '" 2.5940 x 1000
:: $2594

To delermine the present

worth of a fulure single sum
at year (n) allnteresl rate 1

PWF=1/(1+i)"

Present worth of $ 1000 in 10 years at

10% inle/est rate
PW ",PWF x 1000 = 0.3855 x 1000
:: $0386

PWF = {(1+e) I

e;~-~

To delermine the present

worth of a future single sum
occuring at year (n) With
interest rare (i)and es6:l"lating
af an inflation rale (e)

E'

To determine the future worth

of a serieS 01 annual amounts
al.an interest rate (I)

FWF"'{(1+ir-1}1i

Future worth of $ I 000 deposited

annually for la ye;jrs al10% interestFW'" FWF x 1000:: 15.940x 1000
= $15940

.~

To determine the present

worth of a series of uniform
annual amounts (annuity) to
be spen! or TP.celved over (n)
years at an Inlere!"t rate j

PWF '" {(1 +W - 1) I i(1 +i)"

Present worth of $1000 deposited

annually for 10 years at 10% interest
rate PW:: PWF x 1000" 6.144 X 1000
= 56144

!
i

~~

e~~':-~
I

Financial Analysis

e,~
,

e'., .~
i

jn,

.~

E~~
,,
i

eiI

:l'!l!ll
--.'

Ei, ....-.
!

To determine the present

worth of a senes of uniform
annual amounts (annuity)
escalating annually at an
inflation rate e. and wilh
inlerest rate (market discount
rate) i

I PWF = {(1+e) I (i-e)}

[H(l+e) I (1+iWJ
where:-

Tp determine the uniform

;,annual amountlhat must be
jnvesfeo for{n) yearsat
inlerest (i) to accumulale a
sum at the end of (n) years .
(sinking furiel)

e is not = i

PWF=n/(l+i) :
where:-

To determine the uruform

annual amount required to
repay a principal sum at
interest rale (ij

(1+i)}~

e:: i
Uniform annual amount 10 repay a
::;um of 51000 over a 10 year period
a110% interestUAA:: UAAF x 1000
:: 0.1628 x 1000:: $163

UMF=i/{(1+it-l}

Uniform annual amount la be

invested al 10% jn1er~st)o
accumulate SHlOO atlhe end of 10
yearsUAA = UAAF x 1000 '" 0.0628 x 1000
=563

....."

---'...

~ ---

:.-

1.18

Present worth of 51000 annual

energy saving (year 0) wnich is
escalating at 8% per year with
interest rate (market discounl rale) of
10% for a 20 year period PW", PWF x 1000'" 16.5873 x 1000
'" 5165873

UAAF ={i(l+in I ((1+it 1)

Present worth of a single sum of

51000 occuring in 10 years with
interest rate cif 10%and escalation
rate of 5%PW = PWF x 1000'" 0.5279 x 1000
= 5628

1.19

,-----.

Greek Alphabet
lower Case

Capital

Alpha

"

Beta

Gamma

Y.

Delta

Epsilon

Zeta

Et,

'.

E
Z
It

Theta

,
,

lot,
Kappa

I
K

lambda

Mu

l'

Nu

,.

Xi

Omicron

Pi

"

Rho

Sigma

,
,

T,u

"

",
n
.

p
E

Phi

Chi

Upsilon

Section 2
Design Data

Psi

Omega

e:::3
1.20

~~.

-~

~.:.:::~~/

J>-.
eI~

er~

eo,--r-

e~-:-=-=
I ,

e;~-~
i

~,, ~
,

~;,

.~
:~

HealingWalfli - Entering Coil

Heating WalN" leaving Coil
Condenser Wale, -Entering Towcr
Condenser Wale! -Leaving Tower_
Chilled V-.'ate.r _. f;1~eri:Jg Coil

80GC
6S-70'C
3S"C
29.5 Q C

Chilled 0aler - Leaving Coil

Nr Cooled Condsnser~ Air Enlering
Air Cooled Condenser - Air leaving
Mixed Air on Cooling coil
Airotf Cooling coil

is'C
4&C
54'C

7~C

2QlC
15~C

'-c

Refrigerant Temperature - Chiller evaporalor

Ma'InS Waler
Hol Water - Basin
Hol Wafer - Shower
Hol Water - Kitchen Sink

lO~C
40~C

40'C
60~C

Hot Waler - Dishwasher. commercial

Hot Water -laundr> commercial

'30-77'C
32-'C

Ductwork
Ductwork
Ductwork
Ductwork

- Supply
Return
- Return (Behind R/A Grille)
- Exhaust
Ductwork - Flexible - Supply

11.00m/s
6_00 mlS

Neck Velocity for Suaply Air Registers

Coils.- Cooling
Coils - He''ling
Air FilIels
louvres -Intake (Velocity through fiee area)

2.50 OIls
2.25 mls

~ ....
1

TEMPERATURE ~ AIR I WATER I REFRIGERANT

VELOCITY AIR

:~

NOTE: JUdgm~ilt and experience should be used in lhe application of Iflese figures as lhey are typical
only and may vary depending on the applicalion

--'

-..'

E'~,

Design Parameters

1.
...

-~

3.00 mlS

6.00 mJs
3.5 m/s_

3.50 OIlS
1.80-2.5Dmls
2.50 m/s

Louvres - Exhaust (Veiocily through' free area)

Kitchen Hood Exhaust Duct
"
.
Door Grille (through fie.e area)

2.50 OIls

to_OO OIls min ..

2.50 rnls

..:1'Il
~

e ..

VelOCITY - STEAM

Steam Pipework ~ Mains

Steam pipe work - Branches

30.00 * 40.00 OIls

ts.OO * 25.00 m/s

11

.~,~

~ :11

2.01

D-esign Parameters cont.

Design Parameters cont.

VELOCITY. WATER

PRESSURE DROP ~ STEAM

.

Normally water velocity in pipework should not exceed 2Am/slo minimise erosion and sh"ould nol be less
than 0.75 ~s 10 ensure air entrainment and Iransport 10 venting points.

'Inilial Pressure

Pressure Drop

Total Pressure Drop in

Steam Pipe

Chilled Water pipework

Condenser Water Pipework
Risers and Droppern
Coils Cooling
Coifs Heating

1.80 - 2.4.0 rnls

1.80 - 2.40 rnls
0.90 - 2.40 mls
1.00-1.50 rnls
1.00-1.50m/s

Condensers
Pump Discharge Pipework
Pump Suction Pipework
Drain Pipe
'
Mains Pres'sure Water Service Pipelines

1.50 2.00 m/s

1.50 - 2.70 rnls
1.20-2.10m/s
1.20-2.10m/s
1.00 - 2.10 mls

Gravity Flow Pipelines from Upper level Storage Tanks

(Top 2 Floors Only)
Gravity Flow Pipelines from Upper level Slocage Tanks
(Below Top 2 Floors)

O.100AOm/s

kPa

kPalm

kPa

100
200
400
700
1000

0.03
0.225
0.45-1.10
0.45-1.10
0,45 - 2.30

1.70
30
70100
100-170
170 - 200

PRESSURE DROP - GAS

Allowable pipe fine pressure drop :Natural Gas

1.00 - 1.50 rnls

Mains Pressure

Allowable Pressure Drop

PRESSURE _STEAM
low Pressure up 10 -1.12 kPa
HIgh Pressure2.50 kPa
4.00 kPa
7,00 kPa

TemperaltJre conl101 and stabirdyare usually improved when used in conjunction with low steam pressure.
St-eam pressures recommended ror the following services are:
Carorifier
Hot Waler Heat Exchanger
Heating Coils
Humidifier

200 ~ 450 kPa

200 - 450 kPa
200 kPa max.
90 120kPa

per metre-

Une total

185 Pa
500 Pa
SOOPa

75Pa
250 Pa
400Pa
700 Pa

L.P.G.
AlIowabJe Pressure Drop

Delivery Pressure
PRESSURE DROP. AIR
low Pressure
Coils - Cooling
Co~s Heating

100 - 250 Pa

1000 Pa

140 kPa

High Pressure

SO100Pa

250Pa

2.75 kPa

Nr Relief grilles - Size for 15 Pa maximum pressure drop

For dlJctwork sized by Ihe Equal Friction Melhod use 1.00 Palm.maximum. Ensur~_lh.i31 pressure drop
between Iirstand last takeoff 10 air outlets is nol greater than 80 Pa.

2.02

~+3
I

2.03

e+~
. ,

Cooling Load Check F-igures

Energy Consumption in Office Buildings

Coofing.Load

W/m z

Occupancy

( ail' conditioned area)

120
280
175
215
260

Apartments. residence
Auditorium
Banks
Hairdresser
Beauty Shop
Cafeteria
Classroom
Clinic
Clothing Slore
Computer Room

~.~
,

Element

Typical Energy Consumption

kWhJa.m l

MJla.m2

17-33

60-130

17-28

60-100

7-14

25-50

11-22

40-60

0-14

0-50

Air Conditioning

Fans etc.
Refrigerali!ln

350
95
190
165
480

Lifts

Public light and power

Carpark lighting and venlilalion

275

Conference Room
Department 510re:
Basement
Main Floor
Upper Floors

125
150
125
275
490
160
120
130

Factory light Manufacture

Factory Heavy Manufacture
Food Stores
Hotel & Motel Rooms
Laboratory

Tenan! light and power

42-84

150-300

BUilding light and pOwer _Total

93-198

335-710

Heating

Electric

Gos

30-60

150-300

1-6

5-30

31..e6

155-330

Heating fuel- Total

Building Total, Electricity and Gas

124-263

Notes:
1. Energy consumption in MJ refers to the heat consumption of the fuel or electricity supplied.
1
2. Area in m refers to !he occupied or net rentable area (not necessarily the area served by the element).
3. Values have been standardised to 2500 operating hours per year.
4, Energy consumption may be considerably greater due to electronic equipment, catering equipment etc.
5, Values presented in the above table are a genel'illguide only.
.
6. BUildings operating ellicienUy may comsume energy at muCh higher levels Ihan the above table.
7. The above values are applicable 10 lemperate climates. Tropical climates would have higher energy
.
consumption for refrigeration and little or none for heating.

160
280

Super Market
Theatre _.

185-410

Hot water service

100
180
180
330
185

Office - General (Inlerior)

Office - PriVate
Post Office
Restaurants
Shoe Store

52-111

Air Conditioning

150
135
185
270
170

Library
Mall
Medical Offices
Milk Bars, Fast Food
Office _ General (Perimeter)

Owners light and power - Sub Total

NOTE: The above values are for Preliminary Estimates on,ly. Adelailed healload estim.ate based on an
accurale survey of the space 10 be air conditioned must follow.
From: 1994 SOMA Energy Guidelines

~-.-
~::
.':H1
2.04

?n<

- - - - . -.. _ - ~ - ~

Energy Consumption-in Office Buildings

Range of low Energy Consumption for Elements

Element

kWh/a.m'

'

...

.MJ/a.m~

Air Conditioning

1t-17

40-60

Refrigeration

10-17

35-60

Healing

28-83

100-300

1-3

5-10

7-11

25--40

7-21

25-75

35-49

125-175

6-28

20-100

Fans

Hol water service

Lins
Public lighting and general power
Orrice lighting

Oflice power

Notes:

1. !he wide

2.

range is .due la

l~e differences between

For temperate chmales SimIlar to Melbourne.

From: 1994 SOMA Energy Guidelines

~~
I ei~

Chillers (electric):
_ reciprocating air cooled
_ reciprocating water cooled
.' _cenlrifugal air cooled
.. - _ cenlrifugal waler cooled
Chiller absorplion auxiliaries

~i~
E 1~

s.

e
e

~
~
~

~. ~

0.40 kWIkW

Direct expansion:

0.31
0.23

_ air cOoled

_water cooled

0.34
0.26
0.31
0.23
0.014

PUMPS
0.028 kWIkW
0.026
O_OtO

Chilled waler
Condenser waler
Holwaler

FANS
Air handling plant
- room units
_ packaged wilh lowvetocity ducts
large packaged plant
medium velocityVAV
_ higtl velocityVAV
_ induction primary air
_ high pressure syslems

0.84 kWltJs

1.00
1.57
1.77
2.19.
3.54
4.38
0.048 kWIkW
0.022
0.028

Nr cooled condenser fans

EvaporatiVe condenser fans & cooling towers
Tower fans for absorption units

. EVAPOR~TIVE COOLING

0.60 kW/1000 Us

Packaged Evaporalive Cooler Fan

80 Watt/unit

Waler Pump for above

Eo '3
E :3
2.06

~:3

of Mechanical

REFRIGERATION EQUIPMENT

er~

~
y

Energy Consumption
Equipment
Packaged plant up to 50kW

j -

--

fuel firing, direct electric and heal pump 5 stem

1
~~

2.07

.~1:":""3
.

'1~:~

Design Targets for Energy Consumption

in Office Buildings
ADELAIDE
.

Office equipment (5
Lighting (14 W/m1

W/m:"

Uf,s

Cooling
Heating Type
Space healing
Hot Water Service

Totafs

Gas

kWhhun l

MJJa.m'

..

~~~
Ej-~~

12
36
7
14
14

Ventilation and Pumping

Elec::tricity

e:o -:~

Design Targets for Energy Consumption

in Office Buildings (cont.)
.

DARWIN

19
2

0
0

93
7

Space heating
Hot Water Service

IQ4

.8

83

'00

Totals

Electricity

BRISBANE
Office equipment {S W/m~

'2

lighting {14 Wfm:"

lifts

36
7

Ven!;!alion and .Pumping

Cooling
.

24
Heat Pump

Space heating ,
Hot Water Service

3
2

,,

Totals

98

95

Office equipment (5 W/m~

Lighting (14 W/m~

tifts

Ventilation and Pumpirig

Cooling

0
0

13
7

Space heating
Hot Water Service

93

20

Totals

Gas
MJ/a.m2

'"

116

Healing Type

42
2

'0

200
7

Space heating
Hot Water service

Tolals

121

88

77

207

Totals

2.08

Gas
MJfa..m%

39
2

0
0

'87
7

112

8'

71

'94

Electricity
kWh/a.m%

Gas
MJ/a.ml

'2
36
7
14
. '0
Direct

Heal Pump

Gas

28
2

0
0

113
7

109

86

79

140

From: 1994 BOMA Energy Guidelines.

From: 1994 SOMA Energy Guidelines.

115

0 ,
7

Gas

Ventilation and Pumping

C091ing

Space heating
Hot Water Service

0
0

Heat Pump

Lifts

Gas

Direct

Office equipment (5 W/m~

Lighting (14 W/m~

Heat Pump

'2
36
7
14
2

MELBOURNE

Direct

Heating Type

0
2

G,.

Electricity
kWh/a.m l

Heating Type

'2
36
7
14
8

Heat Pump

HOBART

Gas

Electricrty
kWhla.m"

CANBERRA

Direcl

Office equipment (5 W/m-)

Lighting (14 W/m)
Lifts
Ventilation and Pumping
Cooling

14

Direct

Heathlg Type

Gas
MJlam'2

kWh/a.m 1

MJ/a.mt

'2
36
7
14
46

Healing Type

Heat Pump

Gas

kWhfa.m:

Office equipment (5 W/nl')

lighting (14 W/m:)
Lifts
VenIJlation and Pumping
Cooling

Direct

G,.

Electricity

2.09

Design Temperature Data

Design Targets for Energy Consumption

in Office Buildings (cont.)'

LOCATiON

..

PERTH
lifts
Ventilalion and Pumping
Cooling

Heating Type

..

Space heating
Hol Waler Service
Totals

Heat Pump

G"

11

3
1

0
0

53
7

88

60

101

92

Gas
MJ/a.m'

Electricity
kWh/a.m'

SYDNEY
.

12
36
7

Office "equipment (5 W/m~

Lighting (14 W/m1

lifts

14

VenlHation and Pumping

16

Cooling

Direct

Heal Pump

Gas

Space heating
Hol Water Service

"

J
1

0
0

Totals

9B

89

Heating Type

24 hour

0800-1800

40.0

23.0

4.9

3.0

41.0

24.0

1.1

-1.0

1.1

33.5

21.5

6.1

.4.0

6.1

6.0

92

16

18.1

35.1

38.5

22.8

34.2

40.5

28.5

20.3

27.1

32.0

21.0

Albany

19.2

4.9

22.5

21.4

40.1

18.8

DB

23.5

37.0

20.1

Alice Spring

DB

DB

DB

Adelaide

08001800

WB

COB

OB

24
h,.

DB

WB

WB

CWB

Critical

.fort

-0.5

Albury

18.5

35_0

20.5

32.9

SaHaral

17.8

31.0

19.0

29.2

1.3

32.6

0.7

Bendigo

19.6

35.3

21.2

Bunbury

20.5

29.7

22.0

27.5

Brisbane

22.8

30.8

24.9

29.7

37]

21.0

34.1

2.1
15.0

6.5
32.0

25.5

33.5

26.0

9.2

Broken Hill

19.1

Broome

23.2

37.8

29.1

33.5

Canberra

17.8

34.1

19.2

30.2

3.1

Cairns

25.3

32:8

26.8

315

15.1

.Cooma

18.0

32.5

192

28.9

Darwin

23.6

34.4

27.7

-32.1

-5.2
34.5

27.5

34.5

28.0

18.1
1.9

G",elong

19.1

33.8

21.3

30.1

Grafton

24.0

34.4

25.0

32.0

5.3

Griftilh

20.3

36.4

22.2

32.9

0.2

Geraldlon

20.2

38.4

22.7

33.6

40.0

23.5

41.0

24.0

7.4

5.0

7.4

Nole: RHea~ng TypeR refers re:;peclively 10 direct resistance electric,air-lo*air heal pump and healing with
gas (no electric). Other syslems such as waterto-air heat.pumpsand thermal storage reqUire spgcific

Hobart

16.8

27.1

18.5

25.3

29.0

19.0

31.0

19.5

15

0.5

1.5

Katherine

23.6

39.1

26.9

35.2

calculations.

Kalgoor1ie

18.5

39.3

20.4

33.9

4.1
1.5

Australia

Direct
2

Com

Critical process

MJ/a.m z

12
36
7
14
19

Office equipment (5 W/m;)

Lighling (1~ W/m~)

Comfort or non-eritical
process

G"

Electricity
kWh/a. rn'

WINTER

SUMMER

..

85

53
7
60

11.9
.

From: 1994 SOMA Energy Guidelines.

e." ':l

launceslon

18.4

28.4

19.4

26.4

Melbourne

19.3

34.6

20A

32.9

36.0

21.0

38.0

21.5

2.4

1.0

2.4

2l:4

35.5

40.0.

22.0

41.5'

22.5

0.8

0.5

0.8

f\r1ildura

19.7

39.5

Ml Gambier

18.1

34.2

19.3

29.6

35.5

20.0

38.0

21.0

3.1

1.0

3.1

Mt.lsa

20.0

39.9

24.3

33.6

40.5

25,0

41:5. , 25.0

6.8

3.5

6B

Newcastle

20.2

30.4

22.6

25.6

6.6

From: AIRAH AppflCation Manual No. DA9 -Air conditioning ~oBd Estimation andPsychrometrics

2.W

~.,~

2.11

~---":::f
-I~

e:.~

Design Temperature Data (cant.)

WINTER

SUMMER

LOCATION

Criti~al process

Comfort or non-critical
process

DB

CWB

WB

24 hour

WB

DB

DB

DB

38.5

22.5

40.0

23.0

7.4

3.S

6.5

41.0

28.5

42.5

28.5

14.4

9.0

14.4

31.8

Pt. Augusla

20.7

40.0

23.9

33.9
35.0

28.5

39.5

PtUncoln

30.7

21.4

1800

DB

22.4

19.4

OBOO-

WB

36.6

22.0

24
hr,

DB

20.1

Pt. Hedland

0800-1800

Critical

COB

Perth

28.0

Comfort

4.7

7.2
6.0

PI.Pirie

20.0

39.2

22,1

34.2

Sale

19.7

32.7

21.1

29.8

34.5

21.5

36.5

22.0

-0.4

1.5

-0.4

Sydney

19.8

31.1

22.7

29.5

33.0

23.5

35.5

24.0

7.2

6.0

7.0

8.8

Tennanl Ck..

21.0

40.7

25.1

35.0

.Toowcomba

20.5

31.1

22.8

28.~

33.5

27.0

34.5

27.5

Design Temperature Data (cant.)

c:l~;l

LOCATION

SUMMER

Comfort or non.crificaJ
process

WINTER
. C,rilical process

=c;;._..;..;-J.

24 hour

~i.r~

c::~

08001800

CWB

DB

WB

COB

DB

WB

DB

25.5

32.0

27.2

30.1

32.0

27.0

32.5

Comfort

Critic31
24
h,_

0800.1800

WB

DB

DB

DB

27.0

21.3

20

21.3

17.6

'"

17.5

Solomon
Islands
Honiara
Vanuatu

e~t=

Aneilyum

25.7

.. '

30.6

26.2

36.9

29.5

12.0

33.2

27.8

9.3

32.1

27.3

23.1

36.4

28.0

17.0

35~9

28_9

9.0,

35.4

22.1

29.5

31.0 26.5

31.0

27.0

Bangladesh
Ohaka

e.~ :~

Hong Kong
Hong Kong

4.6

13.1

8.0

13.1 :

Singapore

Townsville

24.7

32.8

26.7

31.0

Woomera

19.4

40.6

21.9

36.2

41.5

23.0

42.5

23.5

4.4

3.5

4.4-

Singapore

Wagga

19.4

37.1

21.1

33.7

38;0

21.5

39.0

22.5

-0.8

-2

0.8

Thailand

Wyndham

23.7

41.8

27.5

36.2

Bangkok

18.8

VietNam
langcHanoi

Papua
New Guinea

L,.

31.9

25.7

26.9

30.8

32.5

26.5

33.0

27.0

21.8

21

21.8

33.0

27.0

33.5

27.0

21.2

18

21.2

32.0

27.5

32.5

27.5

24.0

21

23.0

PI. l'vloresby

25.4

32.9

27.3

31.7

Rabaul

25.4

31.9

27.5

30.5

:~
:,-'
.:.

Manila

.20.2

Note:
1.

2.

:eo~~r~~:I\:e~.~~f;:~~~~oc~n~~;~i~:=~~~~Oe~~tia~~ ~~~~~n:~~~o~::~:erer

fo DA9 ror data

;;'~~~~~~x~:;ddeed~~ ~~mJ:~a::re:e~~~ 3.00 pm dry - bulb and wel bulb temperatures which are

pr,""..

New
Zealand

Philippines

Auckland

27.0

21.1

4.1

Christchurch.

27.7

17.8

-0.8

Invercarglll

24.3

182

2.0

Welling!on

24.0

19.3

3.2

From: A/RAH Application Manual No. DA9 -Air Conditioning Load Estimation and Psychrometri~s

3. OC- }
"",de",,n fem.peratures are the DB and WB temperatures which are indMdu~iIY exceeded
2 SaP> 0
e p an operatIng hours.
4. Either side of the comfort (f';'" t
_
.'.
a
a ed .
..
es."n empef'a......<::s are. shown lhe mean coincident wel bulb (eWB)
S:~b~'b ~~~;~~odDeA'~9nf dry bU,!b .a.nd the _~~n coincident dry bulb (COB) associated wilh the design
'..
or app lcalion of cOlncidenl
and 08 data.
5. C~mfor1 winter de.sign temperatures are 8.00a-m dry bufbwhich is n~t exceeded on 10 da
er ear.
~~~I:rro~e~ wmte,~ dehSlQn lemperatures are Ihe dry bulb temperatures which are 'not e:ted~ on
6.
. p an Opera ng ours.
above ~ata for summer are rar Ihe month 01 January. DA9 contains data for design DB and
for
7 ~rt~~ s ~ lh: year .for many localities which lacililales estimation of peak. cooling loads
. is for :rpm~pp'nes IS maXImum 08 and we rather than 3 pm data and that for Thailand and Yre! Nam

we

.-

. 1'Jl\

... ..,
g1- . . --

.-r::

We

From.: AIRAN Application Manual No. DA9 Air Conditioning Load Estimation and Psychrometries

2.12

2.13

Minimum Outdoor Air Requirements

Based on Class of Occupancy
Occupancy type

Nett
rloor
area

Minimum outdoor airflow rate

po<

Quantity

person

Minimum Outdoor Air Requir,ements

Based on Class of Occupancy (cont)
..
! Minimum outdoor airflow rate
, Occupancy tyee
Ifloor
Nett

Comments

area

po<
person

rn'

rn'

Beveraoe services

'<

Churches

Correction centres

See education
See prisons

Dormitories

See hotels

Funeral parlours
Chapels
Embalming lOoms' .
Re~eplion rooms

."--

see Ihealres

Colleges

See sports centres

See food services

Amusement centres

Dry cleaners and

laundries
Commercial
Coin operated dry
cleaning
Coiro operated
laundries
. Pick up areas
Storage ilfr;!as

10

10 LIs. pel.son

10

5
3.5
3.5

10
10
10

Corridors
Dressing rooms
Foyers
lobbies
locker rooms
Pedestrian tunnels
Ramps
Rest rooms
Smoking rooms
Stairs

Education

12

0.6517

10 L I s.person

5
1

15
10

Air shall not be tedrculated into spaces.

Generallequiremenls (applies 10 all fo~rms

unless separately listed)

General areas

More air may be required to laundries to

satisfy exhaust air requirem~nls

"

Classrooms ser\~ng
persons up to 16
years of age

Comments

Quantity

2
1
1.5

1 Lt 5.m 1 floor
1lJs.m1 floor
10 Lt sJocker

1 II s.m~f1oor
t II s.m=floor
10 l/s.person

25 II s.person
1 II s,m:floor
1 l f s.m~l1oor

UliIityrooms

1 II 5.m 2 floor
10 II s.person

Health care

Classrooms serving
persons over 16
years of age

laboratories

libraries
Locker rooms
Lounges
Musk: rooms
Training shops
.

Food & dnnk sewites

Bars
Cabarets
Cafeterias
Cocktail lounges
Dining rooms
Fast food oullets
Food preparation
serving & storage
Repnnted from 1'.$ 1668.2

10

3.5

10

5
2
1.5
2
3.5.

10
10
10
10
10

1
1.5
1
1
1.5
1

20
20
15
20
15
15

3.5

10

Special containment control systems may

be required for process Qf funclions
including laboralory animal occupancy.

Amphitheatres
Autopsy rooms
Consultation rooms
Delivery rooms
Intensive care r00":ls
Operating rooms
Patient rooms
Physical therapy area
Proceedure areas
Ready lOom
Recovery rooms
Waiting area

For occupancies where smoking is nol

permitted 10 LIs may be approved. subject
to requiremenls such as the display of signs
etc.

Holels, mo/eis, resorts

Assembly rooms
(large)
Bedrooms
(single. double)
Conference rooms
(small)

For cooking. See Section 3 of AS 1668.2

- 1991 With permIssIOn of Standards Australia

10lfs.person

0.6
5
3.5
5
5
5
10
S
10
5
5
1.5

50
10
20
10
20
10
10
10
10
10
10

15l/s.person

10

10

15

For stairs. passageways. etc. used as a

means of egress
See AS 1668.1
Applies to convalescent homes. dentists.
doctors. hospitals. nursing homes, etc.
Special requirements or code:!! and
pressure relationships may determine
minimum ventilation rates and \'iller
efficiency.
NOTE: ltshould not be recirculated.

)Proceedures generating contaminants may

)require higher rales, laminar flow or
)dedicaled systems.

..
.

~
.....
~.

2.15

'-.'-------_....:....._-------------~-~~~~

--~

~':ll~

'1

Minimum Outdoor Air Requirements

Based on Class of Occupancy (cOlit.)
Otcupancylype

Minimum outdoor airflow rale

Nett

el :~
~-:~

Minimum Outdoor Air Requirements

Based on Class of Occupancy (cant.)
"pe<...

area
Comments

auantity

person

person

rn'
(cont,)
DormitOries

Gambling casinos
Livin'] rooms (suiles)

15
15
10

1.5
5
3.5

-..
-

60.-,;,
,,..
\;->! ...

.'

Fitting rooms

Kiosks
Malls
Receiving areas
Sales floorS or:
Showrooms
Basement and
s!reel noars
Upper floors
Slorag~ areas
(seNlng sales &
storerooms)
Warehouses

10 L , $.person

5
10

10

1
5
10

10
10

10

10

10
10
10

'a

20

Exhibits halls
Warehouses

See hotels

Offices
Art rooms
Board rooms
Committee rooms
Computer rooms
Conference rooms
Drafting rooms
Office areas
Wailing areas

prisons
Cell blocks
Ealing halls
Guard stalions

'a

1.5
20
5
1
1
25
1
5
10
2
5
1.5
2.5

10

10
15
15
10
15

la

--
-

15
15
10

10

10

:I

10

10 lis .person

10

10

Private dwelling places, multiple or single

~igh or low rise,

See hotels

10

--

Resorts

See hotels

Schools

See educafion

'a

35
5

Generalrequiremenls (apply fa all forms

unless sep'imilety l,is1ed).

.~

Bedrooms
Living areasGeneral"
Olherdwellings
Boa rding houses
Guest houses
Hostels
MobUehomes

Molels

Museums

_i

See dry cleaners

Laundries

Dispatch areas

lobbies

Merchandising
Arcades

Comments

Quantity

Residential
PriVate dwellings

10 II $. person

Specia1ty services
Animal rooms
Barber shops
Beauly salons
Broadcasting studios
Eleclrical meter,
S'Nitch rooms
Exercise rooms
Fire control roems
Florist
Greenhouses
Hairdressers
Health spas
PABXrooms
Pet shops
Press booths,
lounges
Radio booths
Reducing salons"
Saunas
Shoe rep;:lir
shops (combined
workrooms !fade
areas)
Steam rooms
Survival shelters
Telephone MDF
rooms
Television booths

5 II s.m 2 noor
15

4
4

15

1.5

10

5
10

100
4

5
,

15
1.5
5

10

-1

Lis. person

--

.4 II s.m2 floor
10 II s. person
4l/s. floor
10 II 5. person

I.

15
10

.4 L I 5.m 2 floor

10 Lt s. person

I.
I.
4

,.
4
10

,.

I.
15

2.16

..
j!;.'

Minimum outdoor airflow rate

rn'

Holers. motels. resorts

,
!

N
floor

Occupancylype

floor

pO'

017

~"" .~

1
~~

Minimum Outdoor Air Requirements

Based on Class of Occupancy (cant.)
Occupancy type

Nott
floor

~l-~

Minimum outdoor airflow ra.te

area
p"
person

Q U31ltity

m'

Ballrooms
Bowling alleys
(sealing areas)
Discotheques

Games rooms
Locker rooms
Playing floors

Spectator areas
Swimming pools

. Deck & pool area

Spectator areas

e~ i~

When internal combustion engines are

operated for maintenance of playing
surfaces. or any other purpose, :exhausl
ventilation may be required.
'

1.5

15 lis person

1.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
3.5

15
15
15
10
10

0.6
3.5
1.5

~:I-'~

"

10

Amusement machines, billiards, cards etc.

"

Cricket. gynasiums. ice skaling, roller

skating. squash, tennis. elc.
.

10 lIs.m area
10 lIs.person

Temples

e: i:~

Higher values may be required for humidity

conlrol.
See theatres

0.6

15

Concert halls
Foyers
Green rooms
lecture halts
lobbies
Opera halls
Stages

0.6
0.6
5
0.6
0.6
0.6
1.5

15
15
15
15
15
15
10

~l

For auditoriums where smoking is

prohibited the figure of 15 may be reduced
to 10, subject to the requirements of the
regUlatory authority.

:~

"

~~

"

Special venlllation will be needed 10

eliminate special effects, e.g. dry iCe
vapours, mists, elc, used in television, film
& radio productions.

Studios
Ticket booths

1.5

10

"

10

"

TranSpOrtation centres
Baggage areas
COncourses
Control towers
Corridors
Gate areas
Hangars
Tickel areas
Waiting rooms
Air traffic control

1.5
0.6
2
1.5
1.5
50
1.5
1.5
2

10
10
10
10
10
10
15
15
20

..-

."'.
por

El '3
'

"

{~

Comments

m'
Veterinary centres
Kennels
Operating roonis '..
Reception rooms
Stalls
Workrooms
Bank vaultS

..
,

511 s.m:i noor

5
5
5

"-

10

10 L/s.person

Industrial process
High.activity level
(2.5 mel)
Medium activity level
(2.0 mel)
low activity level
(1.5 met)
Meal processing

Camera rooms
Dark rooms
Duplicating rooms
Printing rooms
Slages
Refrigerated rooms
Strong rooms
Voucher storerooms'

This requirement covelS continuous

occupancy'when occupancy is intermitteill.
infillration will normally be sufficient
ventilation.
General requirements processes (apply 10
all forms unles:> separately listed).

1511s.persen

~.

15

"

Automotive repair. assembly

10
5

"

10

laboratory work, light assembly elc.

This requirement covers low temperature
D"C) rooms occupied
(.23"C to
continuously. Where occupancy is
intermittent, infiltration""';lI normally be
sufficient ventilation.

10

"

foundary, etc.

+'

10
10
3.5
3.5
5

10
10
10
10
16

"

"

Contaminants.

"
"
"

Same as meal processing.

Same- as bank vaults.
Same as bank vaults.

e~

"
"
"

Refer 10 aviation standards.

Reprinted from AS 1668.2 - t99twith permission of Standards Australia

2.19

, -_ _ ~

Where an occupancy type is only listed under one building type, the values given apply la that type of
occupancy in all building types.
NOTE: For importanl notes relating to these tables. refer to AS 1668.2 - 1991

~ne\:tc.

Instalted equipment may require exhaust.. kI

control contaminants.

2.18

' -

Quantity

person

Pharmacists
Photography

"
"

Minimum outdoor airflow rate

c.
~} I;~

. 1_--

"
1

Theatres
Auditoriums

"

"

Nott
floor

Occupancy type

eT~

Comments

Sports & Amusements

centres

Minimum Outdoor Air Requirements

Based on Class of Occupancy (cant.)

c_

Heating Degree Days

Minimum Exhaust Air Requirements

Based on Use of Enclosure

12
Em:losure type

Quantity

Kitchen
Commercial
Residential
Laundry

Commercial
Hospital
Residential

Sanitary compartment

Bath
rncinerefle
Shower
Urinal
Water closet

Bathroom toilet Private dwellings and

attached 10 bedroom of hotels. molels.

See AS 16682 .1991 SectIon -:

See AS 2676

5l/sm floor
5L/sm no-or'
See AS 1668 2 . 1991 Section 4
5 L I s".m" lIoor
GLfsn! 1100/20 LIs m" floor

Sl/sm-noor
50 LI s.room

15l/s.m: floor
1511sm'floor
20 L/s.foom

fiJ:\ure

-10 l/s.m l floor

5 II s.m= floor
5 L Is.m: noor
5l/s.m}noor
2.5 II s.m= floor

Planlroom-

5l/snr floor

Lifts.

For calculation purposes. floor area

m=. 0.6 m length of urinal sl1afl be

equivalenlto one fixture

5 II s.m= floor

Electrical equipmenl

Rale is independent of enclosure

size. Operalion olthe system may
be intermittent

,od
25l/s listed

Theatre projection
(carbon ale equipment)

Boilers and furnaces

Rale 'IS independent of roomsize.

Operation of the system may be
inlermillent

per linure shall be nottess than 2.5

resorts. ele.
Disconnecting compartments
,Ajr Jocks
Priva cy lock
S~ge ejeclion
Spa pools
Swimming pools

May be 15 l ! sm.' otlJoor when

approved local exhaust prOVided
over sterilizers (see AS 1668,2
Clause 3.3 1Cb))

The greater of
10 1I s.m~ floor

25 lIs room

'5

QUEENSLAND

May include bath. shower .water

doset and handbasin in one
compartment. Rate is independenl
of room size. operation of system
may be inlermittent.

}lncludes water
)surface area
Additionally. exhaust each lamp
housing 50 Lt s.
SeeAS
See AS
See AS
SeeAS

Refrigeration
Repnnted from AS 1668.2 - 1991. With permiSSIon 01 standsrds Austral/s

1200
3000
1735
1677

A~

BlldsviHe
81i:;ban"
Bundabcrg
Burkelown
CQolangalta
Gympie
Kingaroy
longrear.h
Marybaroug h
Namhollr
Rama
Toowoomba
WEST AUSTRALIA
Aibany Airport
Broome
8unbury
DerbyP.D.
El/cia
FremanHe
Kalgoorhe
laver10n
Marble Bar
Northam
Perth (Reg. Office)
Perth (Kings Park)
Rotlnes! Island
ViCTORIA
Aberfeldy
Bairnsdale
SaHarat
8enalla
Bendigo
Colac
Dandenong
Euroa
Geelong
HarT!illbn
-'Kerang
Melbourne
Mildura
Seymour
Warragul
Wodonga
Yallourn S.E.C.

41

2
5
0
8

32
144
'2
14
38
85
176

'"0
57
0

90
23

'SS
9S
0
136
22
36
3
1549
,

320
735
465
0468

6'5
339
462
378
1_ <54
314
234
222
504
458
422
446

2
'67
41
SI
0
84

'"

30
428
23S

236
8
347

261
483

402
834
256
30'
485
578
977

SS,

1256

0
327
0
3S3
202
451
303
4
457
198
245
105

8
888
2
859
675
914
665
35
961
645
734
525

2414
820

30403

1416

2268
1636
1701
2150
1627
1637
1725
1850
1361
1378
1146
1748
1800
1512
1842

402
75
88
171

972
1002
1290

871
971
935
1052

751
693
596
1040
1026

89'
1039

12

18

Comments
,

Aulomotive vehide
Battery charging
Document copying process which ,emilS
obnoxious effluent
Drycreaning (so-Ivenl)
Garages
Garbage room and sefVlce compartment"
Grease arrestor
~
Hospital sterilizing '0.

Base Temp. DC

Base Temp. DC

"

1549

SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Adelaide (Wo Terr )
Beni
Border1own
Coobe' Pedy
Coonawarra
Kapunda
lameroo P.D
Moomba
Ml. Gambiet
Murray Bridge P.D.
Narr<lcoorte P.O
PortPirie
WhyaUa
NEW SOUTH WALES
Albury
Balhurst {Gaol}
Broken Hill
Campbelllown
Canberra Airport
Casino P.O.
Cessnocl:.
Corowa
Dubbo P.O.
Goulburn
HayP.C.
JenoJan Caves
Liverpool
Moree
Moss Vale
Narooma
Sydney
Thredbo Village
Wagga Airpor1
TASMANIA
Bumie A.P.P.M.
Cradle Valley
Hoba/t Ai/por1
Launceslon' Airpor1
Ml. Wellington
Wynyard Airport
NORTHERN
TERRITORY
Alice Springs
AyersRock.
Darwin P.O.
Kalherine P.O.

106
146
380
58
445

15

18

437

1000
1000
1625

477

912
263

635

1027

T801

2'4
53
443

762
752
182

1357
1401

1066

207

615

37'
93
76'

90'

1895
1236
1653

29t

502
71~

.243

'"

819
18
'24
J93
28"3646
250
912
137
140
662
143
29

446

J73
332

860
804

1004
1288

1657
2023
1112
1073
2186

603
528
1421

120
387
855
652

401
838

1574

1468
1164
1945
1168
2413

452
382

970
77J

1260

204g
1170

1208

629

528
2'5

642
3942
1608

1967

2900

493

980

457

2041
4149
2133

646

11204
3076
1231
1488
3952
1414

109
85
0
0

298
258
0
0

618
543
0
7

2073

555
76'
2892

24.16
5040
2395

The above data has been extracted wilh permission from C.S.I.R.O. Division of BuildIng Research
Technical Paper (Second Series) No. 35.

I'

2S"C

ACctivity

26"C

. 24"C

~I'~
eT"~

Room Dry Bulb Temperature

Degree of

22'<:

20C

Wait

Sens

Lat

Sens

Lat

Sens

Lat

Sens

Lat

Sens

Lat

Seated at
rest

50

50

60

40

67

33

72

2B

79

2t

Sealed.

50

70

60

60

70

I _

~I"~

Heat Gain from People

50

7B

42

~-<- ~

Seated.

50

BO

60 .

standing

70
...

70

60

7B

52

44

BB

walking
slowly

Walking.

53

97

64

BB

76

74

84

66

60

90

sealed
standing,
walking
slowly

105

68

92

BO

BO

90

70

62

120

115

105

140

125

125

55

Light bench
work

55

165

70

150

B5

135

100

Moderate
dancing

62

188

78

172

94

156

110

Walking,

80

220

96

204

110

190

130

170

145

155

132

298

144

286

154

276

170

260

IBB

242

1.5m/s

Heavy work

ei:3
I

.~

el~

.~~

----

Output
Power

F.ul! Load
Molor
Efficiency

kW

025
037
055
075
1I

lo\:alion of Equipment With Respect to Conditioned Space or

AirSlream

--

15
22
40
55

75

Motor out Drrven machine in-

Oulputpower 1
./? efficiency

Olitput power

Outpul Power(1 - %Eff.)

1% Efficiency

025
OJ7
0.55

012
0.16

67
70
72
73
79

.037
053
0.76
1.03
139

80
82
83
S4
85

o is

1.88
3.66
4.82

6.55
8.82
12.8
17.2
21.0
25.0

30

86
87
88
88
89

37 .
,45
55
75
90

89
90
90
90
90

41.6
500
61.1

11

15
185

22

100

1.05
1.32
18
2.2
2.5
3.0
37
4.6
5.0
6.1
8.3
10.0

From: AIRAH ApplicatiOn Manual DA9 - Air Conditioning Load Estimation and psychrometries

.;.,.~

'.

('.66
~ .82

Note: The above values are for continuously operating plant.

For inlermitlen( operation. an approprial~ usage factor should be used prer~rably measured.

~.~:~

"

1.5
2.2
4.0
5.5
75

37
45
55
75
90

From: AIRAH Applicatio,: Manual DA9 Air c~ning Load Estimation and Psychrometries

....

0.29

22
30

83.3

021

028
0.38

18.5

33.i

Driven machine oul

1.10-

11
15

Motor in

Motor in
Driven machine in-

I "
E' i .~

e.'

"

Sedentary
work

..

very light

work

~--_.

=;'~
I

36

54

Heat Gain from Electric Motors - kW

~~.

~------------------_--...._----".

2.23

i
i

Heat G~in To Supp"1 y Du et

Heat Gain From Air _Conditioning Fan
Draw-Through System (6)
TOTAL
Temperature difff?rencp.._
(Rooril"-SuppJy ~!)

OK

10K

10
20
3.5

06
'2

Pa 12}
Fan Motor net
in condiliont!'d
sp;'jce ora-ir-,
stream

1(1)
200
300

400

,Uf

slrea.'1 ~5l

100
200
300
400
500
600
aDO
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800

2000

B4

,74

'02
12.4
150
171
21.0

90
109
130
15.0

07
16
26
3.6
46
56
7.9
WS
12.7 .
153
18.4
21.8
25.2

05
11
19
2.6
32
40
5.6
7.5
9.0
11-0
13.1
15.6
18.0

48

2B
35
40
55

20,9

25.3
JO.3
353

OB

143

21

6.0
'07

2000

04
, 5
20
2.4
32
46
61

75

"1800

F'an melor in

6 KC

10K

12
26
45
6.0
76
95
13.5
17.8
21.4

25.?
30,6

36.1
416

17
3.5
5.S
7B

TEN~ERATURE 0 I FFE"nf~i\n:~~~

2'
32
11
18

ArR VELOCITY
ASPECT RA Ti 0

'0 m/;
2, I

07

33

25

.5

4.6

33

57

12.0
16.7

71

42
52

10.1

71

3.5

36

J4

32

3.0

8'
11.7

z'"

"

2.5

=
w
~
~
~

6~~:

E:3

Z
0
0
~

'" ..

C>

20

re

re

<
-'

18

E
E

"0

on , .5

"

"

"'

-,

'2

-'
<
> 2

"re

"-

1I

0.5

'0

IN UNC ND1T]!ONJ;;:

1\ \

15

20

1'%
I"

.1,

!"---~ r-.

r-.

i""-.
~

I'"
~

:--...

"-

SP .CE

" '"

"-

'a

---

ill>

"'-

10

2.25

20

30
ROON

'-

r----

r--- t--

f-Sm
m

o
2.24

IOC

-'

:"'%

16

14

"C

"
w

30 C

25C

[\

Z
W

in

"-

Z
W

TE P.
I FER NCE

"C

1\

\1

;-

E
E

on

Q
Q

<

-'
<
> , .0

<
w

1\

C>

"0

,..
~

22

,.. ,..

:5

'"

45 (

"-

24

.J

DUC

I 1\

26

-'
<
w
Z 2.0

z "w 0
~

28

1,
i

"-

'"<0

,.. '""-

39
49
6.0
B.3

(1) Exclude from heal gain.lypical valueS'for beating losses. etc.. which are dissapaled in apparalusFOom.
(2) Fan 101011 pressure"" fan sialic pressure"'" velocity pressure at' fan disCharge..
.
8~fow 6mfs the fan lolal p;essure 5-2pproximately '=. 10 fan sIalic. Above 6m{s the lotal pressure
shouldbe calculated.
(3) 70% fan efficiency assumed
(4) SIn'" ran efficiency assumed
(5) 60% molor and drive efficiency assumed
(6) Fur Draw .Ihrough systems. this heat is an addilion to Ihe supply air gain and is added 10 the Room
Sensible Heal. For Blow-through systems this fan heat is added 10 the Grand Tolal H,eal. use the R
S H times the percenlage listed and add (0 the G T H . '
.

From: AJRAH Appfieation Manual 0A9 - Air Conditi~ingLoad Estimation and Psychrometries

"'"

09
,B

I
i

<
-'
:0

<

.J

9.1
11.4
14.0
19.3

>-'

1\ 1\
\ \

30

7J

6.B

C
C

DUCT VELOC I TY m/~

-I-- -

10
21

12
25
40
54
6.S

14K

97

2.0
42

Percent of Room Sensible Heat PI

500
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600

I 3j:i_c.e
conditione.d
or

Temperature rjiUefenCf>'_
(Room - Supply' Air)

14 KC

ROOM TEMPERA TURE

TEMPERATU.~E OF UNCONDITiONED SPACE
TEMPERA TURE. OF SUPf'L Y ,<\ I R ENTERING DUCT

r-----,---------------~.--------_
FAN
CETRAl STATION SYSTEM fJJ
UNITARY SYSTEM f4J
I'
PRESSURE

'"
"<
"-

BASED ON

4D 5 0 60 70 80
SENSiBLE HEAT kV

gO

'0 o

Water Flow Rates

Fittings

Domestic Hot Water System

Sizing GUide

Flow I Oullet
litrel second

FOR ELECTRIC OR GAS FIRED HOT WATER CYLINDERS

Ho'
Bath

Cold

0.20

Application

0.20

Peak Period

Hot Waler Requirements, at SO'C Supply

Temperature

1102 hours
12 to 1 pm_or
12102prn

Allow 3.1 Utre I meal. Including cooking and washing.

e.g._ 200 meals over 2 hours := 620 Utte.
Note: Waler required at 82 QC.

Canteens
Cafes.
Restaurants, Holel
Kitchens

1 to 2 hours
12101 pm or
1.2t02pm

.Allow.5.5 Utre 13 COU!.:,~._~eaL Induding coolr:ing and

washing. e.g., 200 meals over 2 hours'" 1100 Litre.
Note: Water required at 82 QC.

HoliOay Flats,
Hotels, Motels.
Gill!slHouses

1 hour
7.30 am to
8.30 am

PJIow,20:.Ulr~!personover.lh~'p~:a~houf.
e.g. 040 guestS .. 800 lilie over 1 hour.

Suggested

(Unless Indicated)

Cleaners Sink

0.30

0.30

0.03

Dishwashing Machine

0.30

0.30

Basin

0.10

S02.ck Bars

Take ilway Food

Drinking Fountain

Hose Cock.

0.10

0.30
,

.laboratory Oullet

Stock Pot

L"

0.10

Hairdressing
1.c:;;:llonS

Toilet Cistern

Washing Machine (small)

3 to 4 hours

Each installation to be indi...iduaUy evaluated but as a

I gWde allow 3.1 litre I customer.

Squash Courts

Spread over
4 halMS

Allow 20 Utre I player. Average 16 players ! cnurt over 4

hours. e.g.. 4 courts '" 20x4x16 '" 1280 Litre over 4

Office Amenities

Spread over
8 hours

Allow 4 10 5 Utre' person I day.Showers seldom used.

Factory Change
Rooms
(Light industry) .

1 hour
4pmto5pm

Assume 30% use showers. Allow 9 litre !-person.

Assume 70% use hand basins. Allow 2.5 litre I person.
(This is equivalenllo 4 5 litre I person.)

0.30

Shower (75 mm. dia. spray)

ho""

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.30

0.30

Factory Change
Rooms
(Heavy or Dirty
. Industry)

NOTE:
Showering iime : ~ Short
;. 3 (.,inu!es
Average.:: S mim.:les

Glass Washing
Machines

1 hour
4pmtoSpm.

Usual1yp-ver
2 hours

Assume 30 Litre I person.

industries such 'as mining 40 lilre I
per,;On may be required.

No~e: !nsome

Generally require 7 litre of hot water [wash of 25

glasSes with one wash I minute.
Note: Temperature required by regulation 82 "C.

Size systems as fellows :-.

1. Determine peak demand period. This may be spread over 1 or more hours.
2. calculate the hot water requirements over he peak demand period.
3. Select the number of heaters to satisfy the peak demand requirements.
Note: In applications where it is known thallhe peak hot water demand wm be over a very short periOd.
some showering periods may not exceed 30 minutes, then the storage and recovery rate of the heater
should be calculated for that time period only.

@;:I~
"

2.26

e:i3

From:

Rheem Australia Appliance Division.

2.2:1

~~"

'C

~-[~

Water Storage TahkGapacit'} for

Office Buildings
~f the laps or

~-t~

~'l:lC: '" mre I .:>ecol"'" ,rom the tank l: 50 10 bring

e~:':"~~

The water storage for an office bl,lilding should be?-;."ed on a design criteria'lhal 80%
sanitary fixtures will be useo.if:u peak period or ,,., minutes.
Stor-age tank capacity isobfained by mUlliplymg-the ci ....-:'

I-

(0 minutes x 10mlnu!es peak period.

Example;
AA office buildirigl1as J29 wa\!;:rclosels

1 " .... ' __ ':':"._..."' ..... ",,:, .:.;...; : :

-,- -'

e:-[~

~:_''''--- What capacity water

Air Flow vs. Air Changes I hour

& Ceiling Height

!F=--::-'1 :;;..........

\1

Total Flow

Sanitary Fixtures
litre 1 second

Litre f second

100 Basins {hol'" cold)

20 Sln~ ;:ri...; - <.Vu... ,

24 Urinal Cist.e:ms

u.tiv
0.10

._ --

20.0
..
2.40

Full flow. tefal '" .<16.40

'i~
e': ~.

'::J

0;;...

Note: An additional allowance should be made ,,,.

make up waler used-by the air condilianing syslem.

...: continuously run lap or sanilary flrlure--3nd-for

e"-~

e:

,~

---,

':'

'0.56

0.5')

_ 0.72

3.50-'

4"",

.;!

5-.00

0.83

0.97

1.:' 1

1.39

t.:J9

1.44

1.67

1.94

2._22

2.78

1.67

2..08

2.17

2.50

2.92

3.33

441

2.76

2.89

3.33

3B9

444

5;56'"

.- 2.22

."-.

?3{

2.78

:;:l'!

.,--'

,U!

3.89

4.llo

4.44
<on

~.~:,~.~,:.78

---

1--_4 .33
5.0$

-.-."

-.
-

4.17

4.86

5.56

6.94

5.00

5.83

6.67

8.33

5.83

6,81

7.78

9.72

6.67

7.78

, n'

11.11

{.50

8.75

10.00

12.50

8.33

9.72

11.11

13.89

9.17

10.69

12.22

1528

5.56

6.~,'~--t;:~

11

6.11

7.,')4

12

6.67

8.33

8.67

10.00

11.67

13.33

16.57

13

7.22

9.03

9..3 7

10:83

12.64

14.'14

18.06

t4

1 7.n

H.B7

13.61

1-.

7.94

tG.i1"

9.72

15

=,> J

~0;'P

f,"tO!B3~ ,

1.

8.89

11.'l 'I'

11.56

17

9.44

11.81

12.28

--~,

,
i

14.5fr
-- >15,56
13,3:3,
!-2;SO-"c

17.7-8

>' 21>.63
Z2"22

18.89

23.6f

15ro

1750

7f)QD.

.2'5IJO

10. CV

11.50

1.

10.56

13.19

13.72

15.83

15.47

21.11

20

11.11

13.89

14.44

16.67

19.44 -.

2222

1":1 ~n

~
t

/.Hi

34.72

'f6~67

2ii.83

21.67

25.00

29.17

33.33

'41.67

35

19.44

24.3'1

2528

29.17

34.03 "

38.89

48.61

Example: Required (0 find supply air quantity (Us) io a room 3m x 4m With 2.6m 'ceffing heighl which is
to be supplied with 10 air changes per hour of sir conditioned air. From above table for 10 air changes
2
and L5m cenin9 heighl, Nr Flow= 7."22 Uslm2 To~al supply air '" 722 Uslm x 3m x 4m "" 86.6 Us.

2.29

..

30

.,./

!"

19.44

15.56
16..ttt:':

16.53

14.17
I

.~} -'iil

2.28

ut

'0

e: '.-"'"

J_,__"-,oo

~;.,)l:__.L._?::.o" _

Tank storage cap.acit)'. say - :,~""n Ulle

"Ceiling Height (metre)

.3
4'

;~
~~

Therefore - 37. i2 x 60 )( 10 '" 22 270 Ufre'

..
2.00

'-'-

10
~',

80% cof full flow !olal(.....hich is 46:40 L I $) '" 37.12 Lis

___.___ ~:. flow 1;";.,e1'sec.orrdlrifl

1

'e:T~

12.0

0.10
0.20

120 Water closels

........r.

slOrage lank. is reQuirea?

Flow toJaps and

Ail"
_Cha""'~-

\
\

,--

L-

e-~

Air Flow vs. Cross Section Area

& Velocity
Section
Area

0.50

1.00

1.50

m'

2.00

2.50

3.00

5.00

7.50

10.0

Air Flow Litre/second

0.05

25

50

75

100

125

150

250

375

500

0.10

50

100

150

200

250

300

500

750

1000

0.20

100

200

300

'00

500

_600

10g0"

1500

2000

0.30

150

300

450

600

750

900

1500

2250

3000

0.40

200

'00

600

800

1000

1200

2000

3000

'000
5000

0.50

250

500

750

1000

1250

1500

2500

3750

0.60

300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

3000

4500

Tank Capacity

;I~

Air Velocity mls

Cross

'-::;.J

6000

0.70

350

700

1050

1400

1750

2100

3500

5250

7000

0.80

'00

800

1200

1600

2000

2400

4000

6000

8000

1.90

'50

900

1350

1800

2250

2700

4500

6750

9000

1.00

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

5000

7500

10000

5.00

500
...
' -2500

5000

7500

10000

12500

15000

25000

37500

50000

7.50

3750

7500

11250

15000

18750

22500

37500

56250

75000

10.00

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

50000

75000

100000

e-r

. Tank
Diam.

Tank Height or Length

mm

mm
500

'00

800

1000

1200

Tank Capacity -

1400

1600

1000

L~tre

300

35

'2

57.

'00

63

75

101

126

"

151

176

201

251

500

98

118

157

196

236

275.

31.

303

'00

141

170

226

283

33'

'396

453

566

700

193

231

308

385

'62

539

616

770

E3

800

251

302

'02

503

603

70.

805

1006

900

318

382

510

'36

764

890

1020

1273

1000

393

471

630

789

943

1100

1260

.;~

1570

1200

566,

680

905

1130

1360.

1580

1810

2260

1400

770

925

1230

'''0

1850

2160

2460

3080

2820

3220

4020

e;r~
~r~
I .

"

''::;1
.~

'::::1

85

99

113

141

1600

1006

1210

1610

2010

2410

~\800

1270

1530

2040

2550

3060

3560

4070

5090

2000

1570

1890

2510

3140

3710'

4400

5030

6290

2200

1900

2280

3040

38<10

4560

5320

6080

7610

2260

2nO

5430

'''0

7240

9050

6370

7440

8500

10620

15.00

7500

15000

22500

30000

37500

45000

75000

112500

150000

2400

3620

4530

20.00

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

100000

150000

200000

2600

2660

3190

4250

5310

25.00

12500

25000

37500

50000

62500

75000

125000

187500

250000

2800

3080

3700

'920

6160

7390.

8620

9860

12320

3000

3540

4.240

5660

7070

8490

9900

11310

14140

3500

4810

5770

7000

9620

115513

13470

15400

19220

4000

62'0

7540

10050

12570

15080

17600

20110

25140

Example: Required 10 find air velocity when 7500 Vs of air passes through an opening. of 5.0 m cross
section area. From the above table, from the row for 5.00 m 1 the head of the column containing 7500 Us
indicates a velocity of 1.50 m{s,

2.30

2.31

""",,:,

..

~-r

Economic Life of Equipment

Economic life

Equipment
Air condilioning unit - Room type
Air condilioning unit- Split cassette (up 10 10 kW)
Air condilioning unit - Pacl<age (10 kW - 100 kw)
Aircondilioning unil: - Split package (10 kW - 100 kW)
Air handling unit _Proprietary line central slal~on single or multiple zone

10-15
10 15
20~25

20 - 30
1-3
10-15
2-5

Air handling unit - Custom built central slation

Air fillers - Dry mecfaa disposable
Air liUers Metal washable type
AJr fillers - HEPA
Automatic conlrolsand in~lrumenlation

20 -25

15 20

Boilers fire tube

'"~;- ,:.
Boilers water tube
Boilers - Cas! iron
Boilers - Finned copper lube heat exchanger
Boilers electrode

25 - 30

2530

e~r~

Building Services Costs

~T~

Typical ~~j/ding Engineering Services Costs as a Percentage of Building Tola! Cost

et!3
e~ -;.~
.
I

.,-

. , -.-' JZiiIl

..

..::~

SerVices

Percentage of Building Cost by Project

alrK-es
(High Rise)

Shopping
Centre

Hotels

Hospitals

Mechanical

10J)o/..

12.0%

8.5%

15.4%

Eleclrical

5.5'5.

8.0%

5.0%

6.0%

.. 8.3%

0.5%

6.5%

3.""

5.0%

3.6%

Communications

_1.3%

0.8%

2.4%

28.1%

25.5%

24.4%

28.2%

15 -20

2a- 25
10- 2S
2030
20 -25
8 - 12

Cooling lowers
Duc:twork <!nd fittings
Electric molors
'Electric strip heaters

2530
20- 25
25 - 30
20-25
15 -20

Electrical sWllchgear and dislribulion equipment

Electricallinaf circuits and oullets
Electrical mains cables
Electric storage hp-alers
Fans

20- 25

Fire alarm_systems
Gas convection healer
Generalo<'3 - Electric
Generalors - Dieses
Heal"exchangers

lS 20

15 20
15 - 20
20-25

15 -20
15 -20
20 25

Kitchen equipmenl
laundry equipment
lighting instaUalions

20 ~2~

~PlJmpS

20-25'

'~.'

20 -25

RadiBtors - Hot waler

Refrigeralion chillers _Absorption
Refrigeration chillers - centrifugal
Refrigeration chillers .. Reciprocaling
Tanks
Variable air ~olume - Terminal units

20 -30
20 -25

15 - 25
20 -30

15 -25

Note: Th~ above values are given"for guidance only. The assumed life of a plant ilem may vary depending
on Ihe particular project under consideration.

Er!

;~
~

e'l

.. ,

'3

~:i "'"
''''''-

E; B

e!] 'iH
.~

2.32

'3

1.8%

Lifts

Fire

TOTAL

2025

Coils - eooJlog and healing

Pip~~~ and valv~s-

(years)
7 -10
7 -10

:~

2.33

2.6%

CONO IT I ON

AlA

CHAAT

SIMULTANEOUS DRY AND

IH HOURS PER tEAR
HOURS

PEA' YEAA

PERIOD

OF

THE

BULB

TEMPERATURE

THIS

PRESENTATION

1'-

ON

HAVE

11

HOURS I YEAR

1'-

19.

'I'

:x

1'-

if

1'-

1'-

-'\11.

1'-

8760

BASE.

C'
~

14, ~

,
,x

kt

THiS

TO

20.

1'..

BEEN

NORMALlsEO

Z2.

'0'

't---

MEASURED
ay THE
AND NO CORRECTION
HAS
BEEN A~PL1ED.

OATA

CHART

1'-

1I

'f-.

WET

THE

D 1'-

't---

1)

oeoo.

0300.

VSEQ
IN
15
THAT
BUREAU.

FRCTOR

!"

'l'-

26137

LSOC. IlIOO.
AUSTRAL(AN
OUAflU
O~

QURCE;

IiOTEI

't--25.

1.I.OZ TO 91.1'Z. '1\

READINGSl
3079

READINGS:

-, 24

TEMPERATURES

1'-

OBSERVATION

NUMBER OF
HISSING RECORDS:
O'F

BULB

lET

25.

9760

TOTA~

TII1E

ADELAIDE

LZ.
o

10. ::
m

..

o
o

6. ~
T'

uLB
a

,E

"'p

f:1S

,.

'!-<l:'

2.

.1 0 I: I; 1~I; 1iil ~l E1:1 ~'O

s.

o.

'5.

ro
Tlii ill
f]I

o.

"'o,:lgl:;:

IS.

CHAAT

20.

25.

OF

YEAR

NOTE:

THE
"ET
USEQ
IN

THRT

FACTOR

2S""-.""-J
,

HAS

1500.

OF

LeOO

BY

't---

1--- 1/ '1'-

1'-

l'

ZOo

,
,.

~H

THE

I.'

1',--

:k

,I

1.

~. I
~.

,. ,
13'

TE

uLIl

..,<r'

TURE

.....

l~

..p. ':::to..

o.

'~"'"

5.

10.

",.~!~!~_ ...
~15 ::;:.: :t.;.;
~
15.

't---

I.

20.

a.

25,

~
1'-

4.

U.

,.
,.

1'-

>2.

.. ,
~

1'-

l'

W1u
<D.

~.

os.

::n
m

l'

4.

~ ..
Q!"I-I"'I~-'~
..
a ~ a

3D.

....

11

t
+P+-~~
"I" I"

TEMPERATURE

:l>

1'-

,~

"131~'.'Q ..'"

le.

IQ.

"

i.-....'l-.:tt-~ I'

... ~I~ ....

I.

J'-

g
~

1'-

I.

'.

~....

20.

"-

1'-

I.

14

" 11

10

1'-

,I

S.

OAYaULIl

---_._,

It

1'-

4.

',.

1~19

:to,b:b::r--.-I--~
"."-", f...t-..h..:f...
,
... "__ .- '~
:.1::::

I-W

.,.

RA

.:..;--r::

wET' O.

'5.

tfE

;d

1'-

.....

l'

1'-

~.

,.

I".

IO

., 22.

lB.

1'--

METEOAOLOGY

1-10 ,CORRECTION
BEEN
RPPLIEa.

25.

...

1.,J"k

H"

THE
CRTA
ON
THIS'1I
IS.
CHART
HAVE
BEEN
NOflNAL I SEa
TO
B760
HOURS I YEAA
BASE.

tt f1'. if

50.

1'-

"'-.

TEMPER.ATURE
PRESENTRTION

NERsUREa
RNO

1200.

BUREAU

BULB
THIS

BURERU,

!"

0500.

. 'f-.-

TEMPERATURes

"2

AUSTAALIAN

IS

~'

<S.

8750

REROINGSl

SOURCEJ

<D.

"'-..

PERIOD
OF
OBSERVATION
1.1.0Z TO 31.12.71
OTAL
NUNBEA
OF
REAOlIiGS;
H23e
MISSING
RECOAOS;
INE

3S~

30.

AOELAIDE..

SIHUcTRHEcua ORY RHO .IET auce

IH HOURS PER YERR . 'ORY TIHE
PER

w ~~-ij;-w-ij;~-J~Jr-~~:a~i~

CONDITION

HOURS

"

ro m "tJ'''' (~m",(J' c m {:}

())

AlA

>D.

"'I .. ,

.45.

6.

..
2.

1---

o.

so.

:t

AlA

CONO IT I ON

CHAAT

SIMULTANEOUS ORY RNO

IN HOURS PEA YEAR
HOURS

PER

YEAR

ALlCE SPAINGS

lET

1/

aUla-. TEI1PEAATUAES

8760

PERIOD
OF
OBSERVATION
!.l.se TO JI.12.!l'S
TOTAL.
NUHseR
OF
READING'S;
2Bn~
MiSSiNG
AECORDS:
~92
TINE

OF

REAOINGS:

0300.

0800.

1500.

lOCO.

AUSTRALIAN

SOURCE;

BUREAU

i~;:: "~.

OF

16. ~
~

NO TB I

'"w
'"

;;

..

s.

,.
O.

s.

'0.

O.

CONO IT I ON

CHART

SIHlJLTANEOUS ORY ANO

IN HOURS PEA YEAR

ALlCE SPRINGS

lET BULB
DAY TIHE

1/

TEMPERATURES
<0

HOURS PER
YEAR
8760
PERIOD
OF
OSSERVATION'
1.1.:50 r'a' 31.12.05
TOTAL
NUNBER
OF
READINGS;
14370
MISSING

rlNE

FlECORDS:

OF

SOURCE:

240,

'0.

23S"

REAOINGS:

1500,

0900:.,1200.

AUSTRALIAN

BUREAU

OF

1800

HA'

19. :x
c
~

METEOROLOGY
16.

C
:l:l
~

NOTE;

THE
USED

IS

WET

BULB

TEMPERATURE

IN

THIS

PflE'SENTATlON

THAT

NEASUREO

BY

THE

I:IUREAU.
AND
NO
,CORRECT ION
FACTOR
HAS
BEEN' APPL f EO.
THE

ORTA

ON

CHRRT HAVE
NORMRLISED
HOURS

YERR

THiS
BEEN
ro 6760

12.

IS.

IQ.

SAsE'.

,. x
o
Q

O.

~-

>

,.
2.

., .

o.

,.

... :::
...

...
..

..

..

la

...

10.
OilY' BULB

.,

'0.

'0.

>s.

T EliP EIHlTURE

>s.

'0.

'0.

AlA

CONDITION' CHAAT

SIMULTANEOUS ORY AND

IN HOUA6 PEA YEAR

BA IS BANE

rET

BULB

TEHPERRTUAES
22,

HOURS

YEAR

PE~

PERIOO

OF

OBSERVATION

'TOTAL
HUMBER
OF
MISSING RECOADS:
TIME

OF

1.1,S8ro 31.12.67

READTNGS;
566

f1EflDIHGS:

AUSTRALIAN

SOUACE:

",

8160

zo.

28650

0300.

0600.

o~oo.

1200.

1500.

lBOO.

2100.

2~OO

BUREAU

OF

lB.

HAS

METEOROLOGY

:x
c

\0. ~

NOTE:

THE
'WET
USED
IN
IS

THAT

BUREAU.

FACTOR

BULB

TEMPERATURE

THIS

PRESENTATION

MEASURED
BY
THE
AHO NO CORRECTION
HAS

BEEN

RP'PLIED.

THE DATA OH THIS

CHART HAVE BEEN
HORMALISED TO Biaa
HOURS I YEAR BASE.

11
rET

SIMULTRNEOU6 DRY AND

IN HOURS PER YEAR ~

TEHPERATURES

BULB

DAY TIME

zz,
HOURS

PEA

PERIOD

OF

TOTAL

8760

OBSERVATION

HUMBER

HISSING

TINE

VERA

OF

RECOROS:

Of

1.1.5B TO 31.12.67

READINGS:

20,

I~S9t

17

READIHGS:

0900.

1200.

1500.

\800

HAS

lB.

SOURCE:
HOTE:

lI'ET

BULB

USED
11,
15 THAT

THIS

THE

T.EMPe;AATURe;

PRESENTATION
MEASUAEO BY THE
ANO HO CORRECTiON

BUAEAU.
FACTOR HAS BEEN RPPLIEO.
THE OATR ON TH I S
CHART HAVE BEEN
NORMAllSEO TO 8100

;2,

HOUAS I YEAR

;0,

BASE.

S,

"
.
...
-:5"

0,

5,

co

..

. \0.

0,
oil

...
...

;s,

"

"

"

30,

)S,

.c,

.,

00,


AlA

COND I TI ON

CHAAT

CANBEAAA

SIMU"TAHEOUS CAY AHC

IN HOURS PEA YEAA

_ 2-".

1/

TEMPERATURES'

22.
HOURS
PER
YERR
0160
PERIOO
OF
OBSERVATION
1.1.5B TO 31.12.61
TOTAL
NUNBER
OF
PoEAOJNOSJ
22002
MISSING
RECOADSJ
15~'
TIME OF
READINGS:
0360. ~eoo.
1500. IBOO.
SOURCE:
AUSTAALIAN
BUREAU Of

"
20 .

10.

:J:

.0
~
~

NOTE:

THE _ET
USED
IN

f~MPERATURE

BULB
THJG

1'0.

',PRESENTATioN

IS THAT MEASURED BY THE

BUREAU. AND NO COllflECTIOri
FACTOR HAS BEEN' APPLIED.
THE
DATA
ON
TH[S
CHART HAVE BEEN

H. ~
~

12. - ...

NORNALISED
TO 8100
HOURS I YEAR
BR~.

2.

0,

o.

s.

{j)

~i) .

,5.

I.)
AlA

COND IT I ON

10.

(i)

CHAAT

SIMULTANEOUS DRY AND

I H HOUAS PEA YEAA
HOURS

PEA

YEAR

SO."

lET BULB
OAY TIHE

1/

TEHPERATURE'S

9780

PER lOa OF
OBSERVATION
I.L~9 Ta 31.12.67
rorAL
'NUNBER OF
REAOINI3SJ
\4:nH
NISSING
RECORDSl
14
TINE

OF

READINGS,

01l00.

1200,

tSOO.

1900

I.

2-".

22.

20.

HA'

SOURCEJ

Ill.

:t
Q

".
Jo

>'

'5.

'5.

o.

;.
>C.

'.

__

DAY aULa
.--

TEI1PERATtHlE

35.

<0,

<S.

so.

1_-.amm;'OlmIRf:EI.iiliuH;t:i.Iili..~'i; . ~"

AlA

l,,;UNUlI1UN

l,;HHHI

DHHWIN

"IJ'
1/
"
.
r
,"') 1 ' - - - ' "
, I'-

S!MUL TRHEOUS
ORY
RHO
IH HOURS PER YERR,

lET

BULB

TEMPERRTURES

HO URS

PER

TAL

rEM

NUMBER

M SSlIiG

T ME

1.1.58 To 31.12,07
REAOINGS.:
28290

OF

~30

i"t

JI':I

:t/
1"- Lal 51

""a ;::"TI
,-!su K:lE!

("

LS

".

03t;

r-..I~

11

IZ

tlOl~

a.

IlL
llu

~I"'"

'-

'"

r-.

-LlIS
I..... :rl

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a.

\s

22:

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:h~'

~ 4.

1........

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12}...a

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5. '
15
1"-.0

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k. ZD
I
.....
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la
11

. 11
L't".!,-11~.

s.

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m
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b<
k f
n
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10. ;

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II

f'.

l'

15.
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1"

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1-..,

3.1

40

11

:f'-.

; 2.

11

'\'-.

13

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IZ

12 IZ

LII

p.<,r.. . .

lID

ZZ

17

1'1

15 ILl'-. Z'\ sz
III 11
~ L5t>-

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:a

'li

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111.1

;7 .

I,

17

Si

.51,1I 1.

}-..

~r--:l:I, l'

'If....
ZOl,

., 6-'K:i.

1b

'\..0\11
",

411-><1...

1,

1"'-

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., .

1/

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J". 21 1'--.
't--. l~IJI' 1"-- 3.1 1'-

$ol

::0 -te

~~,}d
'k:r<l
U2I:l<.. Ill l .....

a4

1"11

}-.!l'I

.i~;--"

10.....

~",

20.,U\Q
' ~.~

15.~, '" ;\.~

THE
OATA
ON
TH I S
CHART
HAVE
BEEN
NORMRLISEO
TO
87"0
HOURS I YEAR
SRGE.

~1

,.., .,

l'

L L r - . Cl
I't'--' 11.. =1/

r-

,!JLII;&
IllaS)'JI .....

i'-

"'~ l-1'-

0300. 0000.
1200.
'1500. IBOO. 2100. 2~00 HRS
AUSTRALIAN
BUREAU
OF
METEOROLOGY

THE
lET
BULB
TEHPEI\ATURE
US EO
IN
THIS
PAESENTATION
IS
THAT
I1EASURED
9Y
TH-E
8UREAU.
RND
NO
CORRECTION
FACTOR
HAS
BEEN .RPPLIED,

IB

,:,,~'51' '1~1
'ZI;-'f'-..,~ ~ 120'

<

M TE.

Cl:

,...........

O~OO.

AEADINGS.

'0 URCEI

......

Zs.,ZHZ~

8700

RECOMSJ

OF

I.......

PE RIOOOFoaGERVATloN

TO

'<.

~a,.u

a.

l'-.

"
.
, F;:,,)<:"
. , "1'---" />f<' K
I'-- ,
EI1PEA
/'" 1-....,
kZ.1':7.f.=.:HL>.".r......... \ 1 1 5.,." ~I 5
'"
r--.
'
r-..... I_ a.
T
5.
V"
I.
~.
I~ ~a.f.:.~s . It.

/><".a
l',uL' ,;t<. I>< I'-- l>- .,1' ,.o
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:,!'--"
I'-- ""
wET' 02~E::
t'- t>< f'
4. ~ ,.I~ _o~ I .
L. K Z. ~ L S
","
l' '"
'"
t-....: ,
D
0<'
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.,'1> . 1'--I'-I'--- i', I'-", ~
~
I'--I'--~
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I'--I'-- I'--- I'--"I'-2.
I'-I'-""I'--K I'--I'--I'--l'
""1'--1'--"I'--1"1'--"O.
. .. .. ..... ... . '" ... :- _
_ " ' ...
E

.0

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l:i

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"''''~'''-'''''''''''''O''~W'''N'''.''''''",,~

m 0' (l ~...... _RHl.

't Wfl'l 01' nJ (J)' mORY(t'I,'~ ~ T~RRTU"<r1",~ -*.-..---.w
, - W W tu ~ (jjW UJ' :~ ij;I, ~uJ I I '
,5.

~,

O.

5.

CONDITION

20.

25.

CHART

SIMULTANEOUS DRY AND

I H HO UfUi PER YEAR

lET

SULa

DAY TI"E

OTEl

eLiRERU

THE
'fET
USED
IN

BULa
THIS

IS

HtAGunEC

THAT

OF

s,'

O.

METEOROLOGY

III III

I~

IZ

,.

~
'.sz

"

IS
.~

14;k,

.,

.1

11'

S3

I~,I
Ll

III 11

1.'.11

I.

.4

L.

ORY'OULB

..

.~

. . .,.

.a

I 1--'

.s

.0

"

ID

20.

'"

..

".

TEMPERATURE

o.! ...

1'-1

._ . . ._.

.~.

...........

30 .
C

._.

35.

".

".

,. .
C

11---...

"
m

lll

11 ~

10. ~

IZ

IS

ID

l'

.'

1:1.

...

n
c
z'

12.

I'

,'.J
_

\.

i"

2B

z::I

,c

10.

-Ill 41

--e'!.':t}A><['IN'! N
.\

l'

~ :l4

)--..

18.

l'

..

1I1

.S

.3

.5

la

l'

ill
\S

.1

.J"

.,

'~

IZ

r-,.,,,,. ri'
~

".

,0\/,

)--..

NNN,'""l.''"''l.'''''-.l''"''l.!_
... - . ._.
-'"1"'"'"1"1"1"1"1"1"1"
~'''''.:;: :I~ : ~ s : : : ~ ; : ~ :1:ltl~l~
10.

,I""

SI
iI3

O.

t I I J I I I 1211,

20.

III

::0

IJ

5.

1'h

IQI :n "

..

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".

I'

1ll

l~

20.

TU AE

)--..

IS

t:r-..

\.'

Z7Q3

HRS

TH~

~
~
.Er,

n'

"

11

..

.4

ULO

ill i \

,i

THE
ORTA
ON
THIS
CHART
HAVE
8EEN
NORHALISEO
TO
0700
HOURS J YEA~
BASE.,

T".EAA

.'."

50.

TEMPERATURES

BURERU.
RHD
NO
CORRECT[ON
FRCTOR
HAS
BEEN
APPLIEO.

'S.

",' ,

'.

TEMPERATURE
PRESENTRTIOH

DY

If, \'

,':"

'-....,

SI ZC

AUSTRALIAN

.0.

DAAWIN

HOURS
PER
YEAR
8700
PERIOD
OP"
OBSERVATION
1.t.!l8 TO ,31.12.0"1
TOTAL
NUHBER
OF
REAOINGSJ
t4491
HISSING
RECORDS.
127
T1HE
Of
AEAOIHGSl
0500. 1200. 1500. 1000
SOURCEJ

3D.

!X
'i -' - -' 'i' ,. : . - - - - -',J -, - - .. \

'11
lOt -\
'"I-...JlAIR

15.

10.

OD.

2.

0,

AlA

CONO IT I elN

CHRRT

SIMULTANEOUS DAY AND

IN HOURS PEA YEAR
HOURS

PEA

PERIOD

YEAR

OF

HOBART

aUla

'lET

8700

..

10

' I . i .05

OaSERvRTlON

TEI'1PEAATUAE~:

TO

31.

f I

12.74
~

TOTAL NUMBER
OF
RERDINGS:
24510
MISSING
AECOROS:
1700
'"
IMf OF READIHGS:
0300. 0800. O~OO. 1200.
lS00;.,l80C. :lIOO. 2400 HRS
SOURCE:
RUSTRRLIRN
8URE~U
OF
METEOROLOGY

20.

- 18.

:t

HOTEl

10.

B.

,.,ULB

\liE,

0 ..

<

,.
,.
s.

',-

SO.'

lWJ
AIR
SIMULTANEOUS DAY AND
1N H Q 4AS
PER YEAR
HOURS

PER

OF

",ERIOO

Of

SOURCE:

TEMPERATURES

DIISERVflTIOH

25,

1,1.05 TO 31.12.'14

READINGS:

REAOINGSJ

1'-"

14512

~O

O~OO.

AUSTRALIAN

1/

1/

8760

YERR

OTAl HUNBER OF
HISSING RECOROSJ
IHE

WET BULB
DAY 11 HE

1200.

BUREAU

OF

1500. 1800

HAS

/"
1
'

22.

r<

'0.

\I

METEOROLOGY

NOTE:

10. ;

"
~

,.

.,

>

0;

0.

s.

10.

IS.
DRY-OULG

, 20:;

'S.

r(MPEAATURE

30.

ss.

.,.

00

RIR

"

CONOI/rION' CHRRT

SIMULTANEOUS OAY AND

IN HOUAS PEA YEAA
PER' 'YEAR

HOURS
PERIOD

OF

TOTAL
TINE

0 ...

I ~ 2<.

Z5.

,oeoo.

1 ~oo.

1 aoo.

AUSTAALIAN

BUAEAU

0900.
2100.

OF

1200.
2400
HAS

.,

METEOROLOGY
20.

NOTEI

THE WET
IN
USED

BULB
THIS

a.

II

YEAA

3.

SASE.

:'J:I 23

.1

"

n
43 'lO 1lI

1'- t-..
... r:::"I"~ ~I~,.,

~ 21

Z4

13

4,

II

1I

'

. 1 ' 3.

5.

0.

5.

10.

(Jl

.]

,.'1.

20.

DRY' "ULB

25.

l1' m

l1)

,m"

1'-

tN

HOURS
HOURS

YEAR

PER
,.EA

lET

YEAR

BULB

OF
OBSERVATION
1.1.Sa TO 31.12.6'1
NUH9EA OF REAOINGS:
14001
HISSING
RECORDS.
1
OF

SOURCE:

NOTE:

READINGS:
AUSTRALIAN

THE
I S

OF

TEHPERATURE
PRESENTRTION

MEASURED

RND
HAS

DATA

BY

BEEN

APPLIED.
:

THIS

1'-

'0.

<S.

.(
j

~.

817

G
0

t\pERA
TE
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11

0.

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10.

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11

I'
,0

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t.

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20.

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!to

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i

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r.

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BRSE",

ruR

0.

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CHART
HAVE
BEEN
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TO
97/10

2.

t<

1.

CORRECTION

HOURS J YERR

tiRS

THE

NO

ON

tElOO

>

10

1'-

1'-

't'-

20.

BULB

THAT

METEOROLOGY

THIS

FACTOR

THE

ElUREAU

I:SOO.

IN

BUREAU.

.."

1200.

WET

UGEO

!"

0300.

<

22.

't'}..

PERIOD
TOTAL
TINE

"'-

ZO.

2<.

OAY TIME
9'160

6. ~

t-..

"'-

TEMPERATURES

,. >

~I;;:u

AND

"

t tiT--.

'1"

OR'(

lO. :l

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' t -'-' t'- -'. :/.'- - - - - "I
Jl.~;{~I-7
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\
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RIR
CO~TION CHRW -"IELSJM{NE W {J) ~ . -' ", - .
GU1UL TANEOUS

j,<

tt

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30.

7:-""E;'II\IU"""-

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:I~I~

m m m{!\

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n
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2:1

III

I.

Kr

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1.

20.

't'-

't'-

't'-

.0 .3

mull

Il

.11

17 "

'~'i!>:<I<''''iN
_=

22.

1'-

1I

CHART HAVE BEEN

NORMALISED TO 0700

HOURS

.a

I.

IS THAT MEASUREO BY THE

BUREAU. ANa NO CORRECTION
FACTOR HAS BEEN APPLIED.
".
THE CATA ON THIS

..'"'"

Kt

,Q

TENPERATURE
PRESENTATION

f::-I'

t K 't'- 't'-

29179

37
0300 ..

~.

TEMPEAATUAES

t .l.sa TO '31.12.1l7

READINGS'

READINGS;

OUACE;

BULB

8700

RECORDSJ

OF

lET

OBSERVATION

NUMBER

HISSING

MELBOURNE:

...ul ...
<0.

...

1'-

"c

10.

:Jl

m
n

14.

"z

"

12

10.

,.

'

>

ll.

't'-

<

,.

t-..

0.

50.

,
,

PERTH

CHAAT

CD~OITID~

AlA

11
G1HULTANEOUS DAY AND
IN HOURS PEA YEAR

BULB

1'1

TEMPERATURES

1/
~G

I~

22.

fl

20
1

111

SOURCE:

.,

~
~

"

ilL ~

THE

NOTE:

'11'1

USED

IN

1/

IS

THAT
BURERU.
fACTOR

" f"

THE DATA ON THIS

CHART HAV! BEEN

'"

"
CO

12 .

.y

NORMALISED
TO
8760
HOURS I YEAA BASE.

i'
s.

"a
,_sUCB
'WE

- 5.

r<

O.

"KDk-'K:I' I<

,.

I><

o.

s.

-' ......

o.

10.

5.

IS.

?S.

20.

30.

so.

<0.

35.

SIHULTANEOUS
IN

HOURS

PEA

HOURS

PER

PERIOD

OF

MISSING

'(ERR

sou""c! :

lET BUL8
DAY TIME

1/

1.I.S8 TO 31 .t2.61

I~

1~55S

READINGS:
0500.

1200.

1500.

1000

HRS

-, r--.

AU5TRALlAIi

..t--... .

THE
wET
BULB
TEMPERATURE
USED
IN
THiS PRESENTATION
IS
THAT MEASURED BY THE
BUREAU.
AND NO CORRECTION
FACTOR HAS B~EN APPLIED.
THE

DATA

20.

READINGS;

CHART

!'

.1.

NOTE I

2~

22.

OBSERVATION
OF

11

11

TEHi'EAATtJRES

8760

RECORDSJ

Of

r-

AND

YEAR

NUNS ER

TOTAL
TINE

DRY

ON

.~

K'

THIS

HAVE -BEEN

NORMAL ISEO
TO
87'00
HOURS I YEFlR
llASE.

10.

"

:D

. .
" "

s.

o.

s.

10.

"

"

15.

.. .".. ..

'" '"

20.

..
'"

lot
~

... ..,

~S.

"'

.. ... . ."

o.

..

30.

<S.
!"".'''. 'liS;

50.

CONDITION

AlA

CHAAT

SIHULTAHEOUS DRY AHD

IH HOURS PER YEAR
HOURS

PER

PERIOD

OF

TOTAL

YERR

SYDNEY

WET

11

BULB

TEMPERATURES

OF

NOTE I

'THE

IN

THIS

PAES.EtHATION

BUREAU.

AND

FACTOR

'"
gj

"

TEMPERATURE

MEASURED

HAS

DATA

CHART

<Q

CORAECT10N

BEEN

APPLIED.

""

THiS
~

BEEN

,,~

~" ~=

TU AE

.,. 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~f=~=~~":~~~
s.

..

l~

'

0.

,~;'

~~~'
~ I I1 I

o.

5.

",; " "

5.

10.

IlL

2.

5.

~.

"

z.

11

I. I.

z.

'I.

31

I.

.,

,., I ... D

..'

,.

''""

.~

l.

4. 4.

11.

Ntl' 1"'1'

1,

" ~.

:!JJ

. 0.5 '

L,"

,.

I.
.s
' 1 .s a .s
'.
4.
I.

.,

12.

l'
LOo

:Il

6.

'

"

......

"
o.

:1~1=1~1~1~1~1~

".

IS.

"

,,-,"

'i
"m

.,

.S ........
.0'

:lI

,. ,

".'

""m
n

1 <I.

~. ~ ~.~g.illiM1ftNf*-

.. lA"""
- :1:
- ...... "':::
'"

~I'"

~''''

z:s

:J.Z

'I'
,.
. 0 ' . 0 lol, S
0.1

i.

,g..

=. ".. . . ',.' "-

= ",,"

.,

'!'

l'

m'"
,

lB. ~

..... lQ

11

20.

"-

It

;IS

"
:o:l

Fl
tl'Efl

.
"

NORMALiSED TO 9700
HOURS I YEAA' BASE.

rE

THE

NO

ON

HAVE

BY

HAS

NETEOI\QLaO~

BULD

THAT

THE

Of

wET

USED

IS

BUREAU

111'

1200,

".

10VHi

l'

1500. LeoD. 2!00. 2400

AUSTRALIAN

r
'" 11 '" '"

'28675

541
0300. 0000. O:lOO.

Z<.

.!'

25.~,1

1.1.:ill To 31.12.67

READING'S-;

MISSING RECORDS I
TINE OF READINGSI
SOURCEl

"-

9100

OBSERVATION

NUMBER

'".

25.

".

30.

<0.

4:';

~a

ll\ fi\.{

HI \<!1 ~ .~ m,~ O~"LO (!)mA~ c ~ ~ fl ~l

tiJ-~-w ~J-'w-~-(i;-~-&~-J~J4;-(}T1JT-~
AlA

CONDITION

SIHULTAHEDUS
IN

HOURS
HOURS

PER
PER

CHAAT
WEY

ORY AHO
YEAR _

YERR

SYDNEY
BULB

rI:
I 1.
I I'I
"r

DAY TIME

OF

READINGS;

SOURCE;

0300.

RUSTRALIAN

1200. l:lo0.

BUREAU

OF

25. "",-'

1900

,.,;>"" . ,.""
r~J'

METEOROLOGY

'.!....,

THE
OATR ON
THIS
CHART HAVE
BE~N
NORMALISED TO, 8700
HOURS / YEAR
IlrySE.

lS.~~

l"~
1lI

~ 'L ~4' '1Ilr:;

1Il

Q'"

'liE
'5.

'Y.

IlU

:5\,:::

.<"

O.

f...

3'J

~I

., .

1,",1

, "

.11,

n.

14
IL'"

..,

"

z!

SI 2-1

,Il .

1"-

'5.

Z:t

.II.~

..

r-

'. ~,

.,'

'"

r,.

1'-

i'
!' i'

"'o

0<>

.,

1.1I

l.:r--;:l

I'

.3,.,

~o

"'

<>

l'

l'

l'

l'

1'-

1'.,

,s11

.,

.111

.0

.~

.,
.,

19. :t
C

l'

l'
l'

'" ~

l~. ~
c
Z

u
c

I....... J El.

I'__

<>

.,

1'-

i'

~
_

to. ;

l'

l'

r-....

a.

....

"
I''"

l'

.,S

).(

l'

'l'':r.f.1.
~,

'r--

20.

~I 't'--

.,

.s

.1
I.
. } . . .1,
I'.

,S

".

ilL

.0

[t,I"

1/

l'

I.ll

I.

I i '"

1'-1 I 1 l' .<,

'.
'1~' J><~.s
"'I~
t .1I

11

I~

---""--'"
.,

.,1

I.

.SI

i'!' I'-

"

'k ,

I~

,
:<l z.4

I,

.2 '" i!" f','

,I' .

tj.,. ,.,
k

:1:1'

r--:..

t l'

'j-.,

;xII..~.~
ZI. ~ ,
. I.
,0.0 -l? ~
'I
7,
,
. 1
.0
.1 ......

~:17:>4 ~I
:17

,.3

'I

:t< 'Of'

01

::ll .......

:f'::.'~.'~
I~
101'"' .lld'1~
.,~.
I::I~

it-'.~

f...
k

.<'
"

'lll1>

IS
II

Z'J

:t)

i'1IlP<
1lS1ll'
2lI

1:1

, ,. ,

III

-4Q~

f..:llI':l::I
':la
"'"
cri
:Ill"'-- IS
33
....... 1 1 '
~l
:J:I
9.J
1'-...

III
14 ......

~.

~1~.

/1pEA
lE
La

K:.
lQ......

AE

':l1

24

r:..:HK"'kl:l"lllQ!,l~
3:11::
I:IJ

nYU

:'-l

f:<I

t
b~
l'

2:l

11

'f"'-r'~

2O.~~U"'"'J.'
,.'
.~. r.. . . I ' z:I
-t! at
'1Il
.!u,""":. ~r--.::lL' III

THE
~ET
aUL8
TEMPERATURE
USEO
IN
THIS
PR~SENTRTION
IS
THAT
NERSU~EO
ay THE
BURERU.
AND
NO
CORRECTION
FACTOR HAS
BEEN APPLIEO.

~I

I V! I \ I i I I 1 I

2.4.

l'

1,

'j-.,

.,

l~['..l.,

HR'

H4

NOTEJ

"'-

11760

PERIOD
OF
oaSERVAT]ON
1.1.58 TO 31.12.61
TOTAL
NUM8ER OF
REROINGS;
1-\337
NTSSlNG
RECORDS':
271
TINE

I
"--

TEMPERATURES'

1'-

<

2.

0.

c
c

z
z

. AlA

CONO IT ION

CHAAT

S IHUL TRNEQUS" DAY

RNO
IN
HOURS
P,ER
'(EAA

TorNSVILLE
rET

BULB

PEA

PER 100

OF OBSEAVATION
1.1.59 TO
NUHDER OF ~EAOrNG~:
23165

HISSING
TINE

ZO.

SI

READINGS:

0300. 0600.
1500.

AUSTRALIA~"

SOURCE:

'. 9"60

YERR

RECORDS:

OF

11

Z2.

HOURS
TOTA~

TEHPERATURES

1DOD,.

BUREAU

10. :r

OF

.~

NOTE'

I~.

THe WET aUlD TEMPERATURE

USED
IN THiS PRESENTAtION
IS THAT MEASUREO BY THE
BUREAU. AND NO CORRECTION
FACTOR
THE

HAS

DATA

BEEN

.:;;
"
~
~

APPLIED.

ON :'rH [S

CHART HAVE BEEN

NORMALiSED TO 8760
HOUAS I YEAR BASE.

,.

,.
., .

..

0.

10 .

'0.

15.
DAY' BULD

rn re mm m

35,

TEI'lPEAI1TURE

50,

m .~ D

~)

{J;

Vi;

~.~

.,

'.\1

-_.. ....-.
l-"'~"'-'
'~~- - -;~.
- . . , - . --~..~.:(
_.1_1_~-it-,
'
".
"
I~:
If
~l,
I I
1.\
--

(j)

(j)

AlA

UJ"

CONO I Tl ON

lJj

CHART

, . 1 ,

Ill, a;

. '/

. '

tJ' tJ; (j)

j..

TorNSVILLE

11
SIMULTANEOUS

IN

HOURS
~aURS

PER
PER

DRY

AND

YEAA

YEAR

lET

8l)LB
DAY TIME

TEMPERATURES

0769

PERIOO
OF
OIlSEAVATION
1.1.58103\.12.67
TOTAL
NUMIIER
OF
REAOINGS:
1",,'571
MISSING RECORDS;
37
TINE

OF

SOURCE:

READINGS;

RUSTRRLIAN

0900.

1200.

1500.

1800

20.
HRS

Ill. ::r
o

IIUAERU

""

16. :;

NOTE:

THE
1'ET
IIULII, TENPEARTURE
USED
IN
THIS PRESENTRTION
IS
THRT
MEASUAED
BY THE
IIUFlEFlU.
AND NO CORRECTION
FACTOR
HAS BEEN RPPLIED.

1"- ~

"

I'.

THE DRTR ON THiS

CHRAT
HRVE
~EEN.
IIOANRLISED
TO
11760
HOURS I YEAR
OASt.

- 10.

"
;iI

,.

o
Cl.

'

5.

o.

o.

. "
......- '" ".
5.

20.
OIlY'nll! n

Tt, .. , ""T"n"

'0.

'0,

'0,

Notes

. ~?'E:=
~~
eL
r~

e;-":9
.

..

/..-

e-.-~

~-""'.~
1

E.

/3

e.,."l....:.3.3-1

~~1

........... S~ction 3
Metric Data

e+.~
E'-::~
e~~
e~r_"3

e~r3
eir~
2.54 .

~$
----_._,'

.ef~

e:i=~~
~t~~

t?]".,
Ei-'~

@~.~

J
~:.~

.~~ :~
J
El'~
e'l ~~

e1 :':\

S I Metric System
FORCE (Nlewton N)
Forc~.'" Mass It

Accelefalion(F '" mil)

In lhe Si System:~
Force (New1on)."" ~~~. ~r_~i!<;{j{am) x Ac.celeralion (m!s~

Weight is. a speciallorce. namely gravitational torce. therefore: -

Weight (Newlon) " Mass (kilogram) ':( Gravltalional Accel<eralion (g)

Gra..-itatil:mal AcC"elefation can"be laken as
PR~rS\JRE AND STRE5.S

9.81

::0

mg

aus

(P.ilsc.al Pal

PreS$Ute and stress are defil1ed as force per unit area. i.e., Newton per sQuare meln: (Nlm').
This unit isteimed Ute Pascal. 1 Pascal

(Pal'" t Nlm~.

Pressure exerted by a column of liquid:

Pressure'" height oftne l::olumn x density of the liquid;t glavit;;liol1<ll accelemlion. P '" h pg

=1 m:t 1000 kgtm J

):

9.81 m/s~ :::913100 Pa '" 9.81 kPa

Example 2; Pressure exerted at lhe base ot a column (lj mercury 1 melre high

=1m It 13 600 \lg/m J )( 9.81 m/s:'" 133.4 kPa

ENERGY, WORK, QUANTITY OF HeAT (Joule J)

The Joule (JI is theS I unit of energy. woek:and quantilyof heal

Work = Force It Oi$lilnce '" Newton metee {Joule)
To heat 1 kilogram ofwaler Ihrough.1 kelvin lequlres 4187 Joule
Po/ential Energy ""- mgh (J)
Kinetic Energy ""- 112

tJJY (J)

POWER,RATE OF HEAT flOW (Watt W:: J/sI

Power is the rate of doing WOf.". the unit is Joule/second (Jls) named Ihe Watt rN).

iWatt =1JJs
1 Kilowatt

=:

3.5 MilhQUI".

@j:'3
~
~j ,.-

I,

I"
3.01

ij

~:L

e'j-~

Metric Conversion
length

1 inch
1 mile

= 25.4 mm
:: 1.609 km

1 grain
1 ounce

- 0.0648 gram
::: 28.35 gram
1 Tray ounce::: 31.1 gram
::: 0.454 kg
1 pound
= 1.0161onne
1 ton

Mass

1 ii1 2
1 ft'
1 acre

Area

= 645 niin1
= 0.0929 in2
'" 0.0405 ha

Volume
(solids)

1 in]

Volume

1 fluid ounce - 28.4 mUlre

= 0.568 litre
1 plnt
1 imperial gal. =4.55 Litre

(liquids and gases)

Velocity
.

Pressure

-=16387 mm]

:: 0.6215 mire

1 gram - 15.4 grains

1 gram =0.03527 ounces

, mm 2 =0.00155 jn~

1m'
1 h'
1 m'
1 m'

.. to.lS-fe-

- -

---

= 2.47 acre
- 35.3 W
= 1.31 yards]

, mL = 0.0352 fluid ounce

1 mls _ = 3.28 W.s

1 m/s--= lSB.alpm
1 kmlhr:= 0.621 mph

746 Wait
= 9.81 kW
= 0.293 Watt
= 1.163 Watt
= 3.517 kW
= 278 Watt

Dynamic Viscosity

1 Cenlipoise

- 10" Pa.s.-

Kinematic Viscosity

1 Centistoke

= 1~m2/s

'HP

1 kPa-O 145 psi

1 kPa := 20.91b1W
1 kPa:= 4.014 in Hg
1 kPa := 0.335 ft Hp
1 kPa := 102 mmHp
1 kPa = 0.295 in Hg
1 kPa = 7.502 mm Hg
1 kPa ::: 0.01 bar

HW - 1.34 HP
lkW = 3415 BTUlhr
1 Watt =0.860 k callhr
HW = 0.284 (on refrig.
lkW ::: 3.6MJlhr

..

ConductiviCy (k)

1 BTU inihr WOF= 0;144 W/mK

Conductance le)

1 BTU/hr ff OF

Flow Rate (mass)

llb1min
1 Iblhr

- 0.00756 kglsec
::: 0.00013 kglsec

1kgls
1 kgfs

= 132 Iblmin
= 79361b1hr

Flow Rale (volume)

1 CFM
1 impgpm
1 US gpm

= 0.472 Us
= 0.076 Us
= 0.0631Us

1 U,

=2.12CFM
= 13.2 imp gpm
.. 15.8 US gpm.

EnlhalpyDifference' _

1 BTUllb

= 2.326 kJlkg

1 kJIkg

Specific Heat Capacity

1 BTUllbOf

::: 4.187 kJlkg K

1kJlkgK

= 0.239 8TUllb OF

Intensity of Heat Flow

Rate

1 BTU/hr

ff - 3.155 W/m 1

lW/m1

.. 0.317 8TUlhr n2

Calorific V.,1ue

1 BTUnb
1 BTUlft'

- 2.33 kJlkg
::: 37.31cJ/m J

1 IcJlkg

- 0.430 STUllb
= 0.026 BTum J

- 0.143 grarnlkg

- 5.6B W/m1K

_ -....;;;::ll

= 220 pounds
1lonne = 0.984 Ion

1 fUsee
1 ftlmin
1 milelhr

:= 6.89 kPa
1 psi
:= 249 Pa
1 in HP
:= 9.81 Pa
1 mm Hp
1 melreHp = 9.81 kPa
::: 3.39 kPa
1 in Hg
:::1 Torr
fmmHg
:=133.3Pa
= 100kPa
1 bar
1 Std. Almos. = 101.3 kPa
1 Sld. Almos. = 760 mm Hg Abs.

:'.'"

Hg

1 U 5 gallon = 3.785 Lilre

t imperial gal. ::= 1.20 US gal.

- 0.3048 rnls
= 0.00506 rnts
:= 1.61 km/hr

~'l~

'" 39."37 lnth

tlilre = 61.02 in J
1 litre = 1.76 pints
1 LUre = 0.220 imperial gal.
flitre = 0.264 U S gal.

1 Boiler HP
1 Blulhour
1 k calJhour
1 ton refrig.
1 MJlhour

Powe'rand
Heat Flow Rate

1m
Hm

Metric Conversion (cont.)

..

I--~

e: . .-~
./ ':
t: r~
E~ r~
I.' "~

e~ ['3
_.

l~

e~ r~
r~

Moisture Content

1 grainllb

Specific Volume

1 rrllb

'" 0.0624 m'lIcg

Density

1 Iblff

= 16.02 kglm'

Totque

11bfll:

-1.356 Nm

Energy

1 BTU
1 BTU
llherm
1 Calorie

= 252 Calorie
= 1.06 IcJ
= 106 MJ
= 4.187 J

1 W/m K = 6.93 BTU in Ihr If OF

1 W/m:K = 0.176 8TUlhr W-0F

llis
1.~

1kJIm

- 0.430 BTUllb

1 gramlkg = 7.0 grainllb

1 mJllcg

.. 16.02 fenb

I fkg/m'

= 0.0624 IMt]

lNm

= 0.7376 Ibf n

1 "'"

::: 0.00396 BTU

= 0.948 BTU
= 0.00948 therm

llW

, MJ

Thermal Resislance

1 ff.hroFIBTU = 176.1m2K1kW

Fin Spacing

6 Fins! inch = 4.23 mm Fin pitch = 234 Fins I metre

8
=3.17
= 314
10
= 2.54
= 394
12
=2.12
'=472
14
::: 1..81
= 551

e': ,~

~;: ~

...." 3
".,.

3.02

'---.-----------------~~~.~~-

3.03

1 m~KlkW ::: 0.00568lf. hroFIBTU

'F

T~mperalure

55.4

40'
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
-2
0
1
2
"3
4
5
5
7
a
9
10
11
12
13

572

14

59.0
60.8

15
15
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
25
27
2a
29

-40
-31

-22
-13
-4
5
14
23
'28.4

32.0
33.8

35.6
37A
392
41.0
~2.8

44.6

46A48.2

,se.o
51.8
53

62.6
6'-'
66.2
68.0

69.8.
71.6
. 73.4

752
77.0
78.8
80.6
.2.4
84.2
86.0

Qc '" ('F - 32) Sf9

,,~o

'C

'F

-40

31.7
_28.9

89.6
93.2
96.8
10004
104.0

-26.1

107.6

37.2
-34.4

_23.3-

-16.1
-15.6
_15.0
-14.4

115
118
122
131
140
149
154
15a
167

-13.9

176

_18.9
-17.6
-17.2
-16.7

_13.3

185

~12.8

lB7

12.2

194
203
212
221
230
239

-11.7
-11.1

.10.6
~10.0

.9.4
..a.S9
-8.33

-5.56
.5.00
-4.44
_3.90

..3.33
-2.78
-2.22
~1.67

.1.1 '

," of,,,

3,04

Ut
2.22
3.33
4.44
5.56
6.67

3B
40
42
44
45
4B

50
;)5

50
65
58
70
75

BD
B5
B5

33B

lBO

347
356
355
374

190
200
210
212

2B4

~.11

34
36

293
302
311
320
329

257
255
275

0.00

32

90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
155
150
170

24B

_7.78
.722
-0.67

'C

Temperature

111.2

~20.6

Metric Prefixes

Conversion

.Temperature

7.78
8.89
10.00
12.80
15.60

18.30
20.00'
21.10

23.9

.-

Prefix

Symbol

Factor

10'&

peta

10'5

(era

10 12

giga

10'

F.;i:lg;::.

~'.'!

10'

10'

hecta

10'

deca

da

10'

deci

10"'

centi

trr'

milli

10- J

kilo

35.0

37.8
40.6

43
45
49
52
54
57
50
53
55
59
71
77
a2

BB

._--

ex'

26.7

29.4
30.0
32.2

-- --

micro

"

1"0~

nano

10-9

pica

10-'~

femto

'.0

Ht"

10".'4

Note :To reduce error and in accordance with engineering convention it is recommended that powers of 10
which afe multiples o-f 3 be .used. e.g., 10J, 10'~, 1 0 - - . "
"

93
99 100

re i9/5) + 32

3,05

DERIVED SI

UNITS

SI.

BASE

UNITS WITH SPECIAL NAMES

LENGTH

J r\-,--,-----"'--W~'OO
\ -.. .e-- r,,~o
M

kilogcom

MASS

occiZl"ration

wolt

vl2"locity

TIME

~ysl

--~

w
pOWl2"r

heat
flow

fnqJ~ncy,

Section 4
Duct Systems
ampere

ELECTRIC
CURRENT

electric
POIli'lltlol

lur. n

SUPPLEMENTARY UNITS
nxIion

PLANE ANGLE
steradian

SOUD ANGLE

Irod I
0

lummous flux

illumination
BROKEN LINES INDICATE
NE"l3ATIVE FACTORS

--'3_06

---t.=.. _:

~-

"

~-~-'-

_.

e-~l~

c-:-~
e;l~

e~-r~

~:-T'~
E.\"~

I..~

~'\T::1

e." i:3
e;: 1":3
E';~

Duct Sizing Methods

The obje.ctive is 10 size the dur-twerJ.: -:>::;_~!-,';"! ~_.." .':"o!O;: ;::!':",~!.!!e !o~ :::10"g ~.:;,.:.~~ ;:;,;;.- <,,,,,,'1 ;C,~ultjes (he
corr"!d~_:~_::'"~,,h!j!'j l~,;ough Ihe network at each terminal.

A number of methods ar~used la size air conditioning ductwork and include:1. Velocity reduction method.

2. Constant pressure gradient method.

3. Balanced pressure drop method.
4. Slatic. regain melhod.

Velocity reduction method

E<lch duct segment is sized on a specified velocity. The velodty is selected on the basis of experience and

is reduced along the duct fun.

Constant pressure gradient method

Each segment of the duclwork system is sized on the basis of a selected fixed pressure gradient. The
pressure gradient is expressed in terms of unit length of straight duel, a value of 1.00 Pa I m is typical. This
method is orten termed the equal friction method.

Balanced pressure drop method

Tllis is essentially a resizing method. Duct sizes initially sized by some olher method or combination of
methods are adjusted such that there is an equal pressure drop along all air flow parhs. from the fan to
each terminal. This will minimise the amount of pressure required to be taken up by balancing devices in
the network. From the initial sizing calculations Ihe the path with the greatest pressure loss (Ihe index run)
is delermined. The size of the segments in all other paths are then adjusted such that all paths ha....e the
same pressure drop as the index run.

St<ltic regain melhod

This me lhod is applicable 10 supply air duct systems only.
The static regain method sizes Ihe ductwork system so that the pressure reco....ery due to decrease in
velocity ai each branc.h or ....elocity-mtingjust offsels Ihe fticlion loss in Ihe succee.ding section of duel. The
static pressure will then in theory be the same at each terminal and at each branch throughou'tltie system:

l.~

'1'I

4.01

Velocity Pressure - Air (Pv)

Duct System Resistance

The lotal system

resistance losii:"in -a dt:ictsysterri-iS:aconibination'of .1rictio!.1.and dynamic losses.

in~nificant

..

be-ajnri~fu;n:Wilh

In. straight ducls the dynamic loss is

and the total loss is assumed to
uniform air now the drop in pressure in the direction of now is caused by surface friction belween the air
stream and the duel surface. This value is found by reference 10 duct fricOOn charts, or altemalively a value
may be assumed. e.g., 1.00 Palm for the Constant Pressure Gradient method of duct sizing.

Whenever air flow separates from the duct wall a greater loss in total pressure takes place than would
occuEY.-ith non separated
The amount of this loss in excess of straight duel friction loss is termed
dynamic !oss. Dynamic 10$8S vary Sheoretically as the square of the characlelislic velocity of the air
stream and'are expressed as a (undililn ofve/ocily pressure.

now.

For duct fittings bolh dynamic and friction losses are signilicant, data for fittings are-given in lerms of total
loss, expressed as a Loss Coefficient Kc. Values of KT are g~n in Ihe (allowing lables.
The tolal pressure loss for a dud fitting is an expression of presslire loss i(l terms of velocity pressure or
velocity pressure difference multiplied by the loss coefficient..

Total pressure loss is given by:

where:

Pr'" lolal pressure loss (Pa)

KT '" loss coefficient (obtained from following lables)

'"

er
2'
F
e: k3

or

py

e;:

velocity pressure

where:-

v '" velocity of the air stream (m/s)

p= density of air (.kg/m)
Values of velocity pressure are obtained from the following table.

4.02

. Velocity (mls)

Velocity pressure IPa)

0.60

725

32

125

0.94

7.50

34

1.50

1.35

7.75

J6

1.75

1.84

8.00

3'

2.00

2.49

8.25

4'

225

3.04

8.50

43

45

':;..,,;2.50

3.75

8.75

2.75

4.54

9.00

49

3.00

5.40

9.25

51

325

6.34

9.50

54

3.50

7.35

9.75

57

3.75

8.44

10.0

50

4.00

9.5

12.5

94

4.25

10.8

15.0

4.50

12.2

17~

,.4

4.75

13.5

20.0

240

5.00

15.0

22.5

304

5.25

16.5

25.0

375

C
e; C

5~0

,.2

27.5

5.75

19E

30.0

540

5.00

21.6

35.0

735

525

23.4

40.0

950

6.50

25.4

45.0

1215

e~[

6.75

27.3

50.0

1500

7.00

29.4

e~

P y =0.50 pV:
o

Velocity pressure (Pa)

1.00

135

Velocity pressure is given by:~

= 0.60 V'l' Pa for air at 20 e.

VelocitY (mls)

e!'

e:.~
~S
. I

Py =0.5 pVZ "'0.60V'l'PaforairaI20OC

4.03

4.5',,""

E!ENDS
UJllt"

AsPECT

uno
.~

,.,
".a
,.,
,.,
,.,
,.'
,'.0
o.u

".S

0."
o.Jl

o.n
O.H
0.21

,.~

D.n

0.

o.l.a
0.10
0.21

0.17

0.21

0.11

M=

o.n

0.31
0.15

"

""
""
'"
'"

0.11
g.1f

0."
0.1'
Q.ll
0.10

o.~o

0.00
1.1 )
I.lO

I.:a

'"
'"

0.10

0."
0.11

\.'0

.... .
..... ..
..
~

.-.

..."
"", ,,..,
,
'.,,

srAC11l<:

I.

0.60
0./8

11.1)

O.ll
0.1'

0.20

0."

I/ll

0 .. 10

O.U

0.40
D.')
0.')

.-.-

.., ..,

0.12
0.20
O.U
O.H
0.1l
0. "

D.H.

,.~

0.61

,."

.......,,

,uno

'.U

BENDS Continued .

m,
:CTIOll\

"

0.2)

O.1l

~
~

0.2.
0.2)
0.22

Ch"

0.18
0.25

'00
>'00

,."

hnd ...... 1<

c~uu.~

'. to. rU'ln, ..... 001

nfTl~e

lOo.

012

cnOo.........

rHa .!tD

nlU[

.0,
0.25

,., '.' '.' ,.' '.' '.' ,.,

0.2l

O.OS

O.H

0.10
1).1'

0.)6

o.n

0.11

,.~

.0.1' 0.1'
0.11 0.11

O.H

0."
,."
O.il

0.20

'.00
0.01

O.O~

0.01

0.01

o.~

0.01

,.~

o.a~

'.00
,."
0.01

,.~

O.OJ

0.01

0."

.. dlv.
_ .,IIt<H
_

I,

o.~'"

a.11

O.1l
0 ./1
0.10
0.09

0.<0
0.<1

,."

0.15

0.1) 0.11

0.18

,."
0."

O.lI

0._) 0.49
0.2_
0.11

0.<0

o.n 0.:'

o.a

0.:0
0.21

ON

....,rtCT ...... "

~.~

MHO

0.00 0.00

0.01

0.66
D.ll

o.n

0.11

0.5'

0.<:

0."

0.16
0.11

0.11

o. rl

0.1' 0.1'
a.IQ 0.10
0.0110.01

0.01
O.O~
,.~

0"

o.a~

0.01
0.04

0.0'

0.111
0.01
0.01

..

0_9)

0.0

O_~6

11."

0."

0.2'
0.1'
D !

0.10
!}.Il

0.11
0.01
0.01
0.0'
o.OS

0.01
0.01
0.01

O.1l
,.~

,0

...

hnO ""11 "cl",,

fe. Flttl~1 Ito. aliI

,"I
0.51

m'

O.ll

D.n

0.12

rrfTlIt.:: Ito.

~:~; !

~:~ ~

RllIl~~

;uno

."

"SHME:U

'h,~.<

l."d "'11.

,.,
,.,
2.,

'00

--j
, '.0 '.,

..

_ l/<J

,.~"

1_

n.dn~ :tb.

001

0.:'

".

0.01
11010
O.U

0.20

o.n

0."

K _ .h

li _ .,U

,., ,., ,.. ,.,

"SteCT .....no

0.1J

0.:'

'.0

O. J1

O.la
0.11

0.31
O.IJ

0.1l
".09

'.00 0.111 O.lIl 0.01

,.~

0.16
0.10

0.01

0.0'

o.~

0.0~

0.0)

0.16

'.11

0.06

0.20
0.11

,."

C1.2l

0.11

,."
0.04

O.Ol

0.12

O.Ol

,.~

0.'1
0.11
0.10

,."

0." 0." 0.04 0.01 o.Ol

O.Ol

0.01

O.Ol

O.Ol

O.Ol

'.0

1.0

o.J
0."
0.1f
0.01
0.01

0.<8
O.IO
0.11
0.01
o.os

.., "O.JI
0.21
0.11
0.01
0;01

0.25

'00

'.0
,.,

0.25

0.~6

o.~

'.,

i 0.'

o.~

UnO .... ,10 '0, ... 01 ....

for
~
001

F't<'n, .

~,
fin,,'.:: .....

"

,.0100. _ VCl

022

~CT'I'Ct."""'" !lInt

l[)rtlll,nr IU,TU

_ "U ...",,'2

,..n...

_.Va.

""
""m

'."
'.,
,.,

,.,

>.0

... ,., ,., .., ... ,.,

O.H

0.07

0010
0.01

o.n o.n o. r&

,."

0.01

o.~

0.11
0.01

I.G 1).0
0.lIl0.1.
0.a1 O.OS

11 _ .,Ut.., 11 1'041_", lfO.

11 _ ... 11... , 11 ..dl_ '

'.0 >.,
0.11

o.n

0.67
11."
0.25
0.11

O.lIl

11;0'

1U.~IO

0,

..,,.,'"

1.51
I.U

,.~

0.25

,.,
,.,
,.,
,.,

,.~

0.5 ..... t.0:.

,."
1.10
,.~

o.~

D.$ ..... l.e.

'1t<1.., ",,10 ......_10..

(0' 'I,Uo, Jo. Oll

....

, . ",
11 10~'

lIn2

10,.' lIU J
10. . . . fo, rt.;I :00. 001

;
TolalloSll CoeffICients rorOuct Fittings IK, based on VoJ

,.,

- ,h.o., u,u_
' IJ.

=""

r~, 'ltth,';': 001

.utter .....no .N

4.04

,.,

0.56

,."
0.J2

=,

E:
--------------------_--.:

I."" AD,

0,

"01 ...

1..,0 "",10' "!oul""

' J ' ..... 1

...=
IU:'IO

0,

,." ,." ~

,.~

Hect 1[:oD

I_d "'~10 ,0.,H_

for ' h U u lOo. 001

i=

ON

'.' ,.'

f1~1:

,.U

,.,,.,
~,~

CIICl.U1

",0

0.,
'.0

uno

014

~1'~
!

I....

'.0

,.~

,., ,.,

.~

,.~

1.19

'.0
I.U

Total loss CoeffICients for Duet Finin,9slKT bas~ on VD}

4.05'

..,

... -

..:TIO.; 1:1014.0

,." ,,,1';1

0.,

BENDS & TEES

lITTl1IC "".

024

EXPANSIONS & CONTRACTIONS. Continued

etaCI7t.U. Illtu It""

lie

"IT'll tIlroAT ""KZ

~~

...."..
..
n

~.

305

QADUAL

IClLU U7Al'S10ll AlID

nTTt~c:: ~.

.,

ff

....,...
..

,.,

..
D.n

ntUft'

0.15
0.01

~C<%!I'n.IC: C1tCllt.Al !D'.ulSIDII

~l>ou..toa'~

D.al

"S1llA!U

306

1.

coo

n rn.

"hi Re. on

..,

o.n

0,18

O.ll
0.41
..~

o.m

'.10",

For I 1ft 7

...

,.,

<:1.11

.~

'O,l;

0.)

...
..
'.",

.... ..D." '.n'."

"""t.
'."
0."

0.:,

..~

O.I~

.,

I.U

'.
'.n

0.1'

0.15

,.~

0.10
0.15
0.111

I-SI
1.)1

.."
..~

~U"!"'
I""GD 16 tor ~r.o_
for .cc......1<,

1,10

ut >:p.... h -.I.

UP_o1",,_
trITllOC "".
!"ITIUc "n.

.. ~. 201"
~....:::H ........

307
309

o:v.nr.rAL l.EctAll<;\ll..M c:""n.o.cnOlf

.uni

.,
,.
.."" '.0>....

I.. htio 11.... p .....

a.tee

."'"" ....

o.ou

'm

ror ,....,nlcal

a.

G.l':

CDooflcu ....
Uk
ch

_an _do.

T.r I ,,,

t"r I I

''''''''co_

....... JOOO

- t ...

- u

.,

e'

AREA TRANSmONS
EXPANSIONS & CONTRACTIONS

t.r

.0.15
V~IIU

0.'

...... ......,
,.,
.,

C.u

la

C.I

1.1

I.,
I.'
1.1
1.0

1.1
1.0

c.n

0."

0.11 C.l1
0.'1 0.6C

o.n

I.~

1.6

... .....

~.c

"-r. "7 .. 1..,

~ ..... t'Or nul "". Oll

.
rtTTIln:l

'T h 4 "" Vu

.. ..,
.... ..,.
..'"

e' ,

......
..

0.15

O.l~

0.5;
0.61

0 0
0.51

0.5

'''''I

... .., ...

0"0

...... ..
.... ....""
O.I~
~

0.;9

v.t.... as .....
d""".n
du<:C.
10.. as'T-erlcal """nl d"". u..u
as cb ..........1..
0
Ior I I~ 1 ."I'OAoI.... 0 la t"..

a1Qc'Rutc up.... I"" ... <1..

."1' ....

1_.

0.06

0,15

0.10

o.n

o.m

0.17
0.18

OlUliCTION

e'

,
"..
,."
"
~

for .....cooed.

."

-=.

IIUl,.TIPlIEa
E.t?AI<SIC>I
1.2)
.1.6;1
~.~)
,.~

..

1.51
1.)1
~

N
1.'0

rt:mac;

-........ .,

....

110.322
323
325

OPPOSCI 1"!:Lt:!.IUO! ImO"U

r.utAll..n: !ttl.n.IUlI!

Mnu....::>t TIItE

..

UP:IaQlU:l
~~

JJ'!'aCI:I'IIn

~.

..

..,.,...
.
"
....'" .....

_-llIYI:

Tetal Less CoeffICients fer Duct Fittings (Ky based on VD except fat eXpansions where Ky based
enVul
.

4.06

rtTTlIc;

..~

..~

0.75

lOtalloss CoefflCie0t5 fer Duet fittings (K.. bued on Vo 8Xalpt

on~

4.07

{k."m}
0.1)

..'"'""

.~
~

ONI7U~

_tu

.~

..

'.n
,.,
,

(llo.

mamJ
O.U

.."
.......,,
'M
11.1

....

for expansions where K.. based

.'

t;:nmJlc
H

JIo.

331

ntTt~r: ~o.

FM OHOloUa

AT rAJ<

332

rl.Allt ASTt<'a:nIC

MU U':":"

.
"

""

~.os

.~

0.06
11,01
0.08
0.16

..

'-:J'.....
U

<,'

0.0 1

'l.10

<).\1

!J.11

D.ll
D.H

0.11
'1.U
D.lI

o.n

O.l<
0.'1

D.lS
0.'0

0.0'

.~

1.0

0.10

'. -aIiiil. "tl.. .

401 .~O'!G" If

wr-<jN

otrO

2'

onnO;!Ig

~=

411 gi.gu. '.11"

.~:a:;: ',r,"

y.u:[.orr

r~;:

Vu

"":"-

:T::~~
~~
~[~j~i~f~
i~
.'J tv.

'" .,' i
0.0'
0.11
O.-Il
0.16

DIVIDED flOW FIITlNGS

. . . -r "'. .

PIFTcSt~

Pl~Ol"'C

LJ
'" L.

;.~

. r ',

FAN DI?CHARGES

..

MU ...Tlo

,,' ,

,.' ,.' ,.'

""

0.08
0.10
0.11
0.1)
C.18
0.11

0.10
O.ll

..

0.1'

0.16

"01....

0.09
0.11
It.l'

O.I~

0.18
0.%5
0.)1

'-"
G.lI

e;l-~ "m~ ~

0:11
aa) O.j'
0.11
It. "
0.13 o.n
O.ll o.n
0.'1 0 . )
It.IO

::~

-A,

::~ ::~

....... Ao

"u

',00

.~,,- """M'~~;;.... ~~.

402

O.ll
011
0.11
0.:6
0.l5

SPUITER

-----t-----~~;'-r~
.0.
"

0.:_

O.ll

D.:' 0.:'

O.l'

0. )t

e.I'

O.:l

o.a

rlrrJ.'C

J33

OIFIl'H' AT .....

"
""

".UULU

!:~nlc

334

P!.A..[ = I C

nT,I'r: ,.,.
r..' OISOl..",,[

OLS~"'AAr.[

0.11

/LENGIIi .....5

a."

.u~"'Ul

onSET ru,..t

E~\:r=3

Oln-~;n

AT

e.',i:~

,,'
",
'.'
0.;

:.J

e: li3'

','
','

1 1-:

I ~~

,.,, ,,' ", L, I u

" o.os o.oa
""
"
"

..

, ,.,

.uu. une "'9'....

0.01
/1.01

a.a9
P.ll
0.1$

0.10

0.11
a.I'
a.1!
(I.ll

0.11
O.U
0.1'

a.l~

0.11

,).Il

0.1'

0.1

~!

0.1'

.'' !' '

D.ll 0.11
:.:a a.ll
Q.H 0.11
:l.l) o.n

0.16
~.H

0.19
0.16

-"-=-,-,-,-.,-3-3-5-'-'-~-"-=- "-~-"-'-'-'-'-M.-.-,a-=-__~_--,_~
0.1!

MCA U.IO .. 01....

1. 0

l.S

ASMU!:15

"
"""

-.' ..

?S.

'"

,., '" ".

O.ll O.SJ
O.lf ,.~
a.l. o.n
0.65 I.H
0.81 I.H

0.1'
0.16
0.1'
O.l)

.,00

0.61

f;n

0.1'

0.11
o.:~

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0.<' 11.'1
a.~

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0.1<
0.\1

o.:a
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0.'1

0."

:-

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,.,
'" ".
""
" ..
0." 0." ,,"n

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"

0.10
a.13
0.11
C.l6
C.U

0.18
O.ll
0.'1

a.53

..

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O.%l
~

0.<' Il.H
a.'8
a."

'.'
nnlYC;'R

404

,.;,-,..,H 'ltll 'So

[C"...ctU..

SlLl;nA :WVC'

~Vf.!~

"Jp!

rtnlNC '0.
\llnI SCt>QP

405

l.!C"""''OCl"U~

,C O r.u:t-orr

t. '.'C'0 ~"'''''.('~h~

h"".~.

406

fl,lITtD StOOP

l.!t';"..'ICl,. ..... '00 IMt.OfT

DAIlrt~

t
TUR"""C

('3

IIA"(S

e: i-~

.,.
a.U

<

0.15

0.'1 0."
a.u

C.SI
II.U

0.61 0."
-~,

~'

r3

,or !oot.b. tII. h,..".h U>4 u, tf'O.lPt

.N-.>'"'fI> poth to
t. 1.....

e ...rUel-=<

or

"'l,..,..f.o.

10000-0rt Ituu""

,,0. <021 P:'"

10.. tooftld."t of
.
. '....10 hh4. i..-p.r r.lIy opoo 10.091.
It :1:0 .rlHtor.u.por I. . . od iD,.
bo.l.".:l.....

I................<1.011

prooo,"" d..."

.boo,.~

...

th.

..,. tloo .,Utto,.

h ada""" '0 tb<. CUttnor ~

po. .... :lI> ..... Iell !lI. d""PO"

no..

<!>oo

""

'h.

05 tII.

.,...
,,'

- '.'
0.6

."

0.)'

"

11.'

...
,.,
,,.,
."

.,<

..

<

".

,.,
L'

L'

1;1

"'t. 'ho'

4.08

fTrTl'lC '0.
~ITII

OAK!'E~

for 'hlo rlttl"-, ....

l~<l., ...10 I> .1/""

Total Loss Coefficients ror Duct Fittings (K,. besed on VD)

,:"", .......-..1 !

'"

E_.'

~,

','

I'
~
~n~

0."

o\SM~')

uu u.no "oIA"

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Meta 1 Thickness (mm)

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275
300'

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6.38
6.96
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4.76

5.97

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4.93
5.22

5.13
5.49
5.36
6.23
6.59

6.43
6.89
7.35
7.81
8.27

5.51

6.96

8.79

11.02

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6.09
6.38

7.32
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8.06
8.42

9.19
9.65
10.11
10.56
11.02
11.94
12.86
13.78

11.60
12.18
12.76
13.34
13.92
15.08
16.24
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18.56

3.68

3.91
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7.31
8.27

5.67
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9.52
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13.18

13.91

9.19

14.65

15.38
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9.95

12.19

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12.77
13.35
13.93

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12.41

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12,37

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13.33

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1550

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15.67
16.25
16.83
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17.99
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19.73
20.31
20.39
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22.05

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22.03

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18.33

23.21

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1600
1650

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2.99
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Galvanised Iron Ducts
Weights are per linear metre

16.09
17.00
17,.46

16.34
17.58
18.31

19.04
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20.51
21.24
21.97
21.70
23.44
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26.64
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28.48

29.40
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31.24
32.15
33.07

33.99
34.91
35.63
36.75

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8.70

9.23
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10.44

19.72
20.88
22.04
23.20

7.32

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11.03

8.79
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10.25 12.8S- 10.99 13.80
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12.45

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13.18

16.56

13.91

17.48

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14.65 18.40
15.38 19.31
16.11 20.23
16.84 21. 16
17 .'S8 22.08
19.04 23.92

1.00
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1.10

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21.27
23.43
24.90
26.37
27.33
29.29
30.i6

1.15

25.76

1.20
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27.60

1. 50

29.4.:1

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1. 70
1.80

3l.27
33.11
34.95

1.90

36.79

2.00

38.63
24.36
25.52 32.22 40.47
26.68 33.69 42.31
27 .84 35.15 44.15
29.00 36.62 45.99
30.16 38.03 '7.83
31.32 39:'SS 49.67
32.<18 '41.01 51. 51
33.64 42.43 53.35
34.BO 43.;'4 55.19
35.96 45.51 57.03
37.12 46.87 58.37
38.28 48.34 60.71
39.44 49.80 62.55
40.60 51.27 64.39
4] .76 52.73 66.23
42.92 54;20 68.07
44.08 SS .66 69.91
<15.24 57.12 71.75
46.40 58.53 73.59

2.10

2.20
2.30
2.<10
"2.50

2.60
2.70
2.80
2.90

3.00
3.10
3.20

3.30
3.40
3.50
3.60
3.70

3.80
3.90
4.00

..

~E

Weights and Areas of Circular

Galvanised Iron Ducts
(Weights include

20~

~~~F

~E

allowance for bracing,

hangers, waste and seams.)

e;-~

Weights are per linear metre

Netal Thickness (mm)

Oi ':lIne ter

..

1:6

2.0

l1nearriletre.

2.30
2.88
3.45
4.03

2.89
3.61
4.38

4.60
5.75
6.90

~.65

4.60

4.10
4.56

5.47
5.92
6.38
6.84

5.18
5.75
6.33
6.90
7.48
8.05
8.63

5.77
6.49
7.22

3.64
4.56
5.47
6.38
7.29
8.20
9.11
10.02
10.93

1.Z9

9.2D

5.78
7.22
8.67
10.11
11.56
13.00
14.45
15.89
17 .34
18./8
1D .23
21.67
23.12
24.56
26.01
27.45

100
125
150
175

1.44
1.80
2.17
2.53

1.32
2.28
2.73
3.19

1DD

2.89

3.25
3.61
3.97
4.33
4.69

35D
.

per.;-

1.2

0.6

225
250
275
300
315

5.D5

375

5.41

~OO

5.73
6.14

425

45D
475

5DD
525
550
575

600
625
650
675
7DO
725

75D
775
80D
825
850

8i5
900
925

95D
975
lODD

Square metres

1.0

0,'5

(wril)

Area

5.01

7.75

. 0.8

9.78
6.5D 8.2D 10.35
8.66 10.92
6.36
9.11 11.50
7.22
9.57 12.08
7.53
7.94 ID.D8 12.65
8.3D . lO.~8 13.28
8.66 10.94 13.80
9.D2 ! 1. 39 14.33
9.38 11.8.' 14.96
. 9.75 12-.30 15.53
10.11 12: 76. 16.11
10.47 13.2"2 16.68
ID.33 13.67 17.26
11.19 14.13 17.33
11.55 1'.58 18.41
11. 91 15.D4 18.98
12.27 15.49 19.56
12.63 15.95 20.13
12.99 16.41 20.71
13.35 16.36 21.28
13. i2 17.32 21.36
1'4.08 17.77 22.'3
14.44 18.23 23.01

23.Dl

18.9D

24.16
25.31
26.46
27 .61
28.76
29.91

30.34
31.79
33.23
34.58
36.12
37.57

24.6D 31.D6

39.Dl

.31
.39
.47
.55
.63
.71
.79
.86
,94
1.02
1. 10
LIS
1. 26
I. 33
1.40
1.49
1.57
1.65
1.73
1.80
1.88
1. 95
2.04
2.12

32.31 40;-16
33.36 41,90
20.92
34.51 43.35
2L65
35.66 44.79
22.37
36.81 46.24
23 .O~
37.96 '7.68
13.81
24.53 3D.98 39.11 49.13
25.25 31.89 40.26 50.57
25.97 32.80 41.41 52.Dl
26.70 '33.71 42.S6 53.'6
27 .112 34.62 43.71 54.9D
28.14 35.53 44.85 56.36
28.36 36.44 46.01 57.79

2.23
2.36
2.43
2.51
1.59
2.67
2.75
2.83
2.91
2.98
3.06
3.14

5.D5

7.94
3.66
9.38
ID .10
10.82

11.54
12.27
12.99
13.71
14.43
15.15
15.87
16.59
17.32
13~O4

18.76
19.48

ZO~20

11.84

12./6
13 .67
14.58
15.49

8.D5
9.20

10.35
11.50
12.65
13.80
14.95
16.11
17.26

18 Al
19.56

16.4D

2D.71

17.31
18.22
19.13
20.D4
20.96
21.87
22./8
23.69

21.86

25.51
16.42
27.33
28.24
29.15
3D .07

4.22

2.2D

e; r~

~T~
E '"'~

~.

I3

r~

e r:::~
E

r'~

ere
e' .~
I

\
Section 5
Pipe Systems

,-:r='

~--.<""""',

Pumping System
Configuration

eT'~
e;1'~
3

I:;T

Location of Make-up Tank

and its Effect on
System Pressures

VENT

gauge and inlet 10 outlet heights all! negligible.

P, '" 9.8 h (kPa) always

P2 '" 9.8 (kPa) when the

.P,

......L

pum:p 0pet'3ting.

When the make-up iank;s located near Ihe pump sUC1ion.

pump suction and discharge pressures will be as shown in
Fig. 1 if the pump system is not operating. assuming

""-t-.~

~.~'":.~

The make-up ,lank. sncu..... ue l.Il"~t:<1 ~. (Ill", ,<J ..... ,,"'

when Ihepun'lP.isin a boiler ~lUm line-IIlhis's nctthecase
thlllollo,!"ing unsati5tactocy result may occur {see Fig.
1 CJ.
P ... h + Pump Head

=>'

.- .

pump is at rest
9.8 h + H (kPa)

Fig. 1 C Elfecfofplilcingmake.uotankinboJletrelum
line at pump Sucl;onwhen using 3 vented bOiler.

when pump ope(i1ting

and H is pump he~d.

Make-upTank Circuitry

r---"

VENT

ef~.z

~ 1':3
I3
~ i

er~

BOILER

Fig.

2 A Ccmbined vent and e~P<lnS'On line

1 A- M<Jkeup tank;ll pump suction.

F,g

When the make.up lank is located near the pump

discharge the respective pressures will be as shown in Fig.

1 B. again assuming gauge and inlet 10 oUllel heighlS

The draw back 01 the system shown in Fig.

2 A i~
that illOl some rea.son Ihe hot wale. boiler overheats and
steam ;5 ve"lled in any cuantlty. make-up waler is
testricled from entenng the boder. Also water at pump
suction IS Ihe holiest wale' in the system wIlh consequeMl
grealel' possibility cl c.a"';taltcn.

are negllgrble.

E:'I-'-~

P,

. . I'''''

9.8 h {kPa) always

9.8 h (kPa) when

pump alrest
p~ .. 9.8 h - H (kPal
when pump operaling

P,

e:::-:3

"-1

VENT

~l---;

~'r

BOILER

II

er
I

Fig.

I B M"ke-up lank af pump o.scharge.

Fig.

I
~ .1
/ ...."1

V'!

5.01

1 B Sepa,are vent aixl e~pans,on line.

Whet!: a separalll' Yenl and expansioriJine is used the

ptoblems rndicaled in Fig. 2 A cannot o.ccu'r (see Fig.
2 B) however. mOte material is required.

Now consider a pump focaled in the return line as

shown in Fig. j C wilh make-up lank belween pump
aOcl boiler.

vENT

,
Fig.

3 C SYSlem wllh pump In return line.

This results in system pressures around the system as

shown below in Fig. J O.
~

Fig.

2 C .Pump suCIll;m from vent line.

The configural;on shown in Fig.

2 C materraHy
assists in PlJrgmg all from a system particularfy in the use of
domestic hot water /rom a sepa,ale boiler system.

'3

location of Pump in
Return or How line of
the System

ConSIder a pump rn the How fine of a heat>ng system as

shown In Fig. 3 A.

'-n

J~

f:

;;.' -+~-+----t--,--+L-._

__-:-

N,B.

Shaded a/ea below altnOspheric.

Fig.

3 0 PreSSUle dislfibution in System ....ith pump in

return fine.
Thus when localing pump. c;:lIe muSI be taken to ensure
that ;.ystem pte5Sule is not subatmospherlc especraffy in a
syslemcontain;ng taps..fI atap wele locared In a syslem at a
pornt whl!l'e system pressu/es we'e subarmospheric. air
would be sucked lO,when a tilP was turned on SImilarly
aUlomatlc,'i1" focks make very good vacuum b'eakers and
admll arr,to a system,if pfaced in a subalmosphellc secllon
01 ,r~
Always plOI a system pressure curve shOWing Ihe
pressure al each poirll alound the SySletn. It will otten
indicate Ihe incoffec,l locatIon of, one or mo'e of Ihe
followrng;
(a) pump
tb) makeup tank
(c) aUlomatic air cock

or if may indicate that P'P'"9 layout may cause problems

(see Fig.

Fig..

3.E).

FIg.
J E Piping system confIguration I"at adlT\lts a"
''''ough automil1ic a" COCk

3 B Pressure dlstnbUllon
flow fine.

In

system WIth pump in

'.

:r;[3
e;:

~:

[~

~[~
E f~

The folloYl1ng information is based on data contained.in AJRAH Application Manual DA 16, Air
Conditioning Water Piping. For more extensive and detailed information on trns subject reference should
be made to that doCument
Once the pipe system flows. sizes and' layout have been designed. the pressure drop in Ihe pipes and
filtings can be delermined to enable a suitable pump selec50n 10 be made.
The total pressure loss in a pipe system is a combination of hiction ancl dynamic lOSSes.
In a slraight horizontal pipe run YI1lh uniform flow dynamic losses are insigniflcanl and the lolal pressure
loss is assumed 10 be all due 10 surface friction betweert the t1u~ and Ihe pipe surface. This value is found
by reference la the rolloYl1ng pipe friclion charts.

Whenever the fluld flow sepaiales'from the pipe wall a greater loss in total pressure takes place than
would occur ""';Ih non separaled flow. The amollnt of this loss in excess of straight pipe friction loss is
lermed dynamic loss. Dynamic losses vary lheorelically as the "Square of Ihe characteristic velocity of the
fluid and are expressed as a function of velocily pressure.
For pipe fittings dynamic losses are significant v.1th published data expressed as a lotal pressure loss
coefficient
The lolal pressure loss for a pipe fitting is an expression of pressure loss in terms of velocity pressure or,
velocity pressure difference multiplied by [he loss coefficient
'
Total pressure loss is given by:-

~ I~..,

where:-

L~

. I.. ~

p/:: pressure loss lhrough fitting (kPa)

It,. :: total loss coefficient (from following tables)

e;r~
E~

l..~

e; l~

P" '" lhe downstream velocity pressure (kPa)

Velocity pressure is given by:P" '" 0.5 pV"11000

0.50 V2 (kPa) for water

where:fr''' density 01 fluid (kg/m)

v '" velocity of flow (mIs)

Values of velocity pressure are obtained from the 10110""';09 table.

f'3

P .. h - Pump Heild - Z may well be less Ihan

atmosphellc.
Thu$ automatiC air cock admils all.

Always enSU11" Ihal' expanSIon 'ank IS high enough ro

prevenr sub atmospheriC cond'(lons beconllng a problem In
the system.

e:r~

5.02

Pipe System Pressure Losses

~~3

e;r~

3 A System wuh pump In ,flOW fine

The pressures in the sySlem can 'be represented as

shown befow in Fig. 3 B.

Fig.

~'E

e'r

5.03

Loss Coefficients (kT )

e

p~=l,-P

Steel Expansions - kT based on velocity in smaller pipe

Sleel fittings ~Serewed

10

Nom.pipe dia.(mm)

2.32
1.14
0.38
2.32

gOO Sharp elbow

90 Long rad. elbow

45 Sharp elbow
1800 Return bend

.090
2.66

Tee - lir)c
.Te~-6ranch

Globe Valve
Gate Valve
AnglEiValYe
Swing Check Valve
Baskel Strainer
Union

P ': kTP.
-,-

.15
1.87
1.07
0.36.
1.87
990

0.31

2.19
11.8
0.27

7.76

16.9"

7.24
0.15

4.33
3.16
0.11

20
1.60
0.84
0.34
1.60

25
1.42
0.70
0.33
1.42

0.90
1.95
9.80
0.24

.0.90..

5.69
3.44
2.68
0.09

4.47
3.00
2.36
0.08

1.77
8.70
0.22

J2

65

50

40

80

100

0.84
0.33
0.29
0.84

0.76
0.29
0.28
0.76

o.s7
0.23
027
0.67

0.90
1.58 . 1.49
7.10
780
0.18
0.20

0.90
.1.35
6.60
0.16

0.90

0.90

1022

1..1.4

6.10
0.15

5.80
0.13

0.90
1.03
5.50
0.13

2.69
2.49
1.81
0.05

2.11
2.33
1.59
0.04

1.59
2.19
1.37
0.04

1.27
2.11
1.22
0.03

1.00
2.03
1.07
0.03

1.24
0.55
0:31
1.24

Q.90

3.42
2.70
2~O5

0.06

0.97

1.10
0.49
0.31
1.10

DAD
0.30
0.97

Ralio
d,/d t

Included angle

02
OA
0.6
08

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

'0

120

140

0.15
0.10
0.08
0.04

0.36
0.28
0.15
0.06

062

0.80
0.62
0.34
0.10

0.92
0.71
0.40
0.10

0.99
0.76
0.44
0.13

1.02
0.77
0.44
0.14

1.01
0.77
0.43
0.15

1.00
0.76
0.42
0.16

0.98
0.75
0.41
0.17

0.94
Q73
0.41
0.15

0049

0,25
0.90

,,'

c = kr P

Steel Contractions ktbased on velocity in smaller pipe

k,

Gradual

Abrupt

Included angle

Ratio'o(pipe diameters d/d t

15

30

0.008

0.02

I 451

50

1.0

I 0.04 I 0.07

/,.25]

1.5

/1.75

2.0

I 2.5

3.0

I 0.14 I 0.25 I 0.32 I 0,37 I 0.42 I OA5

Steel fittings ~ Flanged. Welded or Vic:tauJic couplings

200

250

3DO

0.26
0.15
0.16
0.12
0.22

0.25
0.13
0.16
0.11
0.21

0.24
0.12
0.15
0.11
0.20

50

65

80

100

150

Short rad elboW

Long rad elbow
45~ I.r. elbow.
30'J mitre bend
45 mitre bend

0.36
0.31
0.20
0.16
0.30

0.34
0.27
0.19
0.15
0.28

0.32
0.24
0.18
0.14
0.27

0.30
0.21
0;18
0.13
0.25

0.28
0.17
0.17
0.12
0.23

60? mitre bend

90~ mitre bend
Reg rei bend
l.r. rei bend
Tee -line

0.49
0.18
9.36
0.30
0.19

0.46
1.11
0.33
0.26
0.16

0.44
1.06
0.32
0:23
0.15

0.42
1.00
0.30
0.21
0.13

0.38
0.91
0.27
0.17
0.11

0.35
0.85
0.25
0.15
0.09

0.34
0.80
0.23
0.13
0.08

0.32
0.77
0.22
0.12
0.08

Tee - branc:h
Gale valve
Globe valve
Angle valve
Sw. check valve

0.82
0.34
8.4
2.5
2.0

0.75' .
0.26
7.5
2.3
2.0

0.71
0.20
6.4
2.3
2.0

0.66
0.16
6.0
2.2
2.0

0.59
0.10
5.5
2.1
2.0

0.54
0.07
5.4
2.1
'2.0

0.51
0.06
5.4
2.1
2.0

0.48
0.05
5.4
2.1
2.0

From: AIRAH APplication Manual DA 16. Air Conditioning Water Piping

Correction factors to be applied when velocity' in pipe is used in lieu of.veloc:ity in the fitting
Nom. dia.

15

20

25

32

40

50

65

80

100

150

Steel AS1074 L19ht

Steel AS1074 Med.
Steel AS1074 Heavy.

1.40
1.08
0.79

1.23
1.14
0.91

1.26
1.1-1
0.87

1.22
1.11
0.92

1.14
1.10
0.94

1.13
1.04
0.92

1.48
1.44
1.30

1.22 . 1.16
1.15
1.11
1.06
1.04

-1.03

Nom. dia.

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

ANS] Schedule 40
ANSI Schedule 20

1.00
1.07

1.00
1,09

0.98
1.D9

0.96
1.04

0.94
1;0.3

0.92
0.91
1.03 . 1..00

1.04

Note:. T~e above correction rac!ofs are to be appliedlo the pipe veiocily 10 convert to' fitting velocity. This
velOCity IS then used in the calculation of velocity pressure Py for use in the equaoolJ Pr .. k,. p y.

From: AIRAH Application Manual DA 16, Air Conditioning Wster Piping

5.05
5.04

t.S

1.01

~c

Loss Coefficients (kT).{cont.)

P =k P

Copper fittings. Screwed

Nom pipe dia
Globe Valve
Gate Valve
Angle Valve
Swing Chk. Valve
Basket Slroiner

15
17.7
0.30
10.8

SA
3.B

20
11.3
0.26
7.2
4.1
3.0

32

25

B.2
021
4.0
2.9
2.2

9.6
0.23
5.4
3.1
2.6

50

40

7A

6.B
0.17
2.3

0.19
3.0
2.6

2A

1.92

1.67

~-.~

,.

80

100

150

6.2
0.16
1.71
2.2
1.42

5.B
0.14
1.34
2.1
1.25

5.5
0.13
1.05
2.0
1.10

5.0
0.11
0.66
1.0
0.86

p.'" k,P
Copper fittings ~ Brazed

Nom pipe dia

15

20

25

32

40

50

'5

BD

100

150 .

900 Short rad elb

90 0 long rad elb
450 Long rad elb
Reg return bend
Long rad ret bend

0.68
0.68

0,56

0.36

0.34
0.27

0.32
0.24

0.30
0.22

0.28

0.56

0.36
0.32

0.17

0.23

0.41
0.41
0.21

O~38

0.24

0.20

0.20

0.19

0.19

0.18

0.17

0.66
0.66

0.54
0.54

0.48
0.48
0.22
0.48
0.47

0.41

0.42
0.36

0.39
0.31

0.37
1:1.27

0.35
0.24

0.33
0.21

0.30
0.17

0.39
1.28
.

0.32
1.14

0.28
1.06
15.3
0.89
5.2
2.0

0.25
0.97
11,9
0.65
3.5
20

0.22
0.90
10.1
0049
2.9
2.0

0.19
0.84
B.B
0.38
2.6
2.0

0,17
0.77
7.7
0.28

0.15
0.72
7.1
0.22
2.3
2.0

0.13
0.67
6.6
0.17
2.2
2.0

0.11
0.59
5.9
0.10
2.7
2.0

Tee line
Tee branch
Globe valve
Gale valve
Angle valve
Swing chk valve

2.0

10.7
2.0

0.,44

2A
2.0

P =k P
PVC Fittings
Nom. pipe dia.

15

20

25

900 Sharp elbow

90 SR elbow
90 LR elbow
45 Sharp elbow
45 SR elbow
Tee - line
Tee - branch

1.07
0.61
0.61
0:61
0.23
0.36
. 0.20

0.88
0046
0.'16
0046
0.22
0.27
1.03

0.83
0041
0041
0041
0.21
0.24
0.96

'0

100

15'

Nom. pipe dia.

32

50

'5

0.72
0.35
0.30
0.35
0.20
0.18
0.81

0.66
0.33
0.26
0.33
0.19
0.16 .
0.74

250

300

350

DAD
0.25
0.13
0.25
0.16
0.08
0.51

0.39
0.24
0.12
0.24
0.16
0.08
0,49

0.37
0.23
0.11
0.23
0.15
0.07

0~83
0.81
0.37
0.39
0.37
0.36
0.39
0.37
'0.21 .-. - 0.20
0.22
0.20
0.91
0.86

200

0,47
0.63
0.56
90" Sharp elbow
0.61
0.26
90 0 SR elbow
0.32
0.30
0.28
90~ lR elbow
0.24
0.18
0.15
0.21
0.26
0.26
45 Sharp elbow
0.32
0.30
0.17
0.16
0.18
0.18
45 SR ~lbow
0.13
0.11
0.09
0.15
Tee - nne
0.60
0.54
0.66
0.71
Tee branch
From. AfRAH Application Manual DA 16, Ar Conditionmg Water PIping

5.06

40

0.'16

~b

;~

e;r

~F~
E'.I~~

es}'3
~\

,3

~.c:.
E~

et~

Velocity Pressure - Water (P v )

VelocitY (mfsJ

Velocity pressure (kPa)

Velocity (mfs)

Velocity pressure (kPa)

0.10

0.005

2.60

3.38q

0.20

0.020

2.70

3.645

0.30

0.045

2.80

3.920

DAD

0.080

2.90

4.205

0.50

0.125

3.00

0.60

0.180

3.10

4.500

..

4.805

0.70

0.245

3.20

5.120

0.80

0.320

3.30

50445

0.90

0.405

3040

5.780

1.00

0.500

3.50

6.125

1.10

0.605

3.60

6.480
6.845

1.20

0.720

3.70

1.30

0.845

3.80

7.220

1.40

0.980

3.90

7.605

1.50

1.125

4.00

8.000

1.60

1.280

4.50

10.13

1.70

1.445

5,00

12.50

1.80

1.625

6.00

18.00

1.90

1.805

7.00

24.50

2.00

2.000

8.00

32.00

2.10

2.205

9.00

40.50

2.20

2A20

10.0

50.00

2.30

2.645

2.40

2.880

2.50

3.125

Pv = 0.5 p'P .= 500 \f2

e.~.
3

ei
e.'

~-~
5.07

~r:'.

Pressure Loss 20C Water in

Light Steel Pipe to AS 1074
100

,.....-...;,:

60

40

Q)

.30

-f-

....J
'---'

10
8

, ,,

r'

'.

.0.5

.~

20

~4/Y;

k:'

10

4
3

I
I~

,,
I

,.

l)<

0.8
0.6

-- I"Y,,

0.4-

0..3

1\ . /

/1

:./,

0.1

I,

1'1'

':"~:....

1/

-? ,

30

y' i Ill\.

,,

v
'.[7

0,3

40

, ' I;
\j I

OA

60

,
:\

o.a

, I

r.l)
Cl)
(1).
"-

100
80

,,

:,

aD

0.2

J<

I
o
o

00

""

..,

...

<0

<09.

g:~

00

Pressure Drop (Pa/m)

Absolute Roughness k. s

0.046

0.1

e-:I~

~~~I~~

Pressure Loss 10C Water in

Medium Steel Pipe to AS 1074

. e;:~i~3 ""
eI~ "-

100
80

30

(IJ

ET~

f3

e'r

e;-r:~
E'

,....l~
r-

60

40

()
(1)

es~:t~

100
80

60

20

Cl)
(1)

"+-f
'-'

10
8

3:

1\

1<\ ...

~.

20

.'~''K

"
."; ~';

Nom. dia.
Actual dia:'

15
17.2

20
22.0

25
28.2

From: A/RAH APplical~onManual DA 16, Air Conditioning Water Piping

81.8

100
106.2

e-

- ,

5.08

~:r
I

6
4

.. ..

lL..

.:...;,:iX:, ,.:':,

\;n;'

o:a
.1''''-.'

0.6

....

..' .... H:":f'

OA

.'

0.3
0.2

.,-.': .. !-:':': ..: .

:"'...k.: . ,.:..

gg

aJ~

Pressure Drop (Pa/m)

Absolute- Roughne-ss 'k

lS
17.2

20
22.0

25

Pipe Internal Diameters {mm}

32
40
SO
65
80

28.2

36.9

42.3

0.8

OA
::J"

0.1

Nom. dia.
Actual dia.

0.5

:: i:.

1/"::

e'~',3

c:",3

108

.-':..~'_....

e'-~'3
,0

.::.....,

'It .'

:....... .

.5

Pipe Internal Diameters (mm)

32
4050
65
36.9
42.3
54.1
69.1

40
30

~"'. ~

vI'

6
4

I-

: : '.'1'..

54.1

69.1

81.8

From: AIRAH APPt:ation Manual DA 16, Air Conditioning Water Piping

:~~
,~
5.09

0.046

100
.106.2

125
130.0

150
155.4

.~~::'9
;1_-

~:t;l

Pressure Loss 20C Water in

Medium Steel Pipe to AS 1074

'~~ e 1;1

60

()

40

ID

30

VI

'-...
- 20
.(I).

ci-'

ID
l-

10

-I-

---l

'---'

3=
0
l.L.

'\

D:

\
. / .\ .

./

1)

()y

l--

S2~[\

>

10
B

0.8

0.'8

0.6

OA

0.6

0.4

0.3

0.3
0.2

1\

100

..

1/
1

...

;:I: ~ ;t-~;.~I.:; i :. ~.Il:YIII:olli

..

::;111111111
:
: X ..: ~:

100

': ;-i~.~ ~ ':

'x P<:

i\

VI\

-.~~~-.~-- ~-~=

:~: ~T~
~
e;-l~ ~ ::!

100

Ba

Pressure Loss 82C Water in

Medium Steel Pipe to AS 1074

I?

0.2
f ....

[..
0.1

.,
0

0
N

S'

.
0

0.1
0

00

~'"

.
0
0

0
0
...

00
00
l ~

0
0
0
N

0
0

0
0

g $

Pressure Drop (Pa/m)

0
0

00
00
00

~'"

Absolute RQughness k s = 0.046

Nom.dia.

15

20

25

Pipe Internal Diameters (mm)

32
40
50
65
80

Actualdia.

16.1

21.6

27.3

36.0

41.9

53.0

68.7. 80.7

From: AIRAH Application Manual DA t6, Air Conditioning Water Piping

0.4

: r~~

E:

:'. -".-:.;

OA

..":. : ....

0.'

.~~

0.1
o
o
..,.

000000

('l"'l~<D<Q~

000
000

...

ID

00

g.~

00
00
00

0",

Pressure Drop'(Pa/m)
Absolute _Roughness k s = 0.046

I-~
Pipe Internal Diameters (mm)

100
105.1

125
130.0

150
155.4

E!8

Nom.dia.
Adualdia.

15
16.1

20
21.6

25
32
27.3, 36.0

40
41.9

50
53.0

65
SO
68.7 80.7

From: AIRAH Application Manual DA 16, Air Conditioning Water Piping

E 3
5.10

0.3
0.2

el~
E

....

.: :

5.11

'00

105.1

'25
130.0

'SO
155.4

Pressure Loss 17SoC VYater in

Medium Steel Pipe to AS 1074

80

tOO

60

/""'.

40

(l)

.:so

1\
to I~~

(/)

"-...
(/)
(l)

20

L-

to

:.:J

+-

. :.';;:. ,-'-.-1"

0
LL..: .

'-.-./

3'

."

0.8,._0.8

lQ.. v C l : 1 :

[/pc': "..

0 .6

i.I ..'.' .-

. r ;.-... }-

[7/. ~

.~.s...::.:.

0.6

:,":.,'

0.3

:.~

0.4

~4

QJ

>7

.,,,

r . c.:.:

,cc, ,.... , .: ., .,.. .

cp;.plitI f:lQ~q.id-+-L\--U~GS=jtTI+,.

...jCrs";;..;.<:'kl::.c.<k=.".
o
N

00

g~.IOCl)

000

g~g

0'0

gg

0.2

>'
Cl

0.'

g
~

00

~g~g~

Nom. dia.
Actual dia:

.=

00
00
00

~o

0.046

Pipe Internal Oiame~erS (mm)

Nom. dia.

15

za

14.9

20.4

zs
25.7

Pipe Internal Diameters (mm)

32
34.4

40
40.3

50
51.3

65
80
67.0 79.1

\5

2Q .

2S

32

40

50

65

80

100

125

150

Actualuia.

16.1

21.6

27.3

:36.0

"1.9

53.-0

68.1

80,1

105.1

1'30.0

155.4

From: AJRAH Applil:arjon Manlial DA 16, Air Conditioni(lg Water Piping

From: AfRAH Application ManuafOA 16, Air Conditioning Water Piping

E':

.~

e~ :3
5.12

~ ~

g8

Pressure Drop- (Pa/m)

Pressure Drop (Pa/m)

Absolu1:eRoughneS$ k s

g g

5.13

'00

125

'50

103.3

128.9

154.3

Pressure Loss 82C Water in

Heavy Steel Pipe to AS 1074

Pressure Loss 20C Water in

Heavy Steel Pipe to AS 1074
oy"C'DS

10 0
80
60

:,

(])

,""

'0
30

'-..;
(/l
(])

'/

1\

L
+-

0
8

:.::J

-....J

3=

,0

(/l

20

lI>w _'Of""".fnl PU:SS

40

"."'9

\
L--

I);

,,

4
J

'\

LL

lCl 7

L><

1/
1\

./

0.8

,:

0.6

./

O.B~.

0 .6~0

0,4

0.3
0.2

V
0.1

:e

0
N

../
:;:

00

~"

IY

I..-

1/

8N

,
0
0

0
0
0
N

00
00

0"

0
0
0

0
0

g 80 00
0
::l

Nom. dia.
Actual dia.

15
14.9

20
20.4

25
25.7

Pipe Internal Diametels (mm)

32
40
50
65
80
34.4 40.3 51.3 67.0 79.1

g g

Pressure Drop' (Pa/m)

Pressure Drop (Pa/m)

AbsolutE' Roughness k s

Absolute Roughness k s = 0.046

0.046

'00
103.3

125
128.9

150
154.3

Nom. dia.
Actual Ora.

15
14.9

20
2004

25
25.7

Pipe Internal Qiamelers (mm)

32
40
50
65
80
34.4 40.3 51.3 67.0 79.1

From: AIRAH Appicalion Manual DA 16, Air Conditioning Water Piping

From: AIRAH APplication Manual DA 16, Air Conditioning Waler Piping

5.15
5.14

-----------------------------------~''"_.

tOO
. 125
103.3 128.9

,50
154.3

Pressure Loss 100 e Water in

CopperTube Type Bto AS 1432

Pressure Loss 17SoC yvater in

Heavy Steel Pipe to AS 1074
r""""""" bl ApM ...-.q 11>, ~lr ~~ f'V>5:S
80

60 _
100
~

o
Q)

Vl

"-.

100
80
- .. '

JO

..';.. ";...

T\ '?

20

::::

-;..':

'0

...~.....

"::'::b' ~ -::.

"J

50

'. ':::..

.. ~
_
1:':':';'" .:~.~.. . ':.: :: :' ..

30

~;

_.1-

R> . . . i"

Vl

10

Q)

>-.
......

::J

'-"

20

Icy!);; . . -. 1:

'\

8-

., ..'..
... :
...

J -

.::::/.:-

.....

-'

""'P.'.:.:::.~

.... "c.

':.'::'.-

.iF

;".

to.'.;.:- :: -.,: ':':'. : ;'

",

.(

0.8

0.5

....... :-..

0.'
oJ

:~

:.::

....-0..
..~..-..:: ';

.... ':; .

WS.t"; '. ' ;~ . ~ -.;.~e;41\c-.I_-l'+'~kp;-"b<1ctt.~"

g~~'~g

~~~

~s' =

Nom. dia.

AcIU:J1d!'1.

15
14.9

20

25

2004

25.7

34.4

"'0.3

51.3

From: A/RAN APplicnfiofl MnrJuulDAfG. Air conditioning

67.0' 7~.t

W1.lrC(~Pip.i/lg

100
25
103.3. ;'2a.9

.,

-:::.'

00
00

o~

m~

"

....

:;.

0:0

n.~

'. ,.-:.;.;.;.;.:.:.

1(1

1lJ

0.2

00
00
00

0
S?

~~

Absotui:e Roughness k s = 0.0015

150
154.3

Nom. dia.
Actu<l1 di<l.

Plpa rnr~rnol Olarllalcts (nun)

15
20
25
32
40
SO
65
ao
100
10.84 16.91 22.91 29.26 35.61 '1a.30 60.99 72.84 9821

From: AlRAH App(jctJlion MunutJiDA 16. Air Condilionitlg Wafer Piping

5.17
5.16

O.J

::: ;.

Pressure Drop (Po/m)

0.0'16

Plpo 11l1ouml Di1llTlclOfS (111111)

32
-l0
50
(i5
60

".

:0

:.: ,ill-

--

Pressure Drop (Po/m)

Absotu te Roughness

0.'

:: .:

125
150
123.62 148.27

Pressure Loss 3SoC Water in

Copper Tube Type B to AS 1432

Pressure Loss 20C Water in

Copper Tube Type B to AS 1432

100
80
60

100
80

,.--...

60

40

(])
-If)

30

40

... ;:: .....

30
"::"';-

20

"-.. io
UJ
(])

L
-+-

:J

10

10

i>\

8
6

4- . ::::.::- :-:.,.:.:-

~
0

u....

'--.-/

....::.. 1 ....

::.:.

...

2:
1/.:.:

./N\:

, 'i
..

0.8
. .-:l

0.6

", "::. c.} :

0.8

0.6

.::::4::

::'. -.::..:-:.:.:.:

I,

:1"::"

0.'

0.4

0.3

0.3

004

0.2
".:;..

0.3
0.2

0.1

"t- 0.1

[2[;
0
N

o
n

o
o

000

<0

co

"

o
no
o

0
0

Absolute Roughness k s

15

::=

25

32

40

65

10.84 16.97 22.91 29.26 35.61 48.30 60.99 nS4

Aetual'dia.
From: AIRAH Application Manual DA 16, Air Conditioning Water Piping

'.

00

<0

oD ~

g gg

Absolu-te Roughness' k s

::=

0.0015

0.0015

Pipe Internal Diameters (mm)

0_
0

Pressure Drop (Po/m)

Pressure Drop (Pa/m)

Nom. dia.

100
98.21

125

150

123.62 148.27

Nom.dia.
Actual dia.

Pipe IriternalDiameters (mm)

32
40
SO
65
80
100
10.84 16.97 22.91 2926 35.61 46.30 60,99 72.84 98.21

15

20

25

From: AfRAH Application Manual DA 16, Air Conditioning Wafer !'iping

5.19
5.18

'-------------------~"--_...

125
150
123.62 14827

Pressure Loss 20 C Water in

PVC Pipe toAS 1477 Class 12

Pressure
Loss 82C Water
in
.
. Copper Tube Type B to AS 1432

100.0

.,,-....
()
Q)
(I)

"

(I)
Q)
L

100
80
60

,..,:::. :;. :.:-:.1"

..:..: .., ....

40
30

:c.':
.::..:. ".-:;:

---'- _.

;:::. :"1

... ::, ":. :

."

":.

:.

.....

,,

600
400
300
200

500

:V:

400
JCO

--1~

20

800

.,

000

Kr

200

.."-+-

:.:::J

'--"

;;:
o

10

Lt...

J
2

Ab~olute Roughness k s = 0.0015

0.1

2
~

Nom. dia.
Actualdia.

15
20
25
10.84 16.97 22.91

Pipe Internal Diameters (mm)

32
40
50
65
80

29.26 35.61 48.30

60.99 72.84

From: AJRAH Application Manual DA 16. Air'Conditioning Water Piping

100
98.21

125
150
123.62 14827

Ab sotu-te Roughness k s = 0.0015

From: JURAH Applica{ion Manual QA f6, Air Conditioning Water Piping

5.20

5.21

00

g g
<IJ

.et=

Pressure Loss 3SoC Water in

PVC Pipe to AS 1477 Class 12
~~,

Ac.o.D$

Ill. _ l

P\.OSS

1000
1

.....;.:.,.

800
600

". L::
' . -::.-;.'"

."

-,

400

JOO

.'> :',::,"l .
....... 1' i ."

200

'''. "1:J;.

100
80
60
40
30

.'i'./ .: ....

20

10
8
6
4

J
~

1
0.8

...

", '.-."::

....::: ;::1,-;

....

0.6

':'

:;;":"':':':.-:"

..'.' .:::.
.:.

'.~'

..

0.3

- .....
- :.;.;.:::"'

...

..

0.2

(5 G O' 60 )
DISTANCE FROM SOURCE AT 112SkPa FOR 7SPa PRESSURE LOSS

!..- V
..

f>O

~'r~

o
o

....

0
0
...,

0
..,.

.0
0
<0

00
00
~~

oap

:5

<'(

g:5

,.,

Pressure Drop (Pa/m)

Absolute- Raughnessk s = 0.0015
From; AIRAH Application Manuaf OAfS, Air conditioning Wafer Piping

....

9
~

00
00
00
~~

./

vV'

-.-

L...

100
80

Vv
./

~'

vV

yV

E'-'"

10 "'g
o
8 ;;

vV

30

20

yV

LO
/

/1 1/

/'
V

'v V

S.

:.J

/'

1/

vV'

'3

:.---

"

./

E:I"'::.:~

"-

06

e":-3
.. I
I
~., ,3

V
~

!/

g g
-..t.fY)

03

V
/

""
"a "
a
aJ 100

OL

/-"

/'

0'2

0'1
o co

8
N

LENGTH OF PIPE

I Mot,os)
5.23

ID

.1"'1

2 g
"
08

~-~.

;;1 '~

..-

./

.....-'...------~
5.22

-"

vV

er'~

- I,

200

~t V V

./

e I1~3

I
el1'~

300

60

J-~

1 ..

LOO

..

e--~

e II, :3.'

600

./

er'3 ,
E

I 000

800

".-

a.'

Type B

~r~

OA

"::.. :.1"' .

Natural Gas in Copper Pipe

Natu ral Gas

In

LPG in Copper Pipe

Stee I Pipe

(SG 1-5)
DISTANCE FROM SOURCE AT 2 75 kPa FOR 250 Po PRES5URE L055 1000

(SG 060)

800

600

o'
0

I
v./

o'

k-'

,,

.-/

7
./

J..-V

/'

,.

.,

&

/"

0<>
0

v./
<>

00'

LENGTH OF PIPE

06

1/

01.
03

,<l

V
L--

,.

../

02
.;

VV
01

IM.lr.s I
5.25

~
~

08

5.24

..'-

./

LENGTH' OF PIPE {kelr.s I

k-'

"0

I.

..-

o'

.-/ 10

./

L7

rr./

o
o

3
2

V-

I.

"I

888

l-V

/'

/"

l/1

6o

100
8o

.-/

I y

.,~

M'

.-/

",,>-

200

.-/

i
I

'/
~

VV

300

,
I

1.00

LPG in Steel Pipe

(SG15)

DISTANCE FROM SOURCE AT 27SkPa FOR 2S0Pa PRESSURE LOSS

10 00

60o
60

./

'0 o
./
30 o

vV'
./

v::
./

"7'

/'

7 "

vV

.---/

'1 V

V'

v
I--'

./

V
V./

/'

/1--'

vV

V-

./

I--'

60

10
8

1/

10

./

./

vV

20

4
3

v~

/'

/' 1
0
0

./

.-

./"

/
V~

.,

02

vV

Vel.

Pipe Diameter mm

2D

'Pa

m1s

mm

25

32

40

mm

mm

24
37
40
62
64 102
25
40
45
72
68 106
29
43
48
72
71 112
45
70
70 112
115 178
60
93
100 152
"157
250
70 108
115 180
197 295
87 128
135 211
225 338

52
92
142
59
100
167
65
100

mm

50

mm

65

80

mm

mm

100

125

mm

150

,.mm

mm

394
675

648
972

1037

1670

431
716

1145

Mass Flow Rate kg' hour

40

15
14
25
25
40'
35
70
15
16
25
25
40
37
..
100
15
17
25
26
40
39
200
15
25
25
43
40
64
300
15
37
25
56
40
87
400
15
42
25
63
40 116
500
15
49
25
81
40 131
600
15
59
25
97
40 157
700
15
63
25 114
40 177
800
15
70
25 122
40 192
10do
15
95
25 145
.
40 216
1400
15 121
25 195
40 305

105
",162

270
110
190
303
126
205
327
155
257
408
205
331
555

153

99
145
162
265
265
403
109 166
162
267
298
428
112
182
193
300
172
311
465
100
182
280
162
295
428
275
475
745
127
245
385
225
425
632
357
595 1025
156
281
432
270 i 450
742
456
796 1247
187
352
526
308
548
885
495
855 1350
225
425
632
370
658 1065
595 1025 1620
260
4"45
705
450
785 1205
690 1210 1865
285
475
600
465
810 1260
730 1370 2065
372
626 1012
562
990 1530
910 163? 2545
465
810 1270
740 1375 2080

253
405
165
288
455
190
320
510
250
405
615
310
520
825 1210

2195

3425

213
384
576
250
430
630
260
445
640
410
656
1010

1'108.

470
730
1150

715
1215
la9S

660

"1006
1575
2417

1712
694
1020
_'160 I .. 1660
1800
2500

1125

.1580

1755
.2925

4175

2040

535
910

925

1505

1580

1460

2540

630

2480
-4050

1166

1665

1080
1825

1980
3120

2925
4940

770

917
1457
2303

2520
~440

5940
2460
4225
7050
2835

1890

1295
2110
3510

3540
5400

925

1555

2525

1520

2530
4210
1815

4250
6475
2765

3025

4815

3990
6900

7560

10880

1265

2270
952
1750
2520
1125'
1870
3120
1465
2295
3sbo
1870
3120
4735

'4585

2105

5150

7870
3400
6175

9445

1990

3025

4540

3240

5220
8395
3995
6295
9880
5215
8500
13050

7120
12470
5860
8995
14390

5135
2495
3825
6230
3;220

5200
8510

7390
12560
18630

Note: At each selected line pressure capacities are stated for three steam velocities. viz... 15. 25 and 40
m I s. Main lines should be sized for steam velocity up 10 a maximum of 40 m I s. Small branch lines
should be sized for steam now not exceed 15 m I s.
Table based on Sleel pipe to AS1074

0-1

000

Line
p~$S

03

/'

8 gM

/'

Steam Pipe Sizing

~'"

'"

From: Spirax Sarco data

LENGTH OF PIPE {Melre5 I

5.26

5.27

.~~JI9)

Steam Condensate Pipe Sizing

.

Pipe
Friction

Pipe Fall

Loss

overcome
pipe
friction

Palm

Nominal Pipe Size mm

10

20

25

-I

J2

40

501

65

'0

100

Mass Flow .kg I s

3.500

0.038

0.085

O~ 160'

0.250

0.540

0.980

17

1 i0600

1.610

1.1n 4 OO

0,049

0.11

0.19

0.32-

0.68

T.23,.. .

2.01

4.36

25

1 i0300

0.12

022

0.37

0.80

1.43

2.35

5.09

J3

0,057

1 in 240

0.064

0.14

0,25

0.41

0.90

1.62

2.64

5.73

41

1i0200

0.071

0.15

0.28

0.46

0.99

1.79

2.94

6.33

49

1 in 170

0.078

0.17

0,30

0.49

1.07

1.95

3.20

6.~O

57

65 -.

0.083

0.18

0:33

0.54

Us

2.\0

3.45

7AO

1 in 150

7.90

74

J
- TI

82
123

I in 130
1 in 120
1 in 80

0,090
0.094

0.12

0.1-9
0.20

0.35

0.57

1.22

2.24

3.65

0.37

0.60

1.30

2.37

3.87

8.36

4.82

10.30
12.10

0.25

0.46

0.75.

1.62

2.95

0.B8

1.89

3.44

5.61

0.99

2.13

3.8S

6.33

13.70.-:
15.10

164

1 in 60

0.14

0.30

0.54

204

loin 50

0.15

0.33

0.61

1 i040

0.37

0.67

1.09

2.35

4.28

245

0.17

7.00

0.18

OAO

0.73

1.18

256

7.62

16.50

1 ;n35

4.66

288

2.75

5,00

8.15

17.90

327

1 in 30

0.20

OA3

Nole; Pipe size selection should be based on

1.27

0.78

~!arting

load. Starling loads are 210 3 limes that of Ihe

running load.
The above lable is based on Copper Pipe Type'S' 10 A S 1432
From: Spir,ax.Sarco data

~-I~
c 1~3
~

~-i~

LENGTH OFP"PE (I~.tr.s )

o
o
o
o
o
o
o
en

uo

o
o
o

is
N

10

e::-r~
-[~

er
e

'U .

""'

.~~

e!~

3
o

ErL~
r-e:
e':

-'

lL

r~

e:~
~~ . i:=\

. 5.28

Compressed Air

"1

::!!

o
o

o
o
N

o
o

'"

o
o

8N

o
o
o

en

8o

o
o
o

o
N

o
o
o
o

'"

o
o
o
o

8o
o

'~'-'::::J

.'I

Vacuum in Copper Pipe

e-~

UISTANCE FROM SOURCE AT -60kPa {4S0mm HgI VACUUM FOR

6.65 kPa 150mm Ha' PRESSURE LOSS

.'

",-"

t:;J

- ..

:~~ ~
~~~ C]::~

-"

1000

..

Medical Gases in Copper Pipe

200

DISTANCE FROM SOURCE AT 4S0kPa FOR 20kPa PRESSURE LOSS

..

800

600

r~

'. I ..

/1
~~O ~ [~

/'

'" .

./

/
/

1/

I?'/

,I

,, ,,. ,

,V

'"

V
V

-"

-;7

<,'l

:r

I'
I,

. I

1/

/'

-"

7"

kr

I
I

'"

'"

7"

,S

V
V

' 3

60

OF
r~
1

;,\",3

3
2

1
O'
O'

1/

...-1

000
000

0 ' " '"

'"o

O'

00
.., 0M

~E [~
[~
: e e.;1

O'
O'

;~ f~
='C:' ....~

8o

8~.

e
e

LENGTH OF PIPE

I Metresl

5.30

~.

n.9- "7

'K
,

1/

,S

.V

,,'<-;

;:-

V
V

V
V

40
30

"0

20

0 '8
0 6

o 4
o 3
o z

10

;:"
.J

S!<O

-"

o ~

1
8

000

gg
g g 8M g<""
Oa::l 10

F
'F'

V
-

r-~

1 e1 r[3

..

200

80

~ _ef~

Il/

I I -'"

400
300

100

'"

1000

o.

LENGTH OF PIPE

5.31

I M.tres J

'"

.J

U.

Medical Compressed Air

Pipe

In

Copper
Heat Loss from Bare Pipes
Ho rizontal Bare Steel

Nom_

Air velocity 0.0 mls

Air velocity 2.0 mls

pipe

Ambient air temperatureC

dia.

10

(mm)

30

10

Wfmlength

15
20
25
32

95
116
142

17'
195

40

. 50
65
BD
100
"5
150

Ambient air temperature C

20

83
102
125
1,3

' 236

172
209"

290
333
416
501
579

256
'95
369
443
'513

72

61

"

92--

75

loa
133 .

20

3D

W/m length

16'
199
241

113
127

337

-'154

. 453

190
219
27.
330
383

551
628
777
926

80~

1064

925

I .. -

149
181
223
265
321
387
448

190
230
2"78

29'
326
393

376-

478

545
575

--C

139
169
205
249
278
335
408
'65
577
688
791

110

140
170
207
231

279

340
J88
'82
575
662

Vertical Bare Steel

Nom.
pipe

Air velodty 0.0 rnls

dia.

Ambient air temperature"c

0
(mm)

"3

Ij/

IIV! V

15

108
132

150

20

30

160
196
219
266
326
373

'65
558
645

94
114

141
172

193
23'
286
329
410
'92
569

10

20

30

W/m length

81
99
121
148
166
202
248
285
356
428
495

69
8.
102
126
141
171
210
242
302

NOTE: Heat loss W/m length for pipes in air with

E;3

WlmJenglh

20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100 .
125

10

Airvelocity 2.0 rnts>

Ambient air temperature c

192

223
269
326
395

232
281

341
380
'57

440

529
642
732

90.

36'

1075

421

1i34

556~-

633

163
197
239
289

323
389
'72
539

783

666

932
1069

79.
912

135
163
198
240
266
323
393
448
555
661
760

nuid lemP9'rature of90 aC. Surface Emissivity 0.79.

From: AIRAH Application Manual OA 16. Air Conditioning Wafer Piping.

.i~
,

LENGTH OF PIPE I M.tre5 J

5.33

..

Heat Emission or Gain for Steel Pipes

with 25 mm insulation in still air

Heat Loss from Bare Pipes (cont.)

Horizontal Bare Copper
.

Nom.
pipe
dia.

Air velocity 0.0 mls

Air velocity 2.0 rnls

Ambient air temperature~C

Ambient air temperature ~C

10

0
(mm)

15
20
25
32
40
5065
80
100
125
150
200

20

30

10

40
78
115
145
1~7

228
269
308
348
425
501
650

<T
58
91
107
139

55 ..
68
101
126
163
199
234
269
304
372
438
569

110
200
230
260
318
375
488

124
175
270
.314
400
483
,"4
643
721
872

/
30

91
129
199
232
296
358
419
<T8"
536
650

299
350
340
449
544

1019

760

637

1303

1136

974

818

,....

........

0.05

1/ 1/ 1/
1/1/ 1/ /"
1/ . /
V V
V
V

0.5

247

0.04
0.03
0.02

0
.
,~

"(J)

:::
o
3

Vertical Bare Copper

. Nom.
pipe
dia.
0
(mm)

.,

1/1/

76
107
156
193

107
151
234
272
347
420
490
559
627
759
887

Q .......

0.07

17/ 0.06

Wfm length

Wfm length

62
89
140
162
2"
258
303
248
392
479
564
731

20

.-....... r

1.0

15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
90
100

125
150
200

Air verocity'p~O rn's

Airvelocity 2.0 rnls

Ambient aif temperalure ~C

Ambient air temperalure "C

10

20

30

71
101
129
157
184
237
289
339
388
437
533
626
809

62
88
113
138
162
209
254
299
342
386
470
554
716

53
76
98
120
140
181
220 _
259
297
335
. 409

482
624

10

20

45
84
83
101
119
153
187

220
253
285
349
411
533

1010
1178

1023 _

107
150
191
231
269
343
415
484.552
618
747
873

1504

1301

1117

146
205
261
315
366
466
563
656
747
836

126
177
225
272
317
403
487
568
647
725
876

515
623
729
933

<:-

"

"

-I

460'

(J)
(J)

30

88
124
159
192
224
285
345
403

2. 5

'--' 2. 0

Wlm length

Wfm length

1.5

QJ

1.0

1.

"

0.5

NOTE: Heat loss W/m length for pipes in air with fluid temperature of 90"C. Surface Emissivity 0.86.
From: AIRAH Application Manual DA 16, Air Condtioning Water Piping.

5.34

Pipe Diameter (mm)

5.35

o.

'"

.~~ .......

Heat Emission or GaJn for Steel Pipes

with 38 mm insulation in still air
10
5.0
4.5

0.07
l-

V/
V

k
3.0

~
~

Heat Emission or Gain for Steel Pipes

with 50 mm insulation in still air

~'r~

1.

2.5

I
./

,.,.

'"0

1.5

2.0

1.0
,.

0.5

0.5

./

o
VlO 0
U>aJ Cl

0
~

::

Pipe Diameter (mm)

5.36

5.0
,.

14.5

.-

0.07

e;~r~'

V./

0 .5

"'
...,.-~'r~

--------- -

c- !-- l--

]3

e j<53 "'--@ [3 cs
e ,,::.~
'"

. ,"

4.0

0;04
---- 0.03

v- . /

VV

0.06
0.05

./ 1/
./y

3.5

0.02
k
3.0

I I

0
0

2.5

2.5
.

'-' 2.0

2.0

E:!~ -'"
-.J

1.5

1.5

'" 1.0
;L...

_.

(J1
(J1

:0"/

2.0

~T~

- -- {I) -"

;'i~

2.5

-l

3.5

0.02

L.

CS
. '---'

c- V

"'-c

4.0

. / 0.03

v- V v

'"

""''"

V V

en

V;;V . / . / 0.04

0.5

:::J

0.05

11

0.06

''-i-~'

eirB
e' ~'3
E\~-3

:r:

1.5

c.

"

1.0

1.0

0.5

0 .5

,
VlOOO,""O

"'o:)o>ON'"

o
o

Pipe Diameter (mm)

E<:~

~'.~ ~~
i

5.37

~,-c
Heat Emission or Gain for Steel Pipes
with 63 mm insulation in still air
-

4.5
.

/,0.07
0.0.
. / p'/
0.05
/ ' /- ~
0.04
V I- V ~ 0.03

o.5

4.0

.,

e~

3.5

0.02
k

0
0

.
n

3.0

e
2.5

2.5

2.0

2.0

1.5
~

1.5
()

1.0

1.0

0.5

0.5

~"

o
g

"

oo
n

Pipe Diameter (mm)

5.38

..'

5'0~'

,..-... .. = .....,.. . . . . . . . . .......-

.0

Heat Emission or Gain for Steel Pipes

with 75 mm insulation in still air
._ ..
~b.~

1.0

..

e'::"3

eo~

~-[=J
e3

El

@'r
e~

E~

6
~e~

er
er

4.::

o.5

17

/'

rn

V ~

C I--

<D

I.---"""

~ I-

.........
C
:::J

~.c.

0.07
Q.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02

3.5

3.0

'-

.........
(f)
2.5
I-

~
~

I
I
I

3:

'--'" 2.0

2.0

(f)
(f)

o
-'

1.5

1.5

<D

:r:

1.0

1.0

0.5

0.5

8:
o
o

no

0
0
V'l
0
la:JCIlONon

"n o~ n~

Pipe Diameter (mm)

e~.~

.~:~

5.t

5.39

o
o

Heat Emission or Gain for Steel Pipes

with 25 mm insulation -- air velocity 5m/s

v
Ij

1:0

/
/
1/ /

....-... O~5

G1
Q)

"'t:
2

0
1

1/
/

0.04

0.02

Heat Emission or Gain for Steel Pipes

with 38 mm insulation - air velocity 5m/s
1. 0

_"'~c.>C$_""_I

...

1/

Q)

1.0

m
u

v---

r-

j--

"'C

'-

::l

"'-

2.5

'--"

2.0

(jJ

I
~ .~

$'~

.
~

/' ' /

k
.L

Pipe Diameter (mm)

'5.40

.L

'/

./

2.5

.L

2.0

.L

t.5

<

1:5

v
0

Q)

I.I.o

1.0

-'"

0.5

0.5

Hlf-Ir
o

E:3
e"! .~
;.

"

Pipe Diameter (mm)

..

5.41

- - : . ' .. .

'~'''--''-''~;'''.-,~

' -~.
..,":

..

3.0

1/
I

ei':~

3.5

o
-.1

4.0

0.02

(jJ
(jJ

I-:~

0.03

-------~

..

.0.04

ei~

0.5

5.0

4.5

Q.05

Q)

L.

/
1/ V

0.5

cL~
~ 1-

'1':5

~=

0.07

e:.f~
er~

2.0

.........

L' 0.06

-~t

a
I

--

~-'r~

(jJ
(jJ

,-J

..

.... -_OiiIll.

o
o

. '-/

e:~r

D.03 ..

'~

=:.:3

0.05

1/ /
V V
v V

0.06

~.
e-I~
-

Heat Emission or Gain for Steel Pipes

with 50 mm insulation - air velocity 5m/s
'_~1~e.<os

.0

.....t"'_"'- 1Iltr.l:S

Heat Emission or Gain for Steel Pipes

with 63 mm insulation - air velocity 5m/s

5.0

....c.oo:; ....., lI><o _ I ... _ _ ....oss

1.0

4.5

o.5

VV

f/

0.06 .
4.0

0.05
0.03

3.5

""'C"'-

N
.

2.5

:::J

"

2.5
'to

2.0

2.0

()

""'1Il"'-

L..-

'"'

'-

L..- V

ID

"U

0.02

I-

Ol

3.0
~

V
1..-

0
0

/'

0.5

0.04

L..- V V
V
L..- t..- V
l- V

4.5

0.07

>.

/'

5.0

2.5

I
.~

0
~

L--L.v

'--'" 2.0

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02

3.5

"

2.5

III

2.0

1Il
1Il

.\
1.5

1.5

1.5

1.0

..J

1.0

1.5
I

ID

1.0

1.0
().

I I

.
0.5

0.5

4.0

..

..

3.0
0

o
3:

0.07
0.06

0.5

0.5

,.
o

o
0

o
o
o

" "

Pipe Diameter (mm)

5.42

Pipe Diameter (mm)

5.43

Heat Emission or GaJn for Steel Pipes

,

.0

Typical Thermal Conductivity ofVarious

Pipe Insulating Materials
This chart i:nor use" in conjunclion wilh the charts for Heat Emission or Gain for Insulated Pipes al p.p.

5.35105.44

1The thermal conductivity ofinsulalion varieswilh temperature. Typicalvarues for a range "of pipe insulalion
types are given in this chart. Nole however lhallhe rlQures only apply if there is 00 condensalion on the
surface of the insulated pipe.

.5

k ..

..

VV V
V V

Ol

----

ID

.........

C
::J

'-

I
_
~

......... 2.5
trl

N
~

0.12 1--.,---.,---..,.---,---,---,--,

0.07"' .
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02

0.06

f--~-I--+~~t=::::~4ffi%

'" 0.04l r-t=+~~~~

E
'
<D

~ 0.02

L'.

Ul
Ul

f--==t:j=:::::::+--+--+-+-+--j
u

.L

1.5

"

1.0

---

QJ

0.08 r--+---+---f--f--T-?(f

2.0

-.J

0.10 f----+---t---t---t----,-If--o--l-"Ei

>.

Q"

.-50

50

100

A '" Butyl Foam

C.= Calcium Silicate
F = Fibreglass

o
0

"

P = Extruded Polystyrene
R::: Rockwoof

Pipe Diameter (mm)

200

Me.an Temperature C

0.5

150

U = Polyurethane & pOlyisocyanate

5.44

5.45

--------------~~~~.-'----_
...._~..

- -

250

300

~._=

'I:,

Copper Pipe to AS 1432

Mass

Working

empty

pressure

Nominal
size.

Actual

mm

mm'

kgfm

k?,

15 x 1.2

83
142
204
385
637
953
1775

0.394
0.503
0.704
1,089
1.350
1.671

6380
6090

bore

@20oC

area

Type A

18x 1-2

20 x 1.4
25 x 1.5

32 x 1.6

TypeS

40 x 1.6
50 x 1.6
taxO.9
15xO.9
18 x 1.0

20 x 1.0
25x12
32 x 1.2
40 x 12

"

45 x 1.2

50 x 1.2
65 x 1.2

80 x 1.6
90x1_6
100x 1.6
125 x 1.6
150 x 2.0
200 x 2.0
Type C

TypeD

10 x 0.1
15 x 0.7
18 xO.9
20x O.S
25 x 0.9
32 x 0.7
40x O.S
45x 0.9
50x 0.9
65x 12
8~.x~ ,2
90x1.2100x1.2
125 x 1.4
150x 1.6

Contents

2253
"

5900
5070

4010
3310

2460

Litre/metre

2430

0.999

1.483
1.690
2.120
3,410
3_950
4.560
5.1'.0
8.3,0
1-1 ..!i"0

2080
1810

1.386

750

1.837
2.928
4.179
5.763
7.595
12.026
17283
31.146

0.176
0.239
0.383
0.4540.625

5650
4170
4440
3670
2720

0.052
0.100
0.155
0.233
0.437

1034

0.619
0.951

1427
1884
2926
4273
5871
7723
12107
17469

1620
1790
1530

1.276
2.135
2.571
3.007
3,442
5.013
6.908

0.722
1.034
1.427
1.884
2.926
4.273
5.871
7.723
12.107
17.469

1386
1837

2928
4179
5768
7~Q5.

12026
17283
31146

52
100

155
233
437
722

1.11.(.

5020
4140
3700

1440
1620
1390
1210

970
1000

1340
1070
1200
'1030

900
830
800

~~-C'

~r

0;637
0.953
1.775

2940

7680
5630

Inside

0.083

1260

"

0.220
0.300
0.426
0.510
0.820
1.040

Outside

0.142
0.204
0.385

0.047
0.093
0.150
0.227
0.414
0.675

93
150
227
414
675
999

Surface area
m 1 fmetre

er!

'0.024

0.030
0.040
0.050
0.060
0.080

0.034
0.044

0.053
0.072

0.100

0.092

0.120

0.112

0.140- .

0.132

0.160
0.199

0.152
0.192

0.239
0.279
0.319
0.399
0,47S
0.638

0.22S
0.269
0.309
0.389
0,466
0.626

Nominal size

mm

Outside

8
10
15

8"9

17.2

12.6
16.1

21.3

Er
Err3
~.

l~

0.042
0.055
0,067

0.028
0040
0.051

0.370

1.58
2.44
3.14

0.085
0.107
0.135

00S8
0.087
0.114

3.61
5.10

0.132
0.167
0.216

42.4f

48.3
60.3
76.1

41.9
53.1
68.9

1.38
2.21
3.13

6.51

0.152
0.190
0.239

80
90
100

88.9
101.5
114.3

80.S

8,47
9.72 .
12.10

0.279
0.319
0.35S

0.254~-

93.6
105.3

5.14
5.88
8.71

125
150

139.7
165.1

129.9
155.3

13.25
18.94

16_20
19.20

0.43S
0.519

0.408
0.488

E[~

e~

Inside

0.650
0_852
1.22

O.seS

~r~

.;~

Outside

0.062
0.125
0.204

m'fmet~

21.7
27.3
36.0

40
50
65

Litre I metre
Inside

13.5

Surface area

Mass
empty
kg/m

mm

26.9
33.7

e ,--:3

Contents

Diameter

20
25
32

5A6

SLACK MEDIUM STEEL PIPE to AS 1014

e"r
E~

SteelPipe to A S 1074 & AS 1836

""

1-.02

0.294
0.331

"

BLACK EXTRA HEAVY STEEL PIPE {FORREFRIGERANTlIO AS 18JS

Nominal
size

mm

Diameler

Cl;Jn,I-ents; ___
litre f metre

Mass
empty _
kg/m

mm

Surface .. rea

<1Jl~/.rn~tre
Outside

Inside

Oulside

Inside

15
20
25

21.3
26.9
33.7

14.1
18.9
24.7

0.156
0.281
0.479

1.60
2.29 .
3.23

0.067
0.065
0.1('7

0.044
0.059
0.079

32
40
. 50

42.4
48.360.3-

32.6
37.5
49.5

0.837
1.10
1.92

4_52
5.70
7.28

0.135
0.152
0.190

0:104

65
80

76.1
88.S

64.3
77.1

325

10.2
12.0

0.239
0.279

0202
0.242

4.67

0.118
0.156

~-""~~

-'1- .

Pipe Thermal Expansion

Values in this table are based on exoansion or contraction from initial Dine temoerature of 20 GC.
Expansion
mm/metre

Pipe Temperature

.'c
Steel

Stainless steel

Copper

20

- 0.47

--0.66

-0.66

10

- 0.35

-0.52

- 0.50

- 0.23

- 0.32

0.34

'0

- 0.12

-0.16

-0.18

20

30

0.12

0.16

0.16

'0

0.24

0.33

0.32

50

0.36

0.50

0.50

60

0.48

0.68

0.66

70

O~61

0.84

0.84

80

0.73

1.01

1.02

90

0.85

1.18

: 1.21

100

0.98

1.36

1.38

1-.10

1.53

1.56

'20

1:23

1.71

1.74

130

1.36

1.88

1.91

140

1.49

2.04

2.09

ISO

1.62

2.22

2.28

110

160

1.75

2.40

2.46

170

1.90

2.60

2.64

180

2.02

2.76

2.61

lOO

2.18

2.93

2.98

200

2.34

3.09

3.18

e~l~
e:-i~

Diversity - Hot & Cold Water Flow

,.

Aggregate of simullaneous
full flows
lilre I second

Probable demand

, 0
15
20
23
25

litre J second

el~

e-f~

"",,,~_..-

10

."

~-[~

11

37

e-",,:~

_L

~r3

e ',,:3
eL
,,::~

L~
eo F-3

E'

er'~

rr

5
5
7

28
30
.32""

3.6

12

38

13

"
42

"

15

4<

16
17

'5

<.
4.7

18
19
20

21
22

5.0
52
.

53
5.!
55

23

24

S.

25

59

26
27
2'
29
30

6.1
6.2
6<
6.5
66

31
32
33

6.'
7.0

34

7.3
7.4

71

35

7.6
7.7
7.9
8.0
'.2

36
37

38
39
'0

Nofe: This lable is based on the British Empilical Method extracted from Code of Practice 342.

From. AfRAH Application Manual DA 16. AIr conditioning Wafer PIping.

5.48

5.49

Pipe Mass

Diversity - Medical Gases

Number of outlets of approximately
equal flow rate

Diversity factor

10)

IF)

1.0

0.89

0.81

0.73:..

-.

Steel Pipes 10 AS1D'74

Nom.

10

0.65

20

0.55

30

0.51

40

0,48

60

0,45

80

0.43

100

0,42

200

0.38

300

0.35

400

0.34

600

0.32

800

0.32

1000

0.31

Medium

Light

Heavy

Note: The above values are based on the following formula F= 1.3/1og(10n)

(mm)

Pipe

Pipe +
waler

Pipe

Pipe-4Water

Pipe

Pipe+
Water

15
20
25
32
40
SO
65
80
100
125
150

0.95

1.HI
1.79
2.63
3.65
4.65
6.40
9.54

1.22

1.42
1.94 .
3.02
4.16
4.99
730
1021
13.51
20.7S
29.50
3'8.10

1 ~5

162
2.23
3.49

141
2.01

2.58
3.25
4.11
5.80
6.81
9.89

nos
18.73

1.58
2.44
3.14

.. ~.61
5.10
6.51
8.47
12.10
16.20
19.20

1.:;'')

2 ;?-i

3 ",

4,77

4.!.)

"5.70

6,7
7.""
10.H)
14.40
17 :-0
212.0

11.42
15.00
22.76
30.80
39.90

Nom.
dia.
(mm)

Steel ANSI Std. Wt.

Pipe

Pipe+
Water

Pipe

Pipe'"
Water

15
20
25
32
40
SO
65
80
'0
100
125
150
200
250
300
350

1.27
1.69
2.50
3.39
4.05
5.44
8.65
11.29
13.47
16.07

1.47
2.03
3.06
4.36
5.36
7.60
11.73
16.05
19.93
24.27
34.67
46.86
74;75
111.1
146.7
170.1

0.30
0.51
0.82
1.04
1.26
1.69
2.12
3.41
3.98
4.56
5.71
8.37

0.39
0.74
1.23
1.72
2.25
3.52
5.04
7.57
9.72
12.12
1771
25.57

21.77

26.26
42.55
60.31
73.88
81.33

CopperTypeB.AS 1432

--

I
I

.~.:~

5.51

8.23

screw &
socket

001
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.07
0.12
0.17
0.30
0.50
0.60

PVC Class 12. AS 1477

Pipe

Pipe +
Water

0.17
0.32
0.43
0.57
0.88
1.27
1.92

0.61
1.02
1.53
2.01
3.14
4.89
6.83

3.33

11.45
17.38
22.31
43.56
67.56
85.72
108.89

J
!,
I

I!
i""

i
.

From; A/RAH Applicafion Manual DA 16 Air Conditioning W"atet' Piping

where - F = Diversity Faclor

n '" Number of oullets for which pipe is being sized.

5.50

Add for

dia.

0.68

MASS OF PIPE SySTEMS CARRYING WATER AT 20~C(kgtmetre run)

4.7~;.

6.33
11.16
17.33
22.17
28.16

Notes

e":::>-~

, ~-I[
e"'I=F~

cC
I-.-

ei~~
,=e:l~

eT~
e,,~~

e.---3
"=.
~.

L~ '/ - - - - -Air-Conditioning
r-:>
c---,-I

e.'~,~

~;b
~[

E:"-(3
e:7'~

e;~ '3
'e.li~
_,;.J~
-...
,~

.........

"~"

Section 6

I'

'

~r

~-I-~

e'l~

~-r
~:[~

~:r~
E. r~

E. f~

ef~

er
E~

E.

Er

Psychrometric Plotting
These noles describe the sequence 01 makIng a psychrOmellic ploL This lechnlllue is one wtlere Ihe

design is ploUed on the psychromelnc chart rather !han allowing lor ilems such a~ !<In heal. ducl heal
gains. etc. in lhe heal load estimate sheet and has the advantage 01 giving the plotter a luller
tloderslanding of the processes laking place.
To carry out a plollhe following information is required>

Ambient Ory bUlb{OB)lWet bulb IWB) Design Temperature

This information can be obtained from Section 2 of this Handbook or A1RAH Application Manual CA 9
This is plolted as a DBI\tVB point on the chart.

Room DBM'S Design Temperature

for most applications room we temperature is not critical.;e. fOom rr.I~live hurnidil>f-iRH) Therefore
when carrying out the deSign the room DB temperalure is normally permltled 10 wnoat~ up or down lhe
ces.o;Jn 08 lemperature line 10 frlthe balance point or the room line in conjunction with fhe selected slJPply
air to room temperature difference.
Percentage Fresh Air to Retum Air
This will vary depending on the applicahon.
Sensible Heat Factor ISHFl
From heal load estimate shee!, calculate Room Sensible Heal (RSH) and Room Lalent heai (RU-l). lhenSensible Hen Factor ~

RSH
RSH RUl

face and Bypass Damper leakage

To be allowed lor V>'I1ere plant incorporales face and bypass dampers on lhe cooling COli Normally 5% of
lntBlsupply air is assumed to leak through rully closed bypass dampers. resulting In apprOXImately O.5~C
temperature rise on lhe psychrometric plot.
Fan Heat

"'"

Fan powerlJsed in moving Ihe air resulls in heallha! becomes part of RSH when lhe supply fan;s on the
leaving air side of the cooling cod or pert ollhe lolal refrigeration foad When lhe lan is on Ihe inlet side of
Ihe cooling coil. This results in approximately O.5C temperature rise 10 the supply air for a typical low
pressure system.
Supply Duct Heat Gain
This represents the heat picked up by the supply air in passing lhrough lhe supply ductwollr. to the arei'!
being conditioned.
Return Duct Heat Gain

This represenls the heat picked up by the relurn air in passing lhrough the lelurn air syslem.
SUpply Duct Leakage
This factor-is allowed lor depending on the type of system.
Return Duct leakage
.
l.eifkage ftom the bUilding and relurn air system is allowed for in lhe percenlage fresh air supplied 10 the
p1ant and no olher allowance is made.

E;~3

6.01

Room Air ConditionerHeat Load Estimate

Heat SourCl?

...

Heat Transmission through BUilding

Structures

'8'
Multiplying Factor
W/m z

Floor

area
rn'

window that gives the

largest value of A x B

No

No

Awnings _

No

Soul~

SE
East
N E
North

NW
West
S IN

Awnings
Curtains

Curtilins
No Blinds

Blinds

120
380
430
370
270
370
430
380

95
260
300
260
190
260
300
260

Brick, brick veneer.

weather board. fibro
Brick, brick v~neer.
wealherboard, fibre

Outside Wall Area Less

Glass

..

'

Awnings
Curtains,
Blinds

Q=UxAx .J.K

where:
Q '" Heat Iransmission (W)

fully.
"

Shaded

- ..

U = Coefficient of heat transfer (W I m~ K)

A = Area of surface Cm=')

65
130
145
130
100
130
145
130

60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60

Exposed
to sun

No'

35
40
15

exposed

15

J. K = Temperature difference across the bUilding element (Kelvin)

The fof/owing inform<ltion is concerned With the C?lculalion of U for various building ...lements.
Overall Heat:.Tra"nsfer CoefficientlU) (W I rn' KJ

The overall ~eaf f.ra~sfef coerticienl. U is the rate of heal transfer through unit area 01 a bUilding element
when there IS umt dJ~rerence between the ambient air temperatures on either side of the element. It is
calculated as the reCIprocal of lhe sum of the resislances of the individual component3 of the elements.
For example. 10f a cavity wall sec(lon:

R"

Inlernal wall area

Ceiling "rea

The flow of heat through a bUilding structure may be calculated from:

Note:- Select that

Facing
Facing
Facing
Facing
Facing
Facing
Facitig
Facing

load
"A'X'S'
Watt

Exposed to Sun

Area of Windows:

Cooling

UninsuJaled 50

Insulated 8

12

Carpeted 6

Suspended floor area

Uncarpcled

Door area

Glosed when nol in use

~jtling or

People

sleeping

Adive

R~ = lIrS1

' R, R,

R-

R,.,

= inside surface air film resistance

Rsa '" lIf~ '" outside surface air film resistance

100

R~ '" 1/a '" air space resistance

120 W/person
250 W/person

R, = x,lk, = inner wall resistance

Lights. appliances.

"

Include t?.tal power (Watl)

.

Sensible Cooling Load (Wait)

Required Thermal Cooling Capacity.,.. Sensible x 1.3

i
elhod 01 heal load estimafing is not applicable 10 ducted systems.
Note.Thsm
.
'.
This chart was designed by the Melric Conversion Board Panel on RoomAir C~ndlllonefS

Rz '" X/k~ '" outer wall resistance

fSl
fso
a
X"X~

'"

inside wall surface mm coefficient (W I m= K)

outside wall surface mm coefficient (W I m Z K)
air space coefficient (W I m= K)

= thickness of materials (metre)

k,.kz = th.ermal,conducitivity of materials (W I m Z K)

6.04

6.05

~-~

Heat Transmission -through Building

Structures (cont.)
O'verall Heal Transfer Coefficient U (W I m" K) (cont.)

Qvp.rall heat transler coefficients have been calculated for a number 01 conslruclion~ commonly
In Auslmha and as ~el out in the lallowing tables with accompanying diagrams.

encountered

~i~
e;, I;)
~~r-~

The '/alues 01 resistance used in the calculations have heen chosen after due consideration of the
<trr.W<lCV

"r llvmlable <lala The final U values are al_~o given With due regard to the accuracy of the data.

Consideration has been given to the effect of limter and mefallrames in wall~; :rhe elfect'oi1'U valu'i!s is
small enough 10 he Ignored as its maximum elfec: IS in the order of 5%. Further imformalion on the effecl
of frames on U values is given in the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals. Local effects may be
experienced In cold climales where high rales of heal transfer from inlerior walls to the exleriormay
produce local cold spots which in some SItuations may cause condensation.
The effect of limber bridges in WCIlls and ceilings has not been included in the calculations. Their influence
IS small on uninsulaled elements but can be Significant at high levels of insulation.

A U value calCUlated for a weatherboard waU ....i lh 50 mm of glass fibre insulation could be in error b"
about 8%. For 100 mmof insulation the error rises to about 17%-.
The subject is dealt WIth in some delail in lh.eASHRAE handbook of Funrlamentals (1972). p348.
Local effects may be experienced in cold climates where high rates of heat transfer lhrough heat bridges
in external waltscan produce local cold spols on lhe Indoor surface which in some situations may cause
condensation.

The values 01 the inside and outside surface aIr film resistances (the reciprcicals of surface coefficients
or conductances) decrease with both increasing roughness of a surface and rate 01 air movement over
the surface. With increasing emittance there is a lowering of the surface resistance.
For building calculations standard values of air movement 016.0 and 3.0 rnls have been adopted in -Ihis
data book for winter and summer conditions respectively. There is no distinction in this case between
surfaces 01 high and low emissivity.

=;-[~

Heat Transmission through Building

Structures (cont.)
Airspace Resistance (RJ
The thermal resistance of an air space IS dependent on the position ollhe airspace and on the direction
of heat Pow. Le.. horiZOntal. up or down. It is also highly influenced by the e'rmttance of lhe surface
bounding the ailSpaceaswell as Ihe mean temperature 01 the space. For honzontal and UpWard healllow
the temperature difference aCross the space also influences the resistaf\Ce. The table of "Thermal
Resistance of Airspaces~ below gives some values 01 resistance fOI silualions commonly encountered in
buildings with various combinations of boundary surfaces -of high and low err.rttance (09 and 0.05
respectively).

er~

Example calculation of Overall Heat transfer coefficient {Ut

E'

fso = 34 W I m: K (at 6.0 mls wind velocity)

=-'

I
E 1~'3
I

~, i~

e~ r ~
E,r~

Cavity wall. 110 mm brick outer wall. 76 mm brick plastered inner wall.

f'.'J '" 9.4 W 1 m: K (lor sllll air)

a", 6.2Wfm:K(loranairspaceoIZOmmormore)
k, '" 1.2 W / m: K t!OI brick)
k~ '" l.2Wfm:K (for brick)

k3 '" 0.46 W / m: K (for plaster) '"

1/U '" 1Jfso + x,/k, + 1Ia + x;lk: + x31k3 + 11fSl

:= 1134 + 0.110/1.2 + 1/6.2 + 0.076/1.2 + 0.016/0.48 + 1/9.4

'" 0.029+0.092"'0.161+0.063+0.033+0.106
:= 0.484
U:= 1fO.484

For still air the convecbon coefficient used for calculating resistance is dependant on the orientation of the
surface and the emittance of Ihe surface assumes more importance. The resistance of surtace films is
tabutated in the ihermal Resistance of Air Films table below lor orienlalions appropriate to bUildings for
high and low eminance surfaces.. i.e.. e = 0.9 and 0,05, Values are included for the standard air
movemenl cases also. For air conditioned bUlldi09S air is frequently released below, windows and the still
air resistance does not apply. As the resistance to heatllow through a window is almost entirely provided
by the surface resistances, a value has been inclueed for internal air movement of 0.50 m/s corresponding
to this Situation.

E
6.06

6.07

~1~
Heat Transmission through Building
Structures (cont.)
Surface position

{m/s}

Direction of
heat flow

Resistance

(m".

K/W)

High emittance

S'd' ai'

Up'-'
Down

slope

Horizontal

I .

45~

22.5' slope

0.11
0.16

O,<}_
0-:80

Up
Down

0.11
0.13

0.39

Up

0.11
0.15

0.24
0.60

Down

6.00 rn's

Lowemit1ance
surface

surfa"ce

..

0.24

Vertical

Horizonlal

Any pOsition

Any direction

0.03

Any-position

Any direction

0.04

0.30

0.12

_(WInter)

300 rnls

050

Thermal Resistance of Airspaces

eT~

e'.....~
~

Heat Transmission through BUilding

Structures (cont.)

..I

Nature of

bonding

H"lgh.emittance
'surfaces

-~

E'I~

m"

Any pOSlfion

Any dlrectlon

0,08

.,

Thermal resistance of Pitched Roof Spaces

Resistance
(m'.K/W)

Direction of
heat flow
~-

Non-ventilated roof
space

..;d

'-I~

I movement>

Ventilated roof space

--

Up
Down
Up
Down

6.08

High emittance
surface

Lowemittance

0.46

"'

0.34
1.36

0.18
0.28

0.56
1.09

surface

e:

i-'~

~J

E' ;03

E,I~

Direction of

Resistance
(m_~. K/W,

heal flow.

One surface of
lowem;lfance

lowemlltance

....

20 mm width

100m Width

015
015

017
017

HOrizontal

Up
Down

45" Slope

Up
Down

017

0'5

0'6

VertIcal

Horrzontal

() 15'

0'6

HOlizontal

Up
Down

03'
o Si

0'.
142

45~ Slope

U.
Down

0.'19
057

053
0.77

Verncat

Honz-onlal

o SS"

061

HOrizontal

Up

041
06'3

051
1,5

Down

052
062

05G
0.85

Horizontal

0,62"

066

Two surfaces of

(internal air

Position ot
airspace

surfaces

Elr~

(summer)

~ I.
e-..,

Thermal Resistance of Air Films

Wind speed

e--~~

45~ Slope

Vertical

Down
Up

I,

Note:' for vertical airspacesgrealer than 20 mm with horizontal heat flow. the value or resistance lor 100
mm should be used.
Carculalion of U values for roof-ceiling combinalrons requires a knowledge of fhe. resistance of the
airspace between the ceiling and the roofing material. Resistance values are:grven in Ihe labfe~Thermal
resistance of pitched roof spaces~.

.--."

Overall Heat Transfer.Coefficients (U)

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients (U)

Masonry walls

Masonry walls (cont.)

Resistance. R

Construction

CO!'>'CRE'E. DENSE.
\11 TH (=,OooR PlASTER

(1lI 2 .K/W)

0.04
0.069
0.037

I. Outdoor ail" rH;:!.

Z. 100 111111 concrete (2400 Ieg/1II 3 )
3. ~O mm ccment:sand (1:4) plaster
J. In<loor air film

R,- ..............

Total resistance.

CONCRETE BLOCK
(ZOO mm)

o
210
25

INDOOR PLASTER.

..
I.

2.
3.

Total resistance,

0.266

o/'

r..".
.it'

'~~./:.-

11

0.04

I. Outdoor air fil'"

2. 12.5 mm cer=ic tiles
.3. 100 mill lightweight concrete

0.011

o.IS
.2..:..!.3.

(5<:oria, 1900 \;,g/1ll3)

J.

Indool" air film

Tot:Jl rcsist.:1l1ce.

CAVITY CONCRET.E
BLOCK (100 1lIDI).

ISO

I};OOOR PLASTER

Q.321

.... _

1.
2.

2S

~ ' .:;0.387

W/~z.K

4.

Ou"tdoor air film

90 lllm hollow c:ont::rete bloek#
SO =Ill airspace
90 mill hollo.. concrete block

5.

20

3.

'" 1/0,.312 '" 5. L W/m~.K

Illlll

ceJlIcnt:sand (1:4) plaster

I!ldoor air film

Total resistance.

R,- ..

0.04

0,14

102

0.16
0.14
0.037
0.12

102
25

0.637

U "lI1/0.631 '" 1.6 W/1ll 2 .K

12 ) I.

CAVITY RP.rCK WITH

1/'.'DOOR PLASTER

111 TIiOUT P !.ASTER

1. Outdoor air fill:!
Z. 90 mm bri.ck.... ork
3. SO mm airspace
4. 90 mm brickwork
S. 20 II\IlI cement:sand (1:4) .plaster
6. Indoor air fil,.

Total resistance,

<,-

..

0.04
0.078
0.16
0.078

o
16.
o

o.O:S7

25

16<

!I !

U'" 1/0.600 " 1.7 W/mZ.K

J ,. S I

0.513

ADOBE

1.
2.

3.

WITIIOUT Pl.hSTER
~

Out.door air film

300 IIIIl1 adobe block
Indoor air film
Total resistance.

. . . 0.476

0.513 - 0.0:;]

" 0.637 - 0.037 0.600

U" 1/0.513 " 1.9 W/IlI Z .K

0.04
0.240
0.12

R.y

1 1 1 (

0.037

"

o
20

6.
U

o
16<

1/0350 '" 2;9 W/r:..2 .K

...

= 2.6

(kJ/Gl 2 /C)

0.381 _ 0.037 .... 0.350

0.229

0.2660,,037

hf>
eJ

~ 1/0.387

0.04
0.19

Capacitance, C

WITIioor PLASTER

wrTIIOUT PlJ\STER

CO.... CRETE. (SCORII\)

WInI (!ORAl-He TILES

(111 2 J:lW)

Outdoor air film

190111111 hollow concrete block20 mm t;cment:sand (1:4) pllUter
Indoor air film

-.

Resistance, R

Construction

Capaci tanco:. C
(kJ/m 2 .K)

U " 1/0,400 " 2.5 W/m.2-,K

1/0.476" 2.1 W/m1..r.

WITII PI.J\STER. UREA FORHAL.OEH'l'OE

IN CAVITY

R,."

0.513" 1.388 - 0.l6

U" 1/1.701' " 0.5')'4 \'1/111

1.741
.K

E .!3
~

..
E '3

I
,

2 3

;-;... I

6.10

c: :3
i

6.11

0.40

o
300

"'~:~f":7

Overall Heat Transfer .Coefficients (U)

Frimlli! Walls

Construction

Resistance, R
(m 2 K/W)

Capacitance. C
(kJ/IlI Z , K)

f---1. Outdoor air film

2. 90 mm bricklofOl"k
3. 151) CUll airspace"
4. 10 mm gypsum board

BRle/.: VENEER

5. Indoor air film

Total resist:l.nce.

u;:

~ .....

0.04
0.078
0.16
0.059

164

.....!!...

0.457

0.04

..,

0.078
0.61

90:nllJ brickwork
3. SO IIllll reflective airspace'
J. Reflective foil laminate
S. rOD Illlll reflective airspace

6. 10 GIlIl grpsUlll boaJ:'d

7. Indoor air-film
Total resistance.

_~

164

o
o

0.61
0.059

'" ....... _. 1.517

11 ,..1/1.511 .. 0.66 w/ml.K

;
,l

.1

)0

IWEAlJTHERBOAADS.

r.

I '. ..

e:I~

..

e~-r~

,.

I'ULrSTYREi"e. ASBESTOS I. Outdoor aiT fillll

ICEJ.IE.H SHEET
6 mm asbestos cClllent shcet
3. 25 ..m c ;w;pancled polys tyrene board
6 1:11:1 asbestos cement sheet
Indoor air fi I ...

(]

e;:T~

Outdoor air fillli

0.04

90 mm brickwork
ISO mill reflective airspace'
Reflective foil laminate
10 IMI. gypsWl board
Indoor air fib:
Total resistance,

0.078

0.61

o
164

0.059

... ,. 0.907

1. Outdoor air filll:l

2. We.. therboards (12 = averaltc
thickness, pine)
3. 100 -mm an"space
<I. 10 llIm. gYFs~ boa"l;d
5. Indoor air film

Total resistance;

0.04
0.086
0.16
0.059

!:..!3....

o
l'
o
9

R.y- 0.465

U '" 1/0.465 = 2.2 W/llll.K

This airspace hlls been considered ncl ventilated. For a ventilated air space anr~;:;im~~I:l: :a!~~ <.:!
U for this construction is 2.9 W I m2 K.
# This airspace has been conSidered not ventilated. Where the airspace is ventilated a fower value of
resistance should be used .
... RFL denotes reflective foi/laminate.

6.12

1/0.868

0.868

1.2 W/r.I~

._....

...

(J

f3

0.04
0.019
2.00
0.019

,,

1/2 .198

R,- ..............

Total resistance.

0
8
0

R,- .................

,.

,
0

,
0

2.193

0.45 W/m1 . K

-:

TABLE 3.9
QVEAALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS. U. OF PAATITIO!'lS

'.: F~

Resisc:mcc. R

Construction

I~ r~

l! = 1/0.907 '"1.1 _W/m1.K

0.04

,.

(u/",2.t)

0.019

Total rcs lstance.

C.. pacit;mce.

0.67'
0.019

POLYlJRETIWlE, ASBESTOS I. Outdoor air film

CE!'fB.T SHEET
6 'I:Im asbestos ccment she'et
3. SO mm fO;IJlled polyurethane (aged)
6 mill asbestos ccment sheet
. rndoor air fiI ...

E::r~

~.

Res is u.nce. R
(1:1 2 t!W)

Construction

~.~~

WITH RfL ON THE INSIDE OF

FRAJ.IE:

i' i .

Sandwich Panel Waifs

~; r~

1. Outdoor a1 r film

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients (U)

1/0.4572 2.2 W/m 2 .K

WIl:Jf RFL ON THE OIJTSIOE OF

FRAME:

!fJ
1
fJ

e:j~~,

GYPSUM BOARD

,,-

,,,-

(Ill. K/)()

I. Indoor 3i r fi 1 III
2. 10 Ill ... g>---psU!ll board
J. 75 mm airspace
10 mm gypsUlll board
Indoor air fi 1111

Tocal resistanc;e.
U

1/0.528

R,- .............

,,,

0.12

0.528

I.9 "'/111 2 .11:

Wlru ONE REFLECTIVE BACJ:EO

GYPSUM BOARD

R,-'

0.528

"

II1.027

0.16 ... 0,65

....... , .....

1.0 'illll/.K
.

6.13

(kJ/",l.J:)

0.059
0.15
0.059

0.12

,' ..

Capaci tance, C

1.027

r
i

":':~JI

~~I=:t

Overall Heat Transfer .Coefficients (U)

ResistanCe. R
(m 1 Kt li )

Cons~ruction

cmICP..ETE SLAB

Flat roofs
~ 1-'-':::.""~--------:c~,~M-:,-'"-,-,~i~,-"--------T",",c,
..,",',;;n;C,.,C.T'T'>P"Kir',.-U;;"'"'-'c.-,.-,

suspended Floors ..

1.
2.

J.

Indoor air film

100 lIlIII concrete (2400 kg/m))
Indoor air film
Total resistance.

R.r

Heat
flow

Heat
flow

up

down

0.11

0.16

0.069

0.11

0.069
0.1&

0.289

0.389

C:lpaci t:mce,

I;;'_~

'I .......

(l:I.2..K/W)

Ileat
10'"

(kJ/m l . K)

e~-r.

up

o
2!0

BUILT UP ROOf;
COtcRETE SLAB,

1_-~.
I f':':;_ ...

".;"

~; ~

For heat flow down

1/0.389" 2.6 W/ ..:. IC

U = 1/0.292 " .3.4 w;ml.K

For heat flow do"'''
11,- = 0.389 0.003

............ , ....0.392

c..:

U" 1/0.:;92 = 7...6.~/m~.k

WrTII 6 mm CARPET ,\.NO IS

r.tt1l

HAIR

UNOERFELT

1-

~;

For heat flow up

R,.

0.289

1/0.699

0.104 .. 0.306 .. _ . 0.699

1.4 ll'/m~.JC

TIMBER

3.

1. Outdoor air film

2. Metal deck
3.50 mm glass fiJ:,re blanket
.t. 50.llLll stra",. compressed.
5. Indoor air film
Total ~esistancc ~

0.J89 0.104 .. 0.306 _ - ...... 0.799

"

I/O 799 " 1.3 W/ml.K

re

0.11
0.119
0.11

0.119
0.16

Total resi.stanee ~ ..... 0.339

0.43:1

19

For heat flo'" up

l
U" 1/0.339 " 2.9w/m .J:
For hcat flow do..-n
1
U" 1/0439 ,. 1.3 W/m .J:

3-

..... r

jl~\'
\

METAL DEO:.
RH,
GY?stJH BOARD
,,_.

i!i'....

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Outdoor.air film
Hetal deck
15 !:lA airspace
Reflective foil laainate
100 - reflective airspace
13 IllD gypsUlll board
Indoor air film
Total resistance,

R.;-

For heat flow up

u. 1/1.057 0.95 X/1Il 2 .K

For heat flow down

1 2 3 1. 56

U. 1/1.987 .. 0.50 'tt/1ll 2 .r.

The effective emitlance of the airnpace,has been assumed as 0.20.

6.15
6.14

0.577

--,--_.-.j
003
O
1.16
0.62

0.04
0
1.16
0.62

2..:...!..!.

1.92

1.98

2:
0
!7
0

U' 1/1.92 0.52

, U values shcw11 are for Roors v.ilh a room below. Values for lIoors in close proximity to the ground and/or
over a pOorlyvenlilated lIoor space could be very much less.

'.

0.517

12

For heat flo", do"11

;.~

E.'~'3

2
210

...... L ...~.~-:.;$ For heat flo.... up

~ ~ f:;;:;-;-1~2~~J~L~~5 __;-~U~'~I/~I~_~'~8~~'~0=.~5='=.::/.='="=-

Indoor air film (upper)

19 mm T. & G. flooring
(hard",ood)
Indoor air fil~ (lower)

R.r ...... ' ....

'!.'.'
_d'~_--,---

METAL DEC/:;, BUL!:;

INSULATION. STRAh'
(COHPRESSED, fACED)

I
-C

....
I.
1.

o.on

0.04
0.061
0.069
0.17
0.077

U' 1/0.571' I J
fo'_hU_,
fi_"

. .

For heat flow do'ooTl

R,-

0;;;,

S. 13 IllIll grpsUlll board

6. Indoor air fil~
Total resistance.

d~n

U .. 1/0.517 " 1.9 W/1lI 2 :(

for he:lt flow up

~ = 0.289 .. 0,003 ... __ ... 0.292

0.03
0.061
0.069
0.17

(U/l:I.'Z.l.)

Heat
flo",

For heat f10", up

E~,'~
I_.~' "---

WInl 2 mm VII-'YL TiLeS

1. Outdoor air fHQ

2. 10 mm bitUlllinous roof mClllb~:ane

3. 10:1 tlIlI concrete (2400 kg/Ill])
4 100 mm airspace.

GYPSUM BOARD

For hcat flow up

U = 1/0.289 '" :;.5 w/rrl.J::
U

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients (U)

:---,0.03
0
0.36
0
0.48.
0.077

0.04

o
0.19

1. 41
O.On

E.:..!.!.-

1.057

1.987

12oo

,
..-,
,t'-'l~-=="

Overall Heat Transfer _Coefficients (U)

~t~

Flat. roofs (cont.)

Resistance, R
(m~_. KIlt')

Constnlction

Ileat

flow
up

METAt DECK, BULK

I~SULATroN.

RfL.

GYPSUM BOARD

~adtance

(kJ/1:I 2

"leat
flow
do"'1l

0.04

.2. Metal dcc:l:

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

0.58

0,58

0.48
0,077

1.42
0,077

1.277

2.277

1. Out<hor ail:' fUr.

0.03

25 mill glass fibre blanket

Reflective foil h.,inate
100 mm reflective ail-space
1 J 1D:'l gyPsum board
Indoor air film
-Total resistance.

R,. ', ....... ,-

12

= 1/1.277" 0.78 W/llI Z .l:"

For neat - flow down

METAL DECK, BULr

INSUu,nO:l. RFI..
5Utl.: INSULA.
TIO~.

,r'I

GyPSml

BOAiID

I,O"td6orairfUIlI
2. Metal deck
.3. 25 I:ui:l glass fibre blanket
4. Reflective foil lmilinate
S. 50 IMI reflective air space
6. SO llIlll glass fibre
7. 13 mm gypsum board
8 .. Indoor air fillll

Total resistance.

R,. . -........

0.03

0.0,1

0.58

0.58

0 ....

1.42
1.16
0.077
0.16

"1.16
0.077

~
2.437

,o

o
o
o
11-

3.437

For heat fIo .... down

TIMBER. GYPSUM

BOARD

0.04

0.061
0.18
0.11
0.077

22

............... 0.62B

0.688

For he3t flo\o' up

u ..

0.03
0.061
0.18
0.17
0.077

1. Outdoor air fillll

2. 10 l!IJIl bituminous roof m=hrane
3. 25 I:Im hardllood
4. 10~ airspace
S. 13 mm gypsWII board
6. Indoor air film

Total resistance.

...

. . ' r'"
~

~-F'3

er~.

1/0.628 .. 1.6 W/m2 .K

For heat flo\o' down.

U '" 1/0.6B8 .. 1.5 Hlm 2 .X

Heat
flo\o'
up

40'-'Tl

1. Outdoor air fiIIIl

0.04

2. 19 mm tiles. clay, roofing

3. Roofspac:e
4. 13 IlIIl1 gypsllll board
5. Indoor. air film
Total resistance.

HT ..............

Capacitance. C
(kJ/llI Z,. K}

Ho;at
ElO\o'

TILED ROOF,

0.077

0.023
0,46
0.077

.:..!..L

!!..:..!!..

0.297

O. ;60

-For heat flow up

U" 1/0.297 = 3.4 W/m 2 .x
For heat flow dO'm
U'" 1/0.760 '" 1.3

wlti.I.

WITH SO tu. GlASS FIBRE

el~

For heat fIco.- up

e~

= 0.297

= 1/1.457= 0.69

1.16 ......... 1.457

w/m2.1::

For heat flo\o' down

1)-"

0.760

1.16 .... 1.920

U. = 1/1.920 " 0.52 '111111 2 .1

TIL.ED ROOF,

RFt., GYVSlJ!i

,"ARD

I.
2.
J.
4.

Outdoor 2ir film

19 l:IlII tiles. clay~ roofing
25 mill airsp2ce
Re El ecti ve foil laminate
5. Reflective roof spac:e
6. 10 IIlIlI gyps\UII board
7. Indoor air fib,
Total resistanc:e,

0.04
O.OZJ

0.15

I.J6

0.34
0.077
.~

.:0.-077

.. 0.557

1.810

0.16

o
34

o
o

12

12

For heat flow up

E ':3

U" 1/0.557 .. 1.8 HI1II 2 .K:

For heat flow do..."

E '3
.E

6.16

(1lI 2 .1:JW)

GYPSUM BOARO

eL~

E;-'3

Resistance,

Constru~tion

e; .-~

~~~

For heat flo..... up

3UILT UP ROOF,

Pitc:hed Roofs

EL~

For heat flow up

Xl

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients (U)

,~
,~

U" 1/1.810 .. 0.55 W/m 2 .x:

For pitched roofs and winter conditions. the outdoor surface is assumed 10 be the upper surface of the
ceiling lining or bulk insUlalion for uninsulated and insulated roofs respeclively y,ftfl !he stJrface resistance
that for still air. Where renectiYe roillaminale is installed as a sarking !he upper surface of the film is
assumed to be the outdoor surface. Air movement is assumed above the sarlcing.

6.17

<e" .......
~

.Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients (U)

Windows

Resistance. R

Construction

(m 2 Ie/W)

Capacitance. C
(kJ/m 2 .K)

Winter SUIIlIlIef

INGt.E GLASS

0.03

I. Outdoor air fi 11:\

2. , ~ float glass
3. IndoC1t" air film
Tot:!l resistance,

0.006

0.04
0.006

~ ~

"r ...............

0.156

13
0

I/O: J.Sb

6.0 W/mZ.1::

I. Outdoor air fill:l

2. 6 Ill~ float glass
3. 12 mm airspi\ce
6 "llll flone gl3.Ss
In..loor air film
;

Total resistance,

2
3

1/0,302

1
2

0.006

13

0.006

0.006
0.14"
0.006

5!..:..!.3.-

O.30Z

0.31Z

13

U "

1/0.312

~r

3.2 W/IllZ.-K

I. Outdoor air film

2. 6 I:llll float glass
3. 50 IlIID airspace

,. Blind,
c:lose fit
Indoor ai.r fi 1111

Total resistance, R

110.316

3.2 Wllrl~.r.

For su=er
U

1/0.326

0.03
0.006
0.16

0.04

Q.:E.

.. ..... .... .. . 0.316

For winter

er
e'

l":~

3.:3 W/1:I 2 .K

S.

,,

0.0<1

0.101

"r ....., ..........

0.03

For summer

INCLE GLASS,
LINO

E[~

For winter
U

ef~
G)[~

6.-1 W/m 2 .(

For sUlIIJlIer
U " 1/0,166

~-r
e~ r~

0.166

FOI".wintet"
U "

~-~

0.006

0.16

0.326

l3
0
0
0

E' r-~
E: :-.'3

Thermal Resistance of Materials{R)

Momun

Density
I:g/m"

Temp.
C

rh;cknc:l$
mm

..

Resistivity
(lIlt)

Ilni$llnc.

m.crw

"".erw

--

0.150
0.211
0.155

f"" .... I
tI'I;';il.nHS

D;'''Clion 01
H' flow

Position o.
Ait Sp.ce

U,

Horizon,I'
Horizonll'
45" SIO?8
4SSlope
VertiCil

Down

--

U,
Down

Hor~onlll

1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
L2

'"'"
'"'"

.00
'00
'00
'00
100

'"

---

'0

--

O. t80

0.166

Air FIl""s eremp.diH. IS"CJ

Stin Air;'
Horizon!11
Horizontal
45' S'oP!
45" Slope

~:~~~wind;

U,

..

Down

U,
Down
Horizonlll
-

(Winl.') ony
post!;on
3.5 m/. <wind:
",Summe" .ny
pOSllion

ony di'm::tion
!.ny direction

AI..... /n' ..'"

Aabo-noe
bri<;1t
<;ffmenl boatd
<;ement slleel r',bro ceme"I")
Ceme"1 $11""1 ("fib',o ceme"n
comenl ,1I.el C/ib'o eeme"O
ce'menl .lIul ("fibro cemont')
lelt. 1 Ilm;n_tion p.r mm
felt. 1 Ilminllion P<If mm
felt. 1 Ilm;n_l;on p!' mm
lelt. 2 Z.minelioM P<If mm
1.1t. 2 I.minllionl POt mm
'elt. 2 'tm;natioM per mm
lelt. 2Iam;n'lio~ pet mm
fibnr. loo...
fibnr.lOOl.
mil'boo,d
mif/brMrd
millboerd
millbo.rd
millboord

'0.
sortwood

W",o
Aeph.lt
S.ric Fib...
eueafypt
,.dwood
.tdwoocl

Sltu......
COmPQIi'l;on 'Of floors
IOf floors
e"",1I;on. l:em"ltl. aggregal'
em..lsion. camlnt. IO~'I.
~Ich mit$1k. ordinl

----

0
0

1.2
L2
L2

'0
'0
'0
10

L2

.. '0

1.2

:10

1.2
1.2

1.2

'0

'"
33
"

90. -

1490
f362
1522
2002
320
320
320
,"0

38
''9

""

59.3
28.8

38
38
''9
25<1
23
23

66,24
204.24
482. 24

20
. 24

200

&I,

,,
,,
,
"

."

2243

0
32
32

80
1051

2-.0-1.5
12.6
10.4
8.78
17.5
17.3
14.2
11.8
23.9
21. 7
9.25
5.3J
4.95
4.62
4.33

"

'51

2403

2'

1602
2002

22
22

22

----

5.5<1;.,0.....

3.15
5.0-3.0
3.0-2.0

<0

--

,....

5.42

10
'0

0.030

10.7

10
10
10

--

!1.l20

4.74xfO-'

U
22

721
'041
1041
'041
1041

,<5

0.107
0.1-62
0,109
0.1).1

2675

<so
'SO
'SO
0
0
0

O.g50
0.0325
O.OIM
0.03-0.0t8
0.018-0.012
0.012-<1.009
0.12S
O,1Q..l
0.0878
0.175
0.173,
0:142
0.118

6.18

6.19

--

IL20J
0.117
0.t09
0.102
0.0954

-:If .s'~

'.ao

0.!l2
19,13

22.<
2 4 .8
6.30
6.30
1.01
2.17
1.55
0.77
1. 78

Note: An .,.lffislc in density co/umn signifies s;:>edmerI$ eondiliorled In 3n 31~at 1S"C165%RH. T_ valuez
lempemun. colUmn. ~ed by a CXImfT\3. ~ refers to hot face and second 10 cold t_ lemperalul'e.

\,

Air 5peeu (T~",p.diH. lS"Cl

<;om~iO"l

3.1 w/If1~.i

Conlenl

.M.t llU '

------~ i'i lr:e

Thermal Resistance oJ Materials (R)

M./Ilcrial

Moistv.a

Oensily

Temp.

Thickneu

R.llSistiviry-

Content
%

~,,!m'

'C

mm

(t fl:.)

coloured
{$Cl! al~o

Bri"\<

Silie.o: Brick}

,,

1762

""

1970

<::0"'''''01'

d.;Jlo"",,,ceous (,ee also

Oh,tom.Cfloua eanhj
r;'eor;cl: (see Fireclay. brick)

'"'"
'0

1874

1922
203;1

"
53a
"

'"
1762
1752
:098

'od

,od
'ed. hen:! buml
.~. hard burnt

,.:.d. ,011
red. ,oh

~"d.lime Icele,um "I;C./Ile)

8ri<:I<.'''''o.-l<. common b';e" .... all

''''
a"

2098
1162

"0

1762

a"

,.."

0
5

""nd:.lime (e31";",,, ,;1'<;31")

19U

'"'"

'"
'"
'"
'"
'"
'"
'"
'"
'0

195

Buckw+o.... t. hull.
.c..~O't . Quilt" Cm31 of
;:o~e'll rnarin./l b"lw""n .o:t~"

R'uistance
for

li~.d

Mlleri"r

thid:nllu

p,:e/l "'"stie. 4 5% uwduS'l..

<:o",mon
COmmon
common
common

Thermal Resistance of Materials (R),

J2

75

72

m.C/W

m'.C/W

.1.28

~:~;
0.'70
0.56
0.60
7 .00

,,,."
o.,
,"

.0'
.0'
65

.'0
0
0 53
0 87
1.9 3
7S 7

"

.-

"

0.061

0.054

"m;,,_' :'"2' :"7f' ) diff"r.nl

pum'<:e.l
pumi~".l : 21 : 7'
s.ompl,,"
pumi<:/I.1 : 2i : 7f
pumi<:".1 : 2 :"
.... wdu<t.1
.... wdult,.l
... wduSl. 1
uwdunl
slag aog,egll". foamed 1 :2t :7{
Ilag 1I0g'eg~le. lo'am"d 1 : 2{ :71
slao ""'1;1'''1/""1''. foamed 1 : 2i :7;
Y"",,;<:ulilll. 1 : J
",,,,m;cul;'e. I :" 2 : 4
Y<:<mieulile. 1 : 3 : 6
COPp4'. she"l

...".

,,,,

0":177

0.117
0.116

,"

0,075
0.190

0.138
0.100

O.IH3
0.078

1.93

Fib,,, C."" Sugar c..n.

!,b,,,bo,,rd)

c.~,

C-1trplJ"t Und .. rl"y

c..l1oe<Jl (loamed anim~I",lu,,)
Co-llulouo f'ib .... fi,,,p,gof,,d
~luloc.ot Flb,e . Ii,,,proof,,d
CJu;H. fir"p'ool...:!

Ch.1"CO'I1

,i
I

0
0
0

ffcom r!1-Iple. b-e""h and birch

c;.oaCY.

;;58

"
,..,
'"
'"
"

'0

J2
J2
J2
J2
J2

307

cellulu
c.e-llular
c:ellul..
oollu!1t
cerh,rlu
ce:llulsr
Cl'llullf
l;li,.,le, "III/",ell"l". 1 :21 : L
<:link .. ,,<;IQt....,,"l". 1 : 2 : 4
clin"'" aOO'e-:/"I". 1 : Jt: 6

J20
480

7S

"""--

'" .

"0"," t:-<~z"

,,

"
""
"

-.

8J
'30

'" _ h
20 rr-.;h
c.o.eo,.,<n Fib..... huslo;
Coeon<n FIb .... husk

ervshNi ,ock. 1 : 2 : 4
""panded cl:"y agonll"le
"l<,p.IndC"Cl cl"y egll'"<;1'le
eJ:P.llndNi ell'.,. "gll,,,,,,"I"
el<,p.lnded dey "g<;l,."g"le
CITY"t. 1
"
H"ydi1,, "Og'egaui
insulalinQ. ,,,haClg,.,.:
dialom"c"ouS aO<;lteQ"le.
c"merll

1362
1362
1362
1313
1073
1794
1874

.. ,

5
5
5
5

801
961
1281
1501
1522
1682
1730"
1752
2400

ao,

g51
1121
1281
2339
1281

"

,.
30

260.38
538.38
816.38

"'"

,~,

"'"

",

--"
--

-'00
'00
'00
'00
'00
'00
'00
'00
'00
'00
'00
'00
'00
'00
'00
'00
'00
'00
'00

'00
'00

19.J
19.8-15.4
26.7-16.1
27 7
28.9
23. S
19.3
19.8
19.J
18.7
17.8
18.7

u .

12.0
9.25
6.93
4.95
3.85
2.Jl
1.54
3.02
2.48
1.31
1.33
0.59
3.,1.7
3.30
2.89
2.10
1.07
3.15
4.08
3.85
3.55

,,'"nul"'Itd. billed
gllnul"l"d. b""ed
g'anul"led. ",w
slab. b-<lled {d"nllly "'~..allonj
slab. ba~ed Cdenslly "'a""I'oo)
,let>. b"ke-d (dens<ty vlltietronj
slab. 'b"lltd (d"nslly va"atron)
slab. b~"",d (lemp. v~"alion)
slab. baled (1IImP. v"'i"1Ion)
.Iab. bal"d (Iemp. "'a'inion,
$I~b. blll<<<! (,.:mP. ""onion)
sllIb. ~abd (Iemp. ",",i",ion)
Slab. b"ked. hitlh d"nsity

O.:::JI
0 119--0.09
0 400-0.:::42

----

"w
'''W, high dllnlity

--

with alphllll or bilumen bind.t

wnh alph,,11 0( oilum.n tMnd,,'
"",,""11 phell 0( bilumen bind".
wi1ti cement binde'
wi1h <:lIment birnl~
with rubbll'r relu bind",
wi1h IUbb", f'lax binde'
CornSt..lk.
bollrd. pilch. nOI Qfound
bo"fd. pileh. nOI g'ound
pulp
pulp
Olatoma<:1I0ull: earth
DratomacaoulI earth
DhrtamBcaoua Earth
DlatomacllaulI Earth
Dlatom.eeaulI e.rth
brick (see .Iso Brick)
OO<:k (se" allO Brl<:kl
brick (UII ~llo Brl<:kl
Eb<>nlu Expandad
Ebonlta E:o:p.andad
EbOntu E:o:pandad

1.195
0.925
0.693
0.495
0.385
0.231
0.15.4
0.J02
0.248
0.131
0.IJ3
0.059
0.347
0.330
0.289
0.210
0.107
0.315
0.408
0.385
0.365

.....
-i~
j

6.20

mm

399.38
538.38
816.38

'"
'"
"'"

0
. 8.5
30.7

'~29

'057
1057
1185

",

'"

7as

"""

1089
1249
1121

"

'"
am

I .

577

eo",

lib',,)

.'

fteriSli",i1y
(l/k)

R,,sinanee
for 1;S1!
Ihi<:ln"""

m. CfW

I)o~,d

CJon"i~. (1''''''

kg/m'

Th~"nes.s

T"mp.
'C

,,

0.074
0.053

~~,

c...,.,.

4-<:7'

Density

Mo;"m.
Conl"nl

inlullling. refu<:IQlY; ,dflclg'Y

"'01<;11 eo'l". aluminous
<:"mllnt,. 4 : 1
no fioes. ~liol",. 1
upand~ ~ray. t :8
slag. 1
slag. 1 :12

0.111
-

0
5

'"
'"
,'"

,''''
'" .

0
7

..
,,,

",

"""
""

,."

"a

'"
,,..
'"

16. _ 7J
15. -15
16. -I
65. 1
93.1

""
""

....

,."

2<0

'"

,~,

"0
_00
J20
80'

"
"'.,

J2
J2
J2
J2

240-272

",."
'"
'"
-"
'"
'"

57.7

'"

J8

'"
72'
80t

......

16. -73
20,0
.38.18

.'

,~

6.21

--

82.24

.112

128

'00
'00
'00
'00
'00
'00
'00
'00
'00
'00
'00
'00
'00
'00
'00
'00
'00
'00
'00
'00
'00
'00

-"
--------

115

ns

'"sa
50

sa

2.24
2.17
2.04
2.17
2.59
1.69
1.65
6.30
5 JJ
3 as

2.77
" .95
J.30
.:i!.57
5.78
5.14

0'
"
::!.15

2.31
3.65
5.33
8""0-'
23.91
5
2.l.37

ml.'CI'H

0.224
0.217
0.204
0.217
0.28.9
0.169
0.155
0.530
0.533
0.355
0.277
0.495
0.330

0.i5'
0.578
0.514
0.462
0.408
0.315
0.231
0.365
:1.533
3.12'''0- 1
0.526

"

I ,." """

--

:::5.58

0.308

23

0.287
0.258
0.362
0.320
0.3t'<.I
0.2n
0.250
0.245

2.l.J7

30. IS
26.67
25.68
23.12
21.67
20,-1
'<0.4
12.51
18.25
5.93
3.47
13.87
9.91
16.13
7.71

23.12
23.12
23.91
20.40
18.25
16.91
14.015

10.05
8.05
9.25
5.94
5.14
38.53
D.02
30.15

-..

0.~97

------

--

1.053
0.794
0.591
1.93
1.65
1.51

,
~~

_I~

e~t~

Thermal Resistance af Materials (R)

Me,e.,.r

Mo;nure
Cant.....'

Oensity
kg/m"

Temp.

'0

E_l Gr.sl (ZO$1e.;t """.inal

E.l G.ass (Zoster. mOflna!
F_lt

0
0

1\."

00

,Iso Wood Products)

.1so Wood Produet.s)
al<o wOod Produeu)
.110 Wood Prvduc:u.l

fi,eDtooled
Flt>...... r.. u (s.. " Ml.-r.l Wool)
"Flbro-c.merrt" CS&!! AsbU'IOI.

""

"0

13(;....168

wOO>
(ne
(SM
(SH
csee

S....
J2

lightwe,ghl ea. body lining f.. ll

und"'CarP41 lel1
Flbnb....d
(l~ ,1<0 Wood Produc1.Jl)

21.1

10-12
10-12

2"

0
10
'0

25'
'88
3L<
288

n"'_1
mm

--

1"1<.1
m.CfW
21. 67
25.67

--

25.613
25.68
21.67

25.S8
19.26
15.75
19.26 .
17.78

12
12

""

f1l1Si~iviry

"
12
12
12

'3,3.(

11:34

RM;Slane.

I, ~~I-==

lOt lined
Ihieknes.s

m'.CIW

;'-:-j='3

~~r~

0.2'31
0.189

0.231

..

0 .. 213

0.160
0.208

~:r~

eemen! 0"'1'<11)
Fibrous P,arter (..... Gyp.urn)
F'...c.Iay

'"
1233

~'ek

lOO

1930

b,id
b,ic\:

'"
'"'"
."

62S

b"ct
brick

1930

Gl . . .
c.Uullr d~b
clOln. wo... ~n
do,n. wo... ~n
elCllI'!. wo_en
fib'e (u'" MI .... ral Wool)
,,,".,~ windOW
5"""!. hUI re-sis!,n\l
Gc.nlt '
G"'..... clo; W.lI~rd' (.... ".~led
OypSum cos. belw~n lough

1~

'0

"

,~

,"0
'01

".
I,.

".

Jut., fib
J onl, fibtl
J.nl. lib,"
Jute. fib,"
I(.polo; (581 .110 'Ory .1 .... 0)
K.pek (~<le .Iso 'Dry Z.ro')
I(epok (ue .Iso 'Ory .1...0')
K.polo; (tu .ltO 'Dry Zlro')
K.pok (se 150 'Ory .1...0')
K~pok (... elso 'Dry Z ...o')
Ld h..,
Urn. non C.nedi.n vori",li..
Urn.reon., Caned'.n va""I'

1.'"

'"
,"

0.85

5<1

''''
".
0
0
0
0
0

'"
115

,, I

2515
,,,,

m,nbQ~'d)

G\"PIU""
libtout plUfC'
10.1ned pl~.,e.
fOlmed plutl'
"llttef
pl .,.rbo~rd
powder
H.lrlruul'
75,. h~i 25" ;Ul.
5Q"r; t.. i 50" juu

115

5.14
2.95
2._ 10

"
"

"05

_0.6

'01
'0'
1217

is

."

"

320
101

"
'"'"
'""
"
,
1~

"7

1 ~
2.88

'0 7

"
12

11410

'''7

32
32
-'5

-"
_1

32
32
32
32
32
32
'0

"
"

130

2563

"
,

-""
--------

--

'-'

0.339

0.2 4 2
0.110
0.098

IB .25
17. J.4
17.3 4
11 .56

0.913

0.95
0,99
0.34
6.30

0.00.<
0.00.<

3,65
16.91
15.76
2.70
5.88
15.41
25.68
26.67
0.37
. 0.41
0.45
34.67
27.14
25.68
23.91
15.08
19.16
26.67
27.74
30.15
33.02
0.029
0.78
0.61

E i~:~

0.591

--

I
,!
i

~, ,-'~
: 1-:3

0.158

e~I.~

0.033

--

0.041
0.071

-----

5.2x 10-'
-

.~~

~
'-

e .'3
~

.....
3
'~

_.

,.-

."1

,.-

-'I
6.22

Thermal Resistance of Materials (R)

U ..... rtonl, un.dion V~';.tillS

Unol.u"". inlaid
M." .... IlI. AIlb.IltOll, 85%
M.".....I .A5b..tOll. 85"
MaOn-s1o AIl!M~o,"" 85%
M.".....,.I. Asb.Iltoa, 85%
M." ......'. AIlb4StOa. 85%
M." ......'. AIlb.noll. 85%
M_onad. A.b<olJtol. 85%
M." .....I. AsbllltOll, 85%
M.o...IlI. AIlb.uoll. 85%
M.gnetl. c.m.rru
Msgr>ecla Ce ..... nu
Magnelllum O"yehlorld.
(slabs of ,","wduSI and rnegn"'um
o>:ychIOfid. Cemanl)
M.1z.St.allce (... <tCom Sulkl)
M.nlto H.mp
M.rhl v~.ioUIJ umples
M onlt.' (buildin(l boa,d
from n.amup1oded wood)
MIca.. brick
Mlnaral Fib...

b.~
b.~

gi.nul"led (loo"'; liW)

11 nUI4:led (loot. ';W)
IIranul"led (loose filD
Il.~nul'lod

:~

(loose fill"}

glln u la1e<1 ("loose fiW)

g nul.led, (loos. fiWI
g.anuln<><:f (looce r,lr)
Morur
cement,. und, t : 3
c.man!. undo 1
e~'mont,. undo' : 3
c"mef'Tt. ~nd. 1 : 4
ea..... nr. undo 1
PSP'Or
lr.h building P111>e'
P.n1d. BOI<rd (5 Wood
Products)
P.rll. . C......1'<0 PI.rt )
loon "l(pand~ g.anulU
foo .... ,.J<p..llnded o nul".
loos. "J<;pltnded o nul
1005e exp.ondod o.enul".
loose ,,;q).IInd/:d O.anul"s
loo~ ""'p"nded or. nul..,.
loo ",,~nded O.snuhtl
cem"nt" I'pr.yed
camont,. sprayod
Ph.nollc Foam
PI . ., cllrY. "r~....12 : 1
PI'tCh
Pla~ (Sit<! ~ls.o Gypsum)
lo.med

,,

,,

,~-

v.nniculile

O.,,*itv
kg/m"

336
336

93.24
21)4. 2"316,24
427.24'
163.2-1
274.24
385. ::4
496.'1'4
607.24
38
2'"

1273

-,

'"
'"
'"
'"

224-2<1.0

..

2&43-2804

J2

"J2

104

''''.0

""
"

15<1
150
"0

10
0
2.'

,
0

'00

'"
'"

881

25
25
Z5 .

--

mS.CM

0.70
4.62
16.51
15.08
13.50
12.17
15.-4-1
13.87
12.17
11.19
9.91
14.45
'0:51

6.30

0.014
0 . 13
0.377

o0.3~
""
0.385
0.347
0.280
0.2<1.8

--

--

75

23

"75
-----

31.52
30.15
28 . .90
31.52
28.90
2.77
2,7 ~74
24.77
23.1l
31.52
28.89
26.67

2.364
2.261
7.167
2.36-t
2.161

"""
""

1.14
0.89
0.77
l.08
0.80
7.30
15.41

0.017
0.013
0:012
0.016
0.014
0.002
0.003

23

-"21
38

-"
_21
38

""

32

25

m.C/W

'"
"
"

'002
lOB'

'"
'"

25
25
25
25
25

R,.st.,.ne.
lor lined
Ihieknns

6'.30

;~-.

0.2
0.2

32_96

20

-,

R81-isTi...ily
(1/k)

25

2002
208l

&<

n;,'o=
mm

0.77-0.6

"

1890

""
""72

"
--.

"

'"

Temp.
'0

'""

2675
1291

0
0
0
0
0
0

bo~

bo~
b.~

,~-

-~

Moistu'.
Conl<rnl
%

Mol.rial

38.24
149,24
260.24
311.24
482,. 24
-2

.-

------

"

20.40
21.0

23.91
23.12
19.26
15 (\
12.61
10.67
22.37
12.61
9.24
25.68
0.00

,."

9.91
I> .30
.... 08
.... 95

0.126

-----

---------

0.07'"

~~":;i

Thermal Resistance of Materials (R)

MoislU'1!

Man,i.!

verm;c:.:li(~

lime, ceme'"
lime.

~nd

,,

"I!~nl. ~nd"1
gypsum glUier.... nd

,"y:>sum plener. P<l,l""

~:r... <--:.-d
i"r~n:"-,,ci

f,:e ~:.<,,"'"

O.""ty

Terno.

I ,.'", I
"
Coment

..
1::'

""J!':':i'J"~
~~::>"''':;HI
~.<", r ...J "d

..

kr;j'/m 1

'"
5~

,..
IS

IS
IS
IS
IS

Polyu .... tMn ..

rigid. fo.~. new
"\lid. lo.mC'd .. ~.9ed
lle z ible.I""'mlOd
Polrri"ylc:hlorid';' {PVC}

"

5":c

e>:ll-IInd.d
up.anded

expanded
e1o.andod

"

1410

.. ~D.u,(jl!d

'C

:le

"0
-"
_33
-'0

.8a

""
,,
'0

1362

!igid

ull-IInded
l!"O&nded

96

e.J:,I:r>ded

""
""

ull-IIr>ded

e.o.anded
~';a~t'>dtd

",
"
5
J2

:::'403

Por-eoolllin. {elecl1"lc~1 grWG)

'1'0"''''' (s.I~b< made Irom
m'''C''3hz ..d wood I,br~ bound
",'r>d~' Dre$sure WIth POl'll-and
l;>l~nl)

'"
'"
m
'"

"

2S

'65
250

785
785
785

:>o~od

POW<Hrrl>'d
PO'NUc<.-d
(se.: :IOlso Cone""., DUmiCO)
R"mm.d
ru~ piu,)
Rode Wool (~ee Mln.~.l
Fib ...
Rubb.r
,,0(101..- .Jah1;

'"

".n:h

"0

cellu"" slabs
c&llutll,

.I~bs

c~Uul ..(

,Jab.

''0

'"
'"

'"~

<yn'thel;c

,.od

buil.:ling
fin" r.iJ"~r
lin4 <.ilyor
fi"ft ~i\v~r

S.nds1on.

variou"

res.in
so.ked

"

1602

ISO
255

1502

150'

200'

...

'0

'00

S._durt

bo"d&<l wnh un,a-lorm.ldllhyde

1506

'0

'"
6.24

2.10

1.87
LS'
8.69

7.n

5
;

--

----

e.50

25.5e

2e.Ziu

40.79

---

~::::5.68

5.78
34.67
31.52
38.53
33.02
38.53
31.52
069
15.41

5.30

---

10.84
14.15

5.25-

, ss

4 .n

',90

----

31. S2
33.02
36.50
38.S3
.(9.53

"

24.n
2].12
18.25
H . g.s
6.30
6.30
J.30
3.15
2.77
2.67
0.77
0.87-0."3
16.91
9.91

2.57

ml,'CM

63. o-t

(Of l;'~d

lhictniou

0.050
0.032
0.032
0.028
0.023
0.130

3.30
2.10

>.22

'00

(1/1<)

IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS

50
'50
50
50

'0

Resist.nee

Resist;vfty
m,'CfW

'00

'00

Pu... i"""
Pebbl<'::$. a!>oul 1 a mm
PlIbbld.malle. (han 18 mm
PO-o ... ed

ITh;~~'~ I

0.036

c:.:;:::::

--- .' .- i
----I
--- I
L"
---1.24
1. 16
O.!J13
0.698
0.025
0.025

---

-IC
e~i:~

. Thermal Resistance of Materials (R)'

e-I~

~T~

e::-r~
e:-.-~

L~

er~

r~

i-:~

r-~

.'

Mo' "'1

Material

Conlc"l

.'

bonded wilh POnland cement

I ,2
bonded Wilh POrtland cement

Density
k",/m J

TlOmll.

'C

rru~~=1
-

1201
557

"

Ponland cement,. sand. uWdusl

I : 1/ : 1 t
(see also,M.\1 .... ~ium
O"ychlorid.)
o;r.-,j;.~:;" [<ee Wood

1602

~;J;c... ~:'"iJ:':<

737-10<!1

E1tlc,~

21(3

Sill.... ,",tiel.
SIIie. Brick
Silica Brick
SilIe. Brick
Silk. noils W8:>le
Si~1

2243

22<13
2243

2243

$1.00 Wool (see Min...a' Fib .... )

51.,.

Slat"

'0'
2947

'20

ci,v soil. I'om depth R.2 m

50'1. loosely pecked
so". 10.ded 5 kP,.,
clay sod.lo~de<f 100 kP"
$pol'lgo
ma,;ne. cli90ings
marine. clippings
~"V

"
""

el~y

",ild
..,001. "'err line
woo/. ,,<try
wool .... rr fin.
Stanowa

--

30.4

""

21
20
20
20

13
13

7'"

,a-"

/i""

78.5

2162

S~.w

""'"

MahOgany

1201
1281
15;;8

"

,~,

DuI

'"

50
50

--

21

clay soil. ftom d"Plh 6.0 m

lie,.

'"'"

"

55'

c1ey soil, from depth:3.0 m

li1)<11
jibr.
lib'e
fibre
fib
hbr.boatd
rib,dbo..d
n.."b4r
ae,oos gra,n:
all....
Blls:r
a.l....
Beeeh

"

9J
'IS
5"
1371

J2
J2

2947

""!landed

Sol!
day 'oil. from depth 1 ,5 m

'9'

14.4

Flbn

eompres.:...d. r.c.d wilh Dap.,r

r.t"e:I. p'..ulld
sl.bs 01 coml>f,","d wheal
nnw. wited
""hut. unerud,..d
Sup .. Can.

m..'CIW
3,47_2.89
5.78"",,"95
1.73_ 1

?-j:;,:;;.;::r..:.j

SJ:;c..<

Resislivily
(1 Ill}

'SS
no

'"
95

"

'"
m
'"
"a
"0

'"IS

"

10

"

J2
J2

...

'0
10

'"

73.7

J2
J2

'"
'"

J2
J2
J2
J2
J2
2J

"

'y

--,
---50
50
-----

95

25
25

"0
T05
'0'
70S

"
"

6,25

25

25

.:l~

I
I

Res;liUnce
10. listed
lhlckne"-S
m 1 .'Crw

.,

30-1.'!!B
1 . 12

1 .07
0.91
0,78
0.53

0.10\

0.096
0.082
0.071
0.047

--

25.67

25.68
O. sS

0.67

4.0a

0.93
0.93
0.85

-----

o. eo

1 67
1.':2
O~ 83
24.77
28.90
0.021

1.25'" 10.'

13.50
13.3.(
0.69

11.55
12.38
14.15

0.619

24. '12
23.12

L238

la. 1 5

24.77
23.91
22.37
19.81

""

17.78
16.13
21.02
21.02
19.26
17.78
5.98
7.97
5.42

--

---

0.525
o,~

0.150

0.199
0.160

Thermal Properties ofMaterials

Thermal Resistance of Materials (R)

Malll,i.1

0.'
PilCh Fina

, "I
Mo;"'
COIl"nl

"

,,,.."'"

12

S~.

12

Pl.,.,....el. Ii" ptoof~

"

""

Tuk
\"IlIlnt/t
"AlonQ Il,.,n:

0.,,1

"
U

00>
'Unico"" Blocla (Iil;lhr-eighl
cone'ele. vlItrnicuhTII .gg'IIOll.. )
'Unloo" Bled..: (lighl..... ltjghl
eonerelll. vllrtrI;culilll lI,",o'.tllte)

lI,.

bond...:l
borod<Kl
"rlolilltad
nfolilll<!'d
.. rlohllOod
.rioli.l...:!
iXPI"d&d
.. tplI"d...:l
loos. 0""",11..

VI.. yl
Viriyl_Ad,.S10lt.
floor eove'JnO
\Yuar

,,

",

'"'"
657
'"

320

70B

20

299

"

'"
'"

112_131
112-13\

80-112
1826

20

320

90

10'
,u

"

"
'"'
",
.0'

s".vi,.,,,_

.
JO

'""
'"

41.6

20.8
52.9

J2
J2
J2
20
27
20

""
"
"""
"
"
"

16
16

99
128

----

3-.47

'"

10.20

.52_28.90

12
9.50

"

--

10.50
_ 9.13

'"
--

1".45
12.17

go

0.181

".62

"

, 5, 76
14,45
15,41'
2.67

0.008

,,.9B
,

0.0059

67

.5-1

18.25

0.32.8

16.91
23.12
23.12
22.37
21.67
22.37
23.12
23.91

0.304
0.416
0.416
0.403

9.25

0.390
0.403
0.,1.16
0.430
0.416
Q.HiS

!I.16

0.147

23.12

'.94
9.77
15.91

'".,

Thickness

(mm)
Walls
Air space (vertical). still air:
- no reflective foil
- wilh rellective fOil
Brick, common clay
Concrete:
-light weight
- heavy weight
Concrete block:
- 90 mm hollow rlQht weight
- 190 mm hollow light weight
- 90 mm hollow heavy weight
-190 mm hollow heavyweight
- 90 mm solid light weight
- 90 mm solid heavy weight
Fibrous cement sheet
Insulation betls, R1.5
Metal siding
Plaster
Plasterboard
Render; external
Weatherboard, pine
Roofs
Acoustic tile ceiling
Nr space (horizontal)
still air:
- no reflective foil or toplide dirty
with renective foil
Bituminous roof membrane
Compressed straw board
Insulation, blanket R2
Plasterboard
Roof space, naturally venlllaled:
no reflective foil
with renective fall
Tiles, clay roof

25.67
23.12

--

Thennal
Coriduc:tivity
(Wfm.K)

Density

110

1.16

100,150,200
100,150.200

0.69
1.44

1900
2400

90
190
90
190
90
90
6
75
1.6
15
10
25
12

0;32
0,44
0.43
0.45
0.95
1,40
0.32
0.052
47.9
0.12
0.17
0.72
0.10

1400
aDO
1800

13

0.06

'80

0.16
0.081
0.042
0.17

1120

20
20
10
50
100
13

Thermal
Resistivity
Im'J(rwJ

(kg/m~

1920

'

0.15
0.61

960
2020
2400
1490 -

10
7650

615
880
1860
506

0.57
0.16

320
16
880
0,46

1.36

19

24.77

19.26

Material

0:'1"25_
_.

--

17.78

0.181

6.30

"19

2B

29
J2
J2
J2
J2

J2

."d

$1\""1)'" low ';I"de

.hl.,pt. Iow. gr.de

J2

'99
2"

boards
1>04,,1<
boards
bo-ords
bo3rds
pulp boan1l:
pulp bo,ords
and pulp board.
".nicl, boud (wood "niL:>"
bonded wilh resin)
p"rt;el. bO"d i_ood <;1\.1'.
bonded ....iln 'I:'Sm)
"Inide board (wood chips
bondM w;lh ,esin)

-,

26'

"15

Fibl'1lboardl
fob'" .nd pulp bo<I,ds

----

8.06

JB
JB
165

1970

~m;.nexibl"

Wood ProduC'b
fibre end pulp boards (._ "Iso

Wool

;:12

pulp
pulp
pUlp
pulp
pulp

!hick".."
mt."C,W

6.60
9.50
>.22
7.22

--"
-

'"

12'

Ih''''"II". plane' (lIotiOUI woods)

<:",o-dd.d wood
shtedded wood
_ood wool .eo~jCIIl /IuHy

101" lined

7.22

5
5

529
50'

R"",isunce

I ,
,

6.2S
>.22

""
""

'"

9BJ

Ind
Ind
end
end
Ind
end

RH''l;"'iry
(1/k)
tn. 'C/W

Waur

libr"
fibf'e
libre
fibte
/it>re
f,br"
fib<e
lit>re

'C

'0'

con", t". Y.,mic"li!. 80<;l'.08111}

v ....,.c;..

ITh;~~_1

T~mp.

5"

'Unicon' Blocks {light..... eighl

Ur." Fonnllld.hyd loam

DeN;I)'
kg/m'

6.27

0.84

1920

..

OveraJl Heat transfer .Coefficient U with

Insulation or Air Space added
Addition of reflective sheets la air spacp.
{Aluminium toil average emissivity = a.OS}

Addition of

fibrous
Addition
of air

insulation

U value
before
adding
insulation
to wall.
ceiling,
roof or
floor

Direction of heat flow

space

20 mm
or more

Thickness

mm

Winlerand
Summer

Summer
Down

Winter
Up

50

75

Adde~

10 one

"

both

One .

sheeC
in air

space

sides

Added
la one

0'

both
sides

One

Added

Orfe~

sheet

to one

she_~l

in air

space

0'

both

mair"

space

sides

3.'

3.0

2.2
2.0

1.9
1.8
1.7

'.6
1.5
1.4

'.3

..,
i.2

1.0

0.9
08
0.7
0.6
0.5

0.37
0.36
0.36

2:10
2.04
1.96
1.87

1.18
1.15
1.12
1.05

1.05

0.68

0.37

1.03
0:97

0'.66
0.65
0.64

0.63

0.45

2.03

1.98
1.8g
1.81
1.73

0.62
0.61
0.60
059
0.57

0.45
0.44
0.44
0.43
0.42

1.93
1.84
1.73
1.63
1.52

1.65
1.57
1.49
1.41
1.33

0.94
0.91
0.87
0.84
0.80

0.62
0.61
0.60
0.58
0.57

0.35
0.34
0.34
0.32
0.32

1.78
1.59
1.59
1.49
1.39

1.02
0.99
0.95
0.91

0.56
0.55
0.54
0.53
0.52

0.42
0.41
0.41

1.46
1.40
1.34
1.27
1.21

1.28
1.24
1.19
1.14
1.08

0.78
0.76
0.74
0.72
0.70

056
0.55
0.54
0.53
0.52

0.31
0.31
0.30
0.30
0.30

1.34
1.28
1.23
1.17
1.11

0.89
0.86
0.83
0.80
0.77

1.14
1.08
1.01
0.94
0.86

1.82
0.96
0.89
0.83
0.77

0.67
0.64
0.61
0.58
0.55

0.50
0.48
0.47
0.45
0.43

0.29

1.05
0.99
0.92
0.66
0.79

0.73

0.79
0.71

0.70
0.63
0.56
0.48
0.42

0.52

0.41
0.:)8
0.36
0.33
0.31

0.74

0.56
0.51
0.48
0.41
0.36

0.65
0.65
0.64

3.5

C;-[~

0.51
0.50
0.48
0.46
0.44
0.42

DAD
0.37
0.34
0.31

0.46

2.28

0,46

2.20

0.46

2.12

DAD
0.39
0.39

038
0.37
0.36
0.35
0.33
0.32
0.30
0.28
0.26

0.63
0.55
0.46

6.28

1.00

0.48
0.4-5
0.41
0.37

0.28
0,28

027
0.27
0.26
0.25-

024
0.23
0.22

0.68
0.60
0.53
0.46

1.09

0.70
0.67
0.64
0.60

Insulation Thickness Guide

..

R -Value

R2.5

R 2.0

ef~

Mineral wool
belts

'"

85

e--~

Fibreglass batts

145

110

~r~
E

W/m'K

2.6
2.4

.L

Horizontal

28

e:!~

..,;:~

L'3
~, 1~'3

e:'

R 1.0

Thickness (mm)

..

65

45

80

50

110

90

Extruded

65

50

38

25

- Expanded

95

75

57

38

Granulated
mineral fibre or
eellulosic ligre

Polystyrene:

From: Vie/onan Government. Division 0/ BUilding Confro/, Building Note No. 23, February 1991.

es:~

~, b~
~~

E'~

E'

R 1.5

[~

ei~

6.29

-------------------~~~~---~~~
. ..

"

Section 7
Electrical Data

I-

a::
~

J:
()

...

()

a::

I-

LU

:2

a::

J:
()

>(f)
a.

J:

~
~

~.30

'-

.:...

Electrical Formulae
Resis(jve circuit
Volts (E)

=- Current (I) x Resistance (R)

Watt C{I{) =- Currenr (r~ x Resisrance (R)

In~uctive circuit

Volts (E)

=- Current (I) X Impedance (2)

Thne>hase 415 volt

Input kW (Inductive load)

=- 0.72 x line amps xPF

Input kva = 0.72 x Hne amps

Output kW (Shaft power)

=- 0.72 x line amps x PF x EFF

. Single phase 240 volt

Input kW (Inductive load) =- 0.24 x line amps x PF
Input kVA = 0.24 x line amps
Output kW (Shaft power) '" 0.24 x line amps x PF x EFF

Three phase power

Walt = Ilinex E line X PF x3'r.
Watt=720xIJinexPF

IL

L1

I
EL

13 E

EL EL
N

=l3l

'-.L,,-L-+ L2 DELTA

STAR

L2
l3

Ep

'-

EL

7.01

--"_LL3

Ratings for 3 Phase Induction Motors

Slandard Fuselink rating (Amps)

Motor rating

O.OL

Assisted
2
4
6
6

HP

kW

Full load current

(Amps I phase)

0.5
0.75
1.00
15
20
'.0
5.5
75

0.37
0.55

1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
'.5
4.8
7.8
11

4
6
10
10
16
16
20

14

32
40
SO
63
80
80
100
125
160
200
250
250
315
350
400
450
550
SSO
700
700
800

10.0

12.5
15
20
25
30
40
50
60
75
100
125
150
175

200
250
300
350
'00
450
500

0.75
11
15
2.2
4.0
5.5
7.5
9.5
11
15
18.5

22
30

37
45
SS
75
90
110
132
150
190

220
260
300
340
380

H
21
28
35
40
SS
68
80
100
135
160
200
230
255
325
385
450
500
575
650

"10

)2

Molor and fuse ratings are typical. Consul! manufaclurer"s catalogues for particular cases.
Assumed starting conditions are:
D.O.L..7 limes full load. current for 10 seconds.
Assisted _ 3.5 limes full load current for 20 seconds.

7.02

. 10 .

16
16
20
25
)2

40
40
50
63
80
100
125
200
200
250
250
315
350
450
500
550
630
800

Section 8
Fuels and Energy

'~t"="'

e~t=
OI.~

eT~

e;--;)

1
~-~~
I.

E r~

er
eE~

Fuel Oil Properties

..

Furnace Oil

Diesel Oil

Distillate

Heating Oil

Kerosene

Relative Density
@ 15~C

0.9.5

0.86

0.82

O~a1

0.78

VISCOsity Cs
@SOoC

66

2.5

1.5

1.3

Vlscosity

480

34

32

Redwood 1 @

..

38'C

..

"-'~

,.
-30~

-4

-4

-9

Cloud pt QC

-2

-7

kJll

41 171

39591

377iS

37326

35948

kJlkg

43338

46085

46017

46134

46250

Sulphur %wt

3.5

0.47

0.3

UP to 0.3

up to 0.05

0.1

trace

trace

trace

1054,8

Uf)6

1220

1238

1289

91

88

82

65

48

Deep Brown

Clear!

Clearl
fig",

Blue

-28

Walerand
sediment %
volume

Utrellonne
Flash Pt.

Colour

Cc

Black

light
straw

e~

~~
e~
E'

Pour pt QC

l-

:,..~

e~~

8.01

straw

I
I

Conversion Factors

Gas Conversion Factors

Natural

FUEL ENERGY CONVERSION FACTORS

Electricity

GJ = kWh x 0.0036

Fuel Oil

GJ = tonnes x 43.73

Oiesellnd.

GJ

= litre x 0.0366

Distillale

GJ = litre x 0.0383

Heating Oil

GJ

:=

litre x 0.0376

..
Kerosene

GJ = litre x 0.0375

Petrol

GJ

= litre xO.0342

l.P.G.

GJ = tonnes x 50.3

l.P.G.

GJ = litre x 0.0266

Coal- Black

GJ:: tonnes x 30.7

Coal

GJ = tonnes x 9.7

Brown

!3riquetles

GJ = tonnes x 22.3

Coke

GJ = tonnes x 28.5

GAS CONVERSiON fACTORS

1 BTUfU:'

;" 0.0374 MJ/m J

1 BTUt1b

= 2.326 kJlkg

CRUDE OIL CONVERSION FACTORS

Australian erudes average.

1 litre

= 0.796 kg

1 tonne

= 1256 Litre

Ions

= 0.1246 x Barrels

tonnes

= 0.1266 x Barrels

Town

S.N.G.

OIL VOLUME EQUIVALENTS

1 Band

:: 34.973 imperial gallons

1 Barrel.

= 42.0 U.S. gallons

1 Barrel

= 159 Litre

8.02

T.L.P.

l.P. Gas H.V. 9G (Propane)

G..

G..
H.V.J8

H.V.S2

H.V.20

MJ

rn'

rn'

rn'

0.1
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
-45.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
600.0
700.0
800.0
900.0
1000.0

0.003
0.013
0.016
0.018
0.021
0.024
,0.026
0.053
0.079
0.105
0.132
0.263
0.395
0.526
0.658
0.790
0.921
1.053
1.18-4
1316
1.579
1.842
2.105
2.368
2.632
5.263
7.895
10.526
13.158
15.789
18.421
21.053
23.684
26.316

0.002
0.010
0.012
0.014

0.005
0.025
0.030
0.035
0.040
0.045
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
0.500
0.750
1,000
1.250
1.500
1.750
2.000
2.250
2.500
3.000
3.500
4,000
4.500
5.000
10.000
15.000
20.000
25.000
30.000
35.000
40.000
45.000
50.000

0~015

0.017
0.019
0.039
0.058
0.077
0.096
0.192
0.282
0,384
0.481
0.577
0.673
0.769
0.865
0.962
1.154
1.346
1.539
\.731
1.923
3.846
5.769
7.692
9.615
11.539
13.462
15.385
17.308
19.231

'

H.V.25

rn'
0.004
0.020
0.024
0.028
0.032
0.036
0.0<10
0.080
0.120
0.160
0.200
0.400
0,600
0.800
1.000
1.200
1.400
1.600
1.800
2.000
2.400
2.800
3.200
3.600
4.000
8.000
12.000
16.000
20.000
24.000
28.000
32.000
36.000
-40.000

m'(gasj

kg

0.010
0021
0.031
0.OA2
0052
o 10J.
0.156
0208
0260
0.313
0.365;
0417
0469
0521
0625
0729
U 833
0.938
1.042
2.083
3.125
4.167
5.2e8 .
6.250
7.292
8.333
9)75
10.417

0099
0.198
0298
0.397
0496
0.595
0694
0.7940893
0992
1191
1389
1,587
1785
1.984
3.968
5.952
7937
9.921
11.905
13.889
15.873
17 875
19.841

litre (liquid)

0.391
0.566
0.781
0977
1.172
1367
1.563
1.758
1953
2.344
2734
3125
3.516
3906
1.813
11.719
15.625
19.531
23.438
27.344
31.250
35.156
39.063

.iL

e-i:.~

Fuel Heating Values

COAL
Black Coal
New Soulh Wales
Oue~nsl<lnd

Western Australia

Victoria
South Australia
TasmanIa

279 MJ:kg
25.2 MJJkg
19.7 r..-ulkg

23.0 MJlkg
13.9 MJ/kg
2d..6/vUikg

Brown Coal
Viclona

9.76 r..-tJlkg

Coke

251 MJlkg

Brique"es. Victoria

22.3t-,.Wkg

PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
Crude 011

Glppsland CrUde

Barrow Island Crude

463/..4J/k l'J

45.6 MJ/kg

Refined'producl
SUpf

.!6.5/.1J/kg

Sl(lndard

46.51v1J/kg

Aulomoflye dIesel
F'le; Oil (averaoe sulphur)

45.7 f..-tJikg

Aviallon turbine fuel

46.4 MJ/kg

43.8 MJlkg

GAS
Nalur81 G<lS

Moomba
Queensland

39.) r~IJlm
395 f,.rlJ/m

VII:!OII<l

388 MJlm

l!f1urfieu Petroleum Gas

llqurd

G..

LPG (PIOnilneJ

SO 0 r.1Jikg
49S1.1J,'kg

93.3 MJ/m'

lPG

iSul<lne'

Bass Slra'9hl
South Auslrilha
Western Auslralla

39.5 MJlm
)91 MJ/m
38.2 MJ/m"

124 MJ!m'

URANIUM

Typical Natura! Gas Analysis

~r~

e .i".~

Percentage
by Volume

METHANE

CH.

89.93

ETHANE

C:H~

5.03

CARBON DIOXIDE

co:

2.81

~-r~

NITROGEN

N,

0.42

PROPANE

. C,H I

123

E-~

BUTANE

G,K~

03.

PENTANE

C~H,~

0.11

HEXANE

C,H.,

006

HEPTANE

C.H'5

0.02

OXYGEN

0;

e-r~

.I

ef~
e "."3

eI

l-.~

Less lhan 0.01

~ I-'~

..'- IL~

'::;1

Enclqv av.ltrnhl~~'n !lq"l W<l!~I ICBclor

Enp..gy ;w;l,lrll'>lr> 11' l1eavv waler reacllY.
Enrm:rv ilWl,I.. t-lp in fast hreed~1 r'?aclor
7fllill rrlef9v 11;),1;.,,1..

04 x lcrf'.,iJlkq
07 x Ill" MJlkg

29:t 10' MJlkg

793 x 10"MJ/kg

I-~

E~ '3
~.I
~;"

8.04

l~
8.05

J~Ult:~.

""~
e;-I~; .
e-I:~
e~f~

~[~

E-or'~

Section 9
Noise & Vibration

~~~

L~

r~

el~

~.L~
r-

E""-"3
I
Eo -i-~
I

e";

'3

E-] :3
..

8.06

..

~~
;

1
_ _
1

'I

~~i~

e;'I~~

.
Sound Power Level
The rate at which a sound source emits energy is called its sound POWer. measured in Watt (W). This
scale is (he Sound Power Level scale which measures sound power logarithmically.
The sound'Power level is denoted as PWl and is defined as:
PWL = log {sound power of source (W) I Reference power (1 x 10'1W))

e,(~

expreSsed in decibels (dB)

~T~

Sound Pressure Level

~;[~

Like sound power, sound pressure is expressed on a logarithmic scale known as the Sound Pressire level
denoted as SPL and is defin'ed' as:
.

eXl3fessed in decibels (dB).

SPl = 20 log {sound pressure measured (Ps) I reference sound pressure (2 x 10' Pa)}

I~-,~

. 1-

er~

Eo i~'3

i='~

~'I~

'-'--

I~

E'

['3

The reference sound pressure of 2 x 10'~ Pa represents the ~Ihreshold 01 hearing~.

The sound pressure !evellhen is used as the basic measure of Quantity of sound. levels can be measured
righl across the whole audible frequency range or in discrete octave or lhird octave bands.

Sound Transmission
Sound transmisSIOn loss depends on the surface density (mass per square metre of surface) 0/ the
partition. For every doubling of surface. density the sound transmission loss increases by about 5 dB.
The sound transmission loss of a bUilding partitionmay be expressed aslhe decibel reduction in sound
pressure level measured at the standard one third octave frequency bands. A more convenient means
of expressing sound transmission loss is by use of a single number system called Msound transmission
class". This rating system is deSCribed in AS 1276 -1979.

Ell~

E,~n3

E .I~
0.1

:l~

S~3

9.01

Noise Rating Curves

12

26

o '0: r-..."'" t---.

~ 110

U
Vl

\"'''

a:

UJ

90

"0

>

UJ
...J

UJ

."''<

\
0\\\\' .\\

0\\\\ ,\, \,

Vl

o
z

\\\' ,\\
0

:0

Vl

30

CD

UJ

20

t-

"-"'-

:0

a:
a.

-3

r:-- t--

i'-----. ......... e--....

10

315

Satisfactory

63

""

NR90

FREQUENCY

Saaembly halls over 250 seats

NR80

r-----. h i

--r-----.

....

Audio-visual areas
Business study areas

35
40
40

Computer roomsTeaching
Working

40
45
30
45
30
45
45
45
40

Conference rooms

t--.
NR70

------------r-----

NR50
NRSO

NR40

NR30

NR20

NR10
1000 2000 4000 8000

Corridors and lobbies

Drama studios
Duplicating rooms I stores
Engineering workshops
Gymnasiums
Interview/counselling rooms
LaboratoriesTeaching
Working
lecture rooms up to 50 seals"
Lecture theatresUp to 250 seals
More than 250 seats
LibrariesReading areas
Slack areas
M::Inual arts workshop.s
Medical rooms (first aid)
music practice rooms
Music studios
Office areas
. Professional and adminislrative offices
Seminar rooms
Staff common rooms
Toilet/change/showers
Tutorial rooms

35
40
30
30
25
40
45
40
40
40
30
40
35
30
40

45
30

HERTZ

{CENTRE FREQUENCIES OF OCTAVE BAND I

NOISE RATING CURvES

9.02

40
30
25
40
40

ctassrooms~

Single cell .
Secondary 'open space' teaching areas
Primary 'open space'leaching areas

--.......... i----'..!

t---.
:---.
t---.
l"--...N fW---... NR5 t---.

250 500

Assembly halls up la 250 seals

..

-........ h

\,,,

125

ArtJ Craft studios

NR100

Maximum

EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS

-:

\\' ,\".:
\\\\
r------- ............
\\\
I'--.... ............
"""
\\
0---. ..........
1'\"
1'\\"!"" 1'------ ..........
\" "'- J'-----. I"-------.
."-.. i'-----. ...........
J'-----. .......... t--..

"

NR110

--...
--- --...

.........

\".""'""

Recommended design sound level

Type of occiJpancy/actrvity

r---.... 1..........,'-----''''-. r---.... ..........k, I

~ '----.. I'-..... ............ ---.

f\."

Correc t ions

--....0;

t-----... .......... ---. I

.""
,"" I'

A Seal.

r;;-- --...

>

"''"

------........ :-....

~ ......... .........
~ ......... ---.
.........
t--..

""r---..........
'l\\\.
t---...
['-..""t--..
~\\\ I\,'" f'o..-'
\\\\ i\. f'o..-'"
r--:--...
70
",-'"
~\\' S".... r----.
\\\\' ,\ \ 1"-..", .... t-----...

a:

~.

\\\. "'-""
,\\. -"'-"-

a: 80
CD

-9

~~ r------...~E' R
\,'\." "'- ~ .........

~ 10
o 0,\\'

Z
o

16

Recommended Design Sound Levels for.

Areas of Occupancy in Buildings

AS 11691973

9.03

d~(A)

-
--

45dB(A}

35
30
45
50

45 40

45
50

55
35
50
35
50

55
55
45
40
50
35
35
30

45
50

45
45
45
35

45
40
35

45
55
35

Recommended Design Sound Levels for

Areas of Occup~ncy in Buildings (cont.)
.

Recommended design sound level

Type of Occupancy/activity

Satisfactory

Maximum

PUBLIC BUILDINGS (cont.)

Municipal buildingsAdminislralive offices
General offices
Public spaceS
Council chambers
CourtsCourt rooms
Court reporting and transcript areas
Judges chambers

35 dB(Al

40dB{A)

40

45

-45

25
25
35
30
40
40

Legal and interview rooms

Waiting areas
LibrariesAdministrative office spaces
Reading areas

35
40
45
45
40

Slack areas
Workshop are<lS
Museums (exhibItion spaces)
Parking stations (carpark areas)
Post offices and general banldng areas
Corridors and lobbies
Railways and bus terminals;
Ticket sales areas
Waiting areas
Restaurants and cafeleriasCafeterias
Coffee bars
Restaurants

55
45
45

45
45

45
40
40

50
30
30
40
35
45
50
40
45

.,

45

65
50
50

50
55

55
60
55
50
45

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

Private houses (rural and outer suburbs).

Recreation areas
Sleeping areas
WorK areas
Privale houses {inner suburbs)
Recreation areas
Sleeping areas
Work areas
Hotels and molelsBars and lounges
Conference areas
Dining rooms
Enclosed carparks

30
25
35
35
30
35
45

30
40
55

40
30

'.

~, I'~~

=t~

...ioiiiII
e"'. 1""'I

r~

E~ r~

;f~

~'"3

::~' [,~[~
~

40
40

35

40

55
35
45

65

II
';~f ,~'3
i
.;;;

9.06

~t~

~J~
I

Recommended Design Sound Levels for

Areas of Occupancy in Buildings (cont.)
Recominended design sound level

Type of Occupancy/activity

SatiSfactory

Maximum

45 d8(A}

55
40
50.
55
35

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS (cont)

Foyers and recreation areas
Kitchen, laundries and maintenance areas
Sleeping areas
Washrooms and toilets
-.'
Hostels, resldentialhalls and barrack-es .
Cafeterias
Common rooms
Games rooms
Kitchens and selVice areas
Sleeping areas

50dB(AJ:

55
35
55

45

30

40

40
35

40

45
30

SHOP BUILDINGS

Department storesMain floor

Upper floor
EnClosed carpark
Showrooms
Small retail stores (general)
Speciality shops (where detailed discussion is needed
in transaction)
Supermarkets

50
45
55
45

45

..

55
50
65
50
50

40
50

45
55

STUDIO BUILDINGS (see notes 2 & 3)

Drama studios
Film or television studios
Music recording studios
Sound stages
Talks studios

15NR

25NR

20

25
20
20
25

IS

15
20

NOTES.

1. A very wide range 01 rooiS'l ,~ call OCCUI"e in the OCCUllIed stale ;11 ~ /'IousII'>9 malluracturing processes. being irTllted
only by statutory ,egulations aimed ~ heamg cons.ervalion. The possibil~ies'10'.~eqarrng ve~.~SY prcx;~ ":'"' QU~er oncs.
by partitioning, vary between p:w1icu1ar lI'lduslnes arid plalIls. For le,"""" SlJC~ <15 lhese. 'I 1$ dl/flCllll to .fN!.'<e get>eafised
lecommendations for desirable or evell maonrnurn. desigllltNels lor the Uro:,):XUOIed stale. bIJI one quidllY,l prir>c:ipatmay be s~n_~
observed,when tile activlly in one a'e3 01 a manufactUring plan! i$ halted i$ desJr<lbfe thal the IocaIIevd should t po'5$lble drop
to 70 dB(A) or loWer. to pemul speedl CO/TII'l1OOlCiI wilhotA undue ena,t
2. In spaces ih which high quality $OUfId reca<dings are 10 be made. tile tever sd (0' lhe low frequency ~ ha.l'IClS $IlOU1d rot be
eMceoooo. SUbsoqu<lnl repby o(,ecordings may caU!;8 .all ampilk:atlon of IN aIribienl sound rll'5ullmg III an ""... ~5IS of ~s
low Irequency compooenIs, Recornmended levels are gr."en ill Appei'ldiX C of AS 2107. "Specratist advCe should a~ be sought
When these spKe:!I arc be'"9 designf:d. In s,ome clrC1,l/Tlslances. for pu<poses of very hi9h fCC':l'dll1g. even tower ~ lhallthose

Specirled above may be required.

or

3. FO' h;gh 'l""1iIy produc:lJon. a modified flOi5.e !'tIting (NR)

15 to 20.15 prefernd. S<'e App.C of AS 2107.
.
4. The specir1l1Q aulhon1y concerned W1lh mechanicat services in buIldings may US'! desi9n arid acceptance $OI.lt'ICl levels '" terms
of lIo1se rating' numbers. Where NR valuez are not in the table. all NR value <hid> is oumerlC<ltly 5 less than Ihe ~ed
soulld level In dB(A) may be used. In this case. caubOn should be used aslhere is nol a ulliversal relationship ~ dB("'):and
noise r<ltiog numbers which would enable the noise rating to be derl'red from a lTlOlasued norse le'vel in dB{A) and VICe oersa.
.
5. Refer to AS 210710r R ~ Revet>era!ion Times lor \he above sitUations.

Reproduced trom AS 21071987 with ~nnission of Standards Australia

9,07

Sound Transmission Class of Some

B~ilding Materials

Sound Transmission Loss for Common

Building Materials
Soundtrcmsmission loss (dB) at

Material

500

1000

2000

Sound
Transmission
Class
(SiC)

3.

37

37

3.
50

46
46
51
55

54
55
59
64

45
45
49
55

31

43

52

36

27

37

44

37

3'

35

43

49

41

44

38

47

54

50

49

the following centre band

frequencies (Hz)

,. 110 mm solid clay bnck

2.
3.
4.
5.

110 mm solld clay brick plastered bolh sides

150 mm dense concrete
220 mm C10ubJe solid clay brick
5 mm hardboard both sides or 100x50 mm
limber studs

125

250

30
34
31
38

3.
43

14

25

6. 16 mm plaslerboardbqlh sides of 90 mm
steel studs
7. 16 mm plasterboard both sides of 90 mm
steel studs plus mineral wool infiH
Two layers of 16 mm plasterboard both sides
of
mm sleel studs
.
9. Two layerl; of 16 mm praslerlxlaru both sides
of 90 mm steer studs plus mineral wool intm
10.16 mm plasterboard both sides of 25 mm

..

90

gypsum core-typical heavy wt. partition

16 mm plasterboard on j 3 mm steel spaCNS
I" with cavity tilled with tibreglass-typical he,a.yy
wt, partition
12. 6 mm single glazing set in gaskets in
wooden frame
13. 13 mm glass in metal frame weather
stripped and sealed
14.6 mm glass aluminium framed openable
window
15. 6 mm double glazed window limber frame
50 mm air gap
16.10 mm double glazed window lim.ber frame
50 mm air gap
17. Hollow c:ore oIywood door no gaskels
18. Hollow core plywood door gaskets top &
sides
19. Sotid core door with drop seal and gaskets
20.0.80 mm sleel plate

43

40

49

56

51

51

27

31

35

33

37

36

30

45

52

50

42

20

25

30

32

27

30

26

33

37

27

35

31

19

21

25

24

24

25

16

26

36

45

44

38

27
12

32
12

40

41

41

42
15

14

1q

15

21
35
28

21
38
33

13

14

16

20
15

21
18

,26

23

Wall construction

20
33

Note: Table values have been adapted fromAlRAH Appncalion Manual OA7. Table J..90B using negative
log addition to convert from 113 oclave 10 octave levels.

"~
.~

"

e -~-r3

E I;'
~ ,~

'11
9DA

Sound Transmission Class

Wrthoutinfill

_.'.

28

Cavity infill

Withinfjll

30

5 mm thick ply.vtlod on both

sides of 64 mm sleel studs

38 mm fibreglass

23

1.2 mm thick steel sheelon

both sides of 64 mm steel ~tuds

50

mm nbreglass

33

39

16mm Plasl~(E)(iard on both

skies of 92 mm steel sluds

50 mm rockwool

38

44

13 mm plasterboard on one
side of 64 mm steel studs with
two layers of 13 mm
plasterboard' on the other side

38 mm rockwtJoI

41

4.

r.....o layers of

13 mm
plasterboard on both slcIes of
50 mm steel studs

38 mm rockwool

43

51

Two layers or 16 mm
plasterboard on both sldes of
64 mm steel studs

50 mm rockwool

46

52

Standard Frequency Bands

Absorption Coefficients (Metric Sabine)

for Common Building Materials &
Absorption (m 2 ) for People & F'urniture

Band limit frequency

(Hz)

...

Absorption coefficient at centre band frequencies of Material

125

250

500

luDO

2000

4000

H,

Hz

Hz

Hz

Hz

Hz

Hz

0.01
0.02
0.08
0.04
0.09
0.10
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.25
0.20
0.40
0.03
0.04

0,01
0.02
0.11
0.07
0.10

0.01
0.02
0.14

0.02

0.02
0.03
0.43
0.50

0.02
0.04
0.27
0.60
0.08
0.50

0.03
0.04
0.25
0.65
0.11
0.50
0.07
0.03

63

Concrete
COfk or Vinyl on concrete
Carpel on underfelt
Thick pile carpel on felt
Timber boards on joists
Concrete breeze block
Unpainted brickwork
Painted brickwork
Plaster on stud
Plaster on solid backing
Plywood with air space
Glass - large panes
Glass ~ average panes
lighl curtains
Heavy c;urtains

0.25
0.11
0.30
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.02

0.20
0.02
0.01
0.02
0(02
0.32
0.18
0.35
0.04
0.06

OA3

0.06
0.25
0.05 .
0.10

0.03
0.37
0.50
O~ 10
0.60

0.08

0.02
0.04
0.02

0.60
0.04
0.02
0.06
0.03

0.12
0.04
0.18
0.11
0.38

0.07
0.03
0.12
0.18
0.63

O.OZ

0.05
0.03

0.06
0.04

0.03 "

0.07
0.02
0.07
0.30
0.70

0.11
0.02
0.04
0.35

1/3 Octave centre

frequency
. (Hz)

63

...-

085
0,80
0,75

0.70
0.75
0.80

0.60
0.70
0.75

0.10
0.08
0.30

0.20
0.15
0.40

0.30
0.65
0.50

0.65
0.50
0.55

0,60
0.55
0.65

0.60
0.60
0.75

0.60
0.65
0.70

0.10
0.20
0.25

0.30
0.55
0.55

0.65
0.80
0.85

0.75
0.80
0.85

0.65
0.80
0.75 .

0.45
0.75
0.75

2.74

100
."

;;".,:'""

....113

C.

....:

125

141

,.

160

:., ..

176
200

.. ', .. 225

250

250

283

1.37

315
353
400

4.,
630

0.70
0.65
0.65

125

80

565
0.25
0.35
0.60

5.44

71
88

0.7'3

0.10
0.'15
0.50

63

500

0.69

1000

0.34

2000

0.17

...

707
800

880

~.
.......

1000

1130
1250
1414
1600
1760

C.05
0.10
0.10

2000

2250
2500
2825

Absorption (m'/ unit)

People and Furniture

Audilorium seats
Occupred
.Fully upholstered
.Wood I padded
Unoccupied
.Fully upholstered
.Wood I padded
Seatedlligh school studenls
Seated primary school.students

(m)

50

0.05

0.05
0.10
0.40

Wave length

57

500
Ceiling tiles
Miner<'J! wool/fibre:
fixed 10 solid backing
on battens
.suspended
Wood fibre:
.fixed la soli!i backing
on battens
suspended
Perfor<'Jted met<'J/wilh absorptive.
infilt:
.fixed 10 solid backing
on battens
.suspended

Octave band centre

frequency
{Hzj

..

3150

3530
0.10
0.10

0.20
0.17

DAD

0.10
0.04

0.12
0.08

0.15
0.15

0.22
0.18

0.36

0.50
0.43

0.19
0.14

0.30
0.16

0.30
0.23

0.33
0.28

0.50

OA3

0.55
0.47

0.50
0.43

0.38
0.16

0.48
0.12

0,45
0.08

0.40
0.32

0.44
0.35

Note:' Values for ceiling tiles are average values and in practice depend on manufacturer.

0.45
0.40

4400

, .

0.086

4000

4000

.,

5000

5650
6300
7070

BOOO

8000

B800
10000
11300
Note. Wave length based on ~ Velocity of sound - 343 m1s@ 2CfC.

9.10

-------------'-----------~.,.~~. ~~"'.~.'~

9.11

0.043

Addition & Sub'trac'tion of Noise Levels

~.:;~

'. . 1er'-i~

c[~

Anti-Vibration Mountings and Hangers

..

Minimum isolation
efficiency %

Minimum static

Inertia base and

spring mountings with
neoprene pads

95

25

Chiller sel ~
reciprocating

Free slandirig spring

and neoprene pa~~

9a

SO

Chiller - ceril~fjjgai

Free standing springs

and neoprene pads

90

35

Spring hangers with

95

25

Item

Type of mounting

Pumps

eT~

e-r~

'DIFF IN 2 SOUND LEVElS TO BE SUBTRACTED

---1
W

>
'j 5
o
I
Z

::J

'"
Cl:

.'

e-f~
W

>
5w

""

>

oco
<{

w 2

'"
<{

w
Cl:
u

---l

~ 4

Z
::J

Vl

1\

.'...

---l

i2

-~

::;:

SUBTRAI TION

~ t:--- ~

ADDITIO~
.-----------~

5
8
4
2
DIFF, IN 2 SOUND LEVELS TO BE ADDED

[
2 ~
<{

LU
Cl:
U

w';
o

10

e'[~

e
e

Chilled water, healing

hot wafer and
condenser water

piping

.t-'9

L~
I""~
l.l":'~

.~~
"- ! ..""'J

G;;,

E';-9

deflection mm

neoprene inserts. tirst

3 hangers from
equipmenllo have
static deflection equal
10 machine mountings

Cooling lowers

Free standing spring

mounts under fan
molor assembly and
neoprene pads under
basin

aD

35

Arial now fans

Spring hangers with

neoprene insens

9a

25

Centrifugal fans

Free standing spring

mounlings and
neoprene pads

98

40

Air compressors

Spring mounts with

neoprene pads

98

40

Boilers

Neoprene single
denection mounts to
be supplied with
equipment

90

10

Note: The above selections are given as.a typical guide only and each application ml.!st be assessed
havil19 regard to conditions Ihat may apply to a particular situation.

9.12

Vibration's

0' ation

~c

FORCING FREQUENCY (RPM)

e=~

ggg g g
0000

, ,

C)

lDlf)~MN

='".~~

J--

~i:~
E-::~

e;b
e~
L

e::~1
~,!"""::~

~L

E'~
N

E~
E~-:3

FORCING FREQUENCY 1Hz}

E'~ ~~

.o;;:l:~
9.14

0,,;:

.~

10
eClon
S=t
Refrigeration Data

./
~.;"'!I

-1-

~t~

C~r~
C(~

:T=
~--~

Cool Room Refrigeration Plant Sizing

HeaVy duty

Restaurant

ROQ:m
Volume

Fresh
killed

m'

meat

1.17

0.76

1.32

Normal
duty

Dairy

Transmission

rooms

load only

kW refrigeration

0.41

0.35

0.26

1.00

0.53
. 0.85

0.58

0.44

0.38

1.76

1.35

1.06

0.88

0.73

0.56

10

2.5

2.1

LT

.. -'~1A7

1.23

0.85

20

3.B

3.4

.iO.

5.7

5.0

2.6

2.30

2.00

1.29

4.1

3.70

3.50

2.10

60

7.9

6.7

5.9

5.00

2.60

BD

B.B

7.9

7.0

6.40

5.9

3.50

er~

100

10.3

9.4

B.2

7.3

6.3

4.10

125

11.7

10.3

9.6

B.B

B.2

4.80

150

13.1

11.7

10.8

el-~

10.2

9,

5.30

175

14.5

13.1 .

12.3

11.7

10.7

6.00

~ I!3
e .:~.~
I

Notes:

1. The above table gives typical requirements in kW of refrigeration capacity 101' coolroorn refrigeration
plant. insulated with 75 mm expanded pOlystyrene. having the length 1',5 times the Hidlh and having inside
height of 2.3 m. It is assumed thallhe inside temperature is 2~C. t:lat the ambient temperature is 35 ~C
and that the plant runs for 16 hours per day. A 10% safety factor has been allowed.
2. For other thicknesses of insulation ond other temperatures multicty the appropriate kW requirements'
froin the table above by the mlJlIiplyer from the table below. Selec~oos underlined are considered good
practice.
3. This selection method is for preliminary purposes only and must t-e followed by a detailed cooling load
estimate for the particular installation.
.

Insulation
thickness

mm

e":3

...

--'1

Ambient temperature Room temperature (K)

.
'0

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

.LQ.2

1.22

1.40

1.58

1.75

1.92

50

Q.m

QJ!l

75

0.60

0.75

0.90

1.05

1.20

1.35

1.50

165

100

0.54

0.68

0.82

0.96

1.09

1.22

1.35

1.48

125

0.51

0.64

0.77

0.89

1.03

1.20

1.36

150

0,49

0.60

0.72

0.84

0.97

1.13

1.20

ill

:~
.~
10.01

-~I-

Cool Room Product Storage

Apples

Asparagus
Bacon (fresh)

Bananas
Beans (green)

Beef (fresh. faf)

Beef (fresh. lean)
Butter
Cabbage
Cauliflowe.(.
Celery

Cheese
Cherries

Cucumber
Eggs (fresh)
Eggplant
Flowers
Fish {fresh k:ed)
Grapes
Ham (fresh)
Honey
Ice Cream

Long"C

Short"C

1100

3106

85

4
2104

85 la 90
80
85 to 95
85 to 90
84
85

0
.18(0 -15

to 88

4107

Oto 3

-0.5100
71010
-1\0 -0.5
71010

7
4107
71010
4107
4
71010

90 la 95
85 to 90
90 to 95

81010

851090

-410-1

4
-1100
2
0.5 la 1

0
0
010 1
4

80 to 85

801085
851090

2104

lemons
Lobster (boiled)
Melons
Milk
r"lushrooms
Onions
Omnges
Oyslers (shell)
Peoches (fresh)
Fears (fresh)
Peas (green)
Pineapple (ripe)
pork (fresh)
Polatoes
Poultry (rlressed)
Sausage (fresh)
Squash
Strawberries
Tomaloes (ripe)
Veal
V~!lelables (mixed)

4107
3106
3106

0
0
-0.5100

0101
o to 1

Liver (fresh)

131022

131022
0101
1 to 0
1100

lard
Lamb
Lettuce

Relative Humidity
%

Storage temperature

Product

2104
2104
7 to 10
-1810-12

80 la 85

4107
t 106
131014

80
82

7
2103

80

Ba la 85
90 la 95
83

2 to 4
4107
4 to 7
13 to 16
10to 16

1104
1102
0102

10

Oto 1

7585
801085
701085
851090

o to 2
-0.5101
-210 -0.5

10
4

4107

4107

10

.1

210 4
71016
_1.5100
210 4
131016
6107
13to 21
4107
2104

21010
-210 1
-0.5102
101013
-0.5100
41010
210-1

851090
851090
851090
851090

85
85'10.90

80
70 la 75
801085
85 to 90
90 to 95

e:::I'~~
e- .. ~
~ ...

e.'j::'9
I

e--~

I.
e---;"
e

~ L~

I
Era
e~

~b;J

E~

Er
E~
Q

10.02

L~

Cool Room Product Storage (cont.)

Water
content

Product

Apples
Asparagus
Bacon (fresh)
Bananas
Beans (green)
Beef (fresh. rat)
Beef '(fresh, lean)
Butter
Cabbage
CauJinower
Celery
Cheese
Cherries
Cucumber
Eggs (fresh)
Eggplanl
Flowers
Fish (fresh iced)
Grapes
Ham (fresh)
Honey
Ice Cream
lard
lamb
Lemons
Lettuce
Liver (fresh)
lobster (boiled)
Melons

Milk
Mushrooms
Onions
Oranges
Oysters (shell)
Peaches (fresh)
Pears (fresh)
Peas (green)
PIneapple (ripe)
Pork (fresh)
Polatoes
Poultry (dressed)
Sausage (flesh)
Squash
Strawberries
Tomatoes (ripe)
Veal
Vegetables (mixed)

84
93
19
75
45
49
16
92
92
94
40
80
96
74

93
62 - 78

82
57
17
63

Above
freezing

BeloW
freezing

'.6
3.9
2.1
3.3
3.8
2.5
3.2

1.9
2.0

93
87
89
87
89
83
74
85
37
78

---------------~----~.~. . .-

235

1.8
1.6

270

17

'-'

2.7"
3.9

2.0
2.0
2.0
1.5
1.9
2.1

'.9
4.0
2.7
3.6
4.1
3.2
3.9

17

3.2
3.7
2.8
~5

1.1

3.3

19
1.3

1.3

2.8
3.9
4.0
3.0
3.4
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.8
3.5
3.8
3.6
3.3
3.7
2.8
3.4

,9
2.0

17
'8
2.0
2.1
2.0
19
1.9
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.9
1.6
1.8
15
23

3.7
3.9
3.9
40
3.0
3.8

2:0

2.0
2.0
1.6
19

'''~

e~

17

1.8
2.0
'5

3.3.

94
90
94
66

2.0

282
312
68
252
298
184
233
35
303
308
315
184
280
319
233
308

1.3

2.2
61
89
95
70

Latent
heat
kJ/kg

Specific heat
kJ/kg K

10.03

202
61
224
210
195
296

317
217
245
308
289
303
289
289
270

289
275
247

284
202
259
247
217
303
301-

312
212
303

Freezing
point

Respiration
kJlkg
per day
at storage
temperature

-2

1.68

-1.2
-3.9
-2.2
-1.3
-2.2

13.4

-1.7 _
".1.1
-0.4
-0.5

1.3
-8.3
-3.3
-0.8
-2.8
-0.9

0
-1.1
-3.2
-2.8

9.74
7.85

4.03
5.28
5.45
3.08

0.98
1.55

2.8
-1.7
-2.2

0.96

OA

86

-1.7
-1.7
-0.6
_1.0
-1.0
-2.2
-2.8

-lA
2.0
-1.1
-14
-2.2

17

4.OS
9.32
t.17
1.63

2.03
1.4

1.68

2.8

33
_1.0

"'.2

09

769
147

_17
11

466

I
---

t;;;,id~ .

.~[

'

Brines
Following are basic equations used to model properties of the various brines in common use in industry.
elhanol. elhytene glycol. propylene glycol and calcium chloride. The formulae were determined by
modelling dala using orthogonal Chebyshev polynomials or equation fOfll1S that would best

mthe data.

They are only applicable fOf the usual concentrations between 10% .and 30%

~, F~
........

p '" O. +.Oft t ... D.x I: .. O,xC

Density p (k.9/m'l

~f'[~

,"""

.vi~c~sity II (mPa.s)

Conductivity k (W I m.~C)

C,=S,+S::-:I'" S~I' +S,xG +S,xC:

k" =K;x:C

+K;-+

K.xt ... K,xf

C'" o;oncenlra\lon (%W I W)

E r~

I '" temperature (C)

D,.. K. '" constants Values gillan in following table.

Equation Constants for Brine Transport Properties

01
02
03
0'

Ethanol

Ethylene Glycol

PropyleneG1Yc:ol

Calcium Chloride

I,002225793E'''03
595525319E-Ct

1.000J56E ~O3
-2.5S8452E-Ol
3.02575E-03
1 4BE+OO

9.97875E"'02
-2.052724E-Ol
_3.237732E_03

9,885352742E"02
-3.73574232E-01
O.OE+OO

5.16372493EOl
_5.8878591 E-02
498JS659E-02

1.6768297E01
-4,02794E-02
5,301789E-02
3,905015EOl
-8.644082E-Ol
5.019351E02
-2.556271E-OJ

O:CE~OO

_12838IS822E"OO

L11E~OO

Vl
V2
VJ

104840955qE"'OO
5.42S1786E-02
2 aOJS664E02

F1
F2
F3
F'

.436BTSE ... OQ
3235E01
-37475E-02
3.7E-04

-6Q8333E-Ql
_3.503J33E_01
_7.416667E_03
o OE+OO

_9.533J33E_Q2
_3.8818J3E_01
3.67333JE-03
1.848333E04

51
52
53
5'
55

<l77404667E"'OO
o OE+OQ
O.OE ... OO
209dE02
o OE+OO

4.19tE+OQ
l,753196E-Q3
32313E-06
-955E-03
2.575E-04

4.218515E+OO
_2.349782E_03
6.123349E.-OS
-5.8333E-03
-1.6E-04

3.917156579E+OO
2.946155E-03
Q.OE+OO
4.0220983E-02
O.OE+OO

Kl
K2
K3
K'

4 31989JE-03
55300SS22E-Ol
"1SQ484E03
o OE"OO

3.33333E-03
5823217E-01
5.320545E04
1945632E-05

-J.SE-03
56J7594E-01

-1.2S9872E03
5.68601284E-01
1.418612E-03
O.OE+OO

~,048518E-03

2.811567E06

e': r~
@ln~

9.90419895JE~OO

5.26733092E-Ol
_4198268 4 E02
3033S059E-02

C::~[=

Freezing temperature l (Cl

SpeCific heat C, (kJ {kg.:C)

-....[~

I
i~~

E< r~
E. """3
I

e-~~

Refrigerant Pressure-Temperature Chart

R1,..

R401A

'c
-60
-55
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3

5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
'0
45
50

55
60
65
70

..5
..0
-72
-82
-50
-35
-17
5
31
44
56
'0
8'
100
116
133
142
152
161
172
181
192
202
214
225
237
249
261
287
314
342
372
'0'
437
471

565
670

787
916
1060
1218
1391
1581
1789
2016

.,
-7'

-70
..0
-4,
-33
-14
8
35.

"

59
73
88
103
119
137

146
155
165
175
185
195
206
217
228
2'0
252
26'
290
316

429
462
496
532
570
672
78'
909
1046
1197
1361
1541
1735
1948
2177

RMl1B

R"'"

R<l1)28

R_

HFe

R123

HCFC

'"

,m'

Pressure {gaugel kPa

..3
-76
-67

-56
-43
-26
-6
18
,47
59
73
88
103
120
137
156
166
176
186
196
207
218
230

-50
-34
-14
10
39

-55

1837
2077
2338
2621

-41
-23
-1
26
58
95
14'
191
214
238
263
29'
318
348
3'0
396
413
430
447
'65
'8'
503
522
5'2
562
583
60'
648
695
778
830
883
939
997
1153
1325
1513
1720
1946
2192
2459

2928

2749

3259

3052
3399

"

11'4
.162
211
242
268
295
32'
355
387
'20
438
456

'"

493
512
532
553

242

573

254
266
279
292
319
348
'62
'96
533
571
611
718
837
968
1112
1270
1443
1632
1836
2058
2299

595
616
639
56,1
709
75'
839
893
950
1009
1071
1236
1418

1618

-53
-38
-19

.."
17

31
6'
103

,... 14.8
200
224
2'8
274
302
331
361
393
410
'27
'45
463
'81
500
519
539
559
580
601
623
668
715
776
828
881
938
996
1154
1327
1518
1728
1957
2207
2479
2774
3093

128
1,U1
237
263
291,
320
351
384
418

45'
472

'"

511
531
551

572
594
616
538
662
685
709
759
811
865
923
982
1043
1108
' '128.0
,1<lZO
1679
1909
2160
2435
2737
3067
3432

Data from: Love/oel< Luke Prlet Reference Guide (except for RTfl).

~.
10.05

-lOO

-47
-40
-9

'~.

-100
-99
-99
-98
-96
-9'
-92
-89
-87
-86
-8'
-83
-81
-78
-77
_75
-74
-73
-71
-70
-69

-6i
66
-54
-62
-60
-58
-5'
-51
-46
-41
_36
-31
-26
_10

29
53
80
111
146
185
228
276

-93
-90
..6
~a1

-75
-66
-56
-44

-29
-22
-15
-8
1
9
19
29
34
39
'5
51
56
52
6'
75
81
B9

95
103
. 118
133
150
168
187
207
226
281

34'
'14
492
578
674
779
895
1021
1159

..,
.
-79

-73
-47
-30

18
50
89
106
125
145
167
190
214
2'0
254
268
283
298
313
329
345
362
379397
415
414
474
515
559
605
653
704
756
904
1070
1250
1460
16-80
19-30
2210
2510

.. 1-

Refrigerants

;f~

Equations which model the properties of refrigerants are listed beloW. The specified rangeimflCates the
range of appli!=abillty. The deviation is the maximum deviation of Ihe equation from the data on which it
is based.

Delinition of constants

u '" Viscos'ty
Co '" SpeCIfic heat

:l~
-I~
1-

t'" Temperature ~C

~--=

T'" Temperature K

E-~~

Note. Dih..::e Gas denotes gas at 1 atmosphere

Subscripts

I'" liqUId

e'i~
1
I

v = Vapour

;;;..'~

e-t-~

k '" ConduclMty

= Gas

E'

References

.Refrigerants (cont.)

1-

R717 Ammonia
ThermophysicaJ Formulae atSa~uration
Property

Equation

C", (kJ/kg.K)

4.6076 + (0.77303 x 10'~ x t + {0.43419 x 10"') x

~ (0.48835 x 10-, x~

Cp'" (kJ/kg.K)

2.6531 + (0.16199 x 10") x t+ (O.12457

+ (0.36974 x 1tr) x ~

x 10-J ) x f

Range

Dev(%)

~70to

50"C

02768x10'

-70 fa 50~C

0.6352x1O":

";(W/m.K)

0.52150 - (0.t8811 x 10'2)x t- (0.99082 X 10-6) x f

(0.21859x 10"')xt'

~70

k,.(W/m.K)
(Ref.3)

-0.2608128 + {3.018682 x 10:~

X T (1.088818:t 1~ XT2 + "11..215985 x 10~
+ (4.251701 x 10"'~Xr

-30Jo

XP

50~C

0.636OXHt 3

~1.4275 + (0.27296 x 10')rr - (0.24832 x 1o~rr2

263 to 323K

0.5039

u. (10'" Pa.s)
(Ref.2)

-5.34835 x 10"' .. (1.14180 x 10-')

x T _ (3.35825 X Ht' ) x T~ + (4.72675 x Ht"-) x T'

240 to 350K

0.07

'3
Thennophysical Formulae for Dilule Gas

1 1993 ASHRAE ~ThermophysicaJ Properties of Refrigerants (S.1. Edjlion)~.

Property

Equation

CX! (kJlkg.K)

2.1802 - (0:82873 x 10.3) x t

xf-(0.43414x1o-"x ~

kg (W/m.K)
u~ (10-3 Pa.s)

2. 1976 ASHRAE -Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants~.

3. Qrthogonal Che'tIYshev polynomial modelled on data in 1985 ASHRAE FundamentalsHandbook.

Range

+(0.18858 x 10")

-:-

Dev{%)

-34 to 200~C

0.314h 10':

ro'l {57.606

+ 0.17853 X10 6 1
T + 0.50848 X 10 7fT1}

23-3 to-473K

0.7418 x 10'"

ro'l {0.45618 + 0.46624 X 103 I

240 to 473K

0.4513 x 10"'

T~0.29156xl0/n

.....

10,?"C

In u, (10.4 Pa.s)

All equations are from reference 1 unles<'> noted under Ihe ~Property- column.

.i

..

10.06

-------------'-=-_.......:..-_-'-----~--------------

10.07

'

1a-,""C O
'::9 '

"

:r:~

~--:j-;'

Refrigerants (cant)

~,I-~

R134a
Property

Equation

C.. (kJfkg.K)

2177.015'(4.800540 x 10') xT
.. (4.390533 x 10") x Tl'~ (2.131701 x 10~) x T1
+ (5.790039 x 10') xT' . (8.350493 x 10") x T'
.. (4,995374 X10"") x ~

Range

<'.

3522.944. (7.777597 x 10') x T

.. (7.117925 x 10") x Tl .-{3.456396 X- 10': x'T'
.... (9.393899 x 1P ~ x T' . (1.355074 X 10'~J: r
+ {8.106919 x 10"'~ x T5

"

Dev(%)

210 to 353K

2041

...233 10 358K

3.59

e'[=

..

219.7396.:(4.665291 x 10") x T
+ (3.750192 x 10'~).x T 2 -,(L264533 x 10"') x T'
+ (1.603670 X 10"~ x T'

210 to 353K

0.07

k.\10,-'Wlm.Kl

100.4636+ '1.089896 x T (3.808666 x 10~) xT2

.. 4,945541 x lO'') ,x T-'. {3. 725800 x 1O~ :i T'

21010 353K

0.05

19.34066 (2.249236 ;( 10") x T

.. (1.009;94 x 10") X T 1 (2.042142 x 10 ')
.. (1.555789x 10) x T'

210 to 353K

1.05

T'

326.23784.8'78733 x T
.. (2.764861 x 10'~ x T~ ~ (6.878235 x 10~)
... (6.400.155 x 10~) x T'

21010 353K

1.57

T'

u. (10" Pa.s)

':'T
---~

'-1~:;;;1

k, (1 O"""Wfm.KI

u, (10"" Pa.s)

R290

Thermophysical Formulae at Saluration

C~ ... {~kJ/kg-;<)

Refrigerants (cant.)

f:TO

Er~

't-~

~ Il~

4~

~b~

E~

E: It-'3
j
,
.,....::=:.
E I ,,,,=,
I
Ell ~

Thennophysical Formulae at Saturalion

Property

Equation

Range'

Oev{%J

C.. (kJ/kg.K)
(Ref.2)

1.81178 ... (1.63860 x 10-J ) xT - (9.12887 x 10'1

x T 1 + (4.3059 x 10'~) x TJ
ood
-21.3043 .. 0.252663 x T - (9.89376 x 10") x T 2
... (1.26745 x 10'1 x T'

89 to2aOK

0,3

28010 360K

0,1

209 10 34r3K

-8.019574 + 0, t13692.x T _ (4.5244.5.x 10") x T1

.. (6.39778 x 10-') x TJ

k,(Wfm.K)
(Ref,2)

0.23979 - (4.7857 x 10") x T

T<=>< lo 350K

10

k.(W/m.K)
(ReL2)

..:0.089257 + (9.51424 x 10") xT (3.16824x 10~)

xl- + 4.04528 x 10'~xT)
.

200 10 350K

3.7

In u, (10" Pa.s)
(ReO)

-4.83768 ~ 915.1831T 37930.91T2

140 10 300K

4.1

(fO->' Pa.s)
(Rel.2)

080850" (7.94972 x 10J ) x T - (2.58451 x m~)

x T~ + {2.80976 x 1O'~) X T3

344 10 278K

3.2

11.

c-

Thennophysical Formulae for Dilute Gas

Property

Equ<;ttion

Range

C~(kJlkg.K)

200 to 750K

(Ref.2)

.1.28675 - 3.81435 x 10') xT + (2,68355 x 1O-~

x T 2 (3.65287 x 1 O~) X T ' .. (1.67059 x 1O").x r

kg (Wlm.K)
(Ref.2)

T"~ I {166.094 + 1.27296 x 10~ IT + 2.43846 x 10'

I T 2 + 2.50893 x 109 I T'}

270 to 400K

u g (10-" Pa sI
'c
(Ref.2)

T"~ I {1.0S0?? +

270 to 550K

0.06

276.643/T + 31205 IT 2
.5.97216 x 10~ (T l )

10.08

-----------------------......

C~. (kJ/kg.K)
(Ref.2)

..

~~~~~~~ ~.~ ..~-~-

Oev(%)

n no

.--- -.. ----.~

-~
. __._ ..J

Refrigerant ~ine Capacity for Ammonia

Refrigerant Line Capacity for R22

(KllowUts of llefrigentlan llesultln<; in ~ Line Frh:tlan Ora~ CAP In ~Pill

per 100 Equiulent I";pe Len9th ~s 51>0.....
with (arrespondlng Ch.n'le (AT) In s..turat;an Tomper.ture)

(Kilowatt~ of Refrigeration Resl/ltirI'J in a

LIne frictil:m Dro~ (,\p in kPal

per 100. (quiyalent ripe lenqth as Shown.
with CorresilO"d;"'I Ch.nge (AT) In SoJturat;on 1<:"'0.1
.

Steel
Line Size
HOI'Iin.1
~

Strctlaft Lines 4, 2c

.,.
."
". 1.69 ". 11.63
,.,
,.,

"

100

ISO

'"
Steel
Line S; ze
/10/11;1'1.1

.., .. ,

"

14.9
3t..

"

:'J

""

"SO
"
100
"
ISO
'"
200
0)

15.3
JZ.J

19

1001

.,

Velocity' 0.5 m/s

1Z

"

III

I,S8
2211
3612
ISl0

61
19
<05

toP 45.00

'"
HI

'"
."

1536
264J

1056
2154
368t
6281
12854

30 0 e Cendensing I"'ceratu_e; IOC AI per 10001

O'SCIl4'9nd Liquid Linos b~S.d en _5C ,ucUon.

(I)

(2)
fo_ Oltler

C~pacity

and

(qu;~.I.nt

ISl.33

27.89
51.05
a-t.S2
151.24

29.70
54.37
90.00
178.09

219.41
431.31
9!9.57

291.02
4sa.SO
971 .54

Jl6.19
48B.14
1041.05

D.n

18

26.24
48.03
19.50

.Fo,.

otlll~r

Actu.l Le

Table

CJpil.c'I~Y

"
LOO
LOO

(31

0;

Z~'.:

.~r

~~. ~f)

I.C.~

"

11.41
l;.q

~5

""

H9.24
1')4.19
1414.99
2190.55
4696.95

J1ctual::.1 loss DeSired)

"-laDLe':'l loss

lengths in a given (';pe

[Actual CaPJeitljl.a
"
laDle '.:.lpaC1t:Fj

, ,.

~i:e

Values are base4 on 40"C condensing temperature. 'or CJOoJcitles .t

other condensing ~erJture~. multiply table tons by thl) following
factors:

"

C.96
1.14

Sue t i on Lt ne~

C.91

"

1.4J

SO

10.10

l.IP
LIO
1.00
0.91

JO

~.~

"

FROM:

'--------------~------~

A$HRAE

10.11

..

-~~-~

!
I
,,I

2~O.51

J76.n

L: ~

121.(11

611. 98

Table L
Actual

?l 54
!i.

Z6.6&
44.51
10.52
103.45
114.13
.69.94

Actual le
<iT. Table <iT . ~

"
-'~

ASr:flAE
"

I
!,
!

L ,n~~

(QUi~alent

Conckn~ing T~ei".ture. "C

zo
l.C4
0.86

2.11.16
SZ1,16

'1. S "'-

nS.3\
331.66
721.88

... t'~ and tlluiyalenl Lengths, le.

For other Capacity an4

rctU.1 cu.ettYj'
uGle Lap'Clty

,.Iues bu.d on lO"( condenst"" t......'raLtrr. For c'P4dt;es 4t othe..

COndens,n9 t",perltur.s, .... lt1ply Uble top.>dty by tl>e 10110";"9
...;tors:

Su.ctlon LI""
1I0t lOos LInes

!5o;.~1

li'lJ"

;;; .31
6\.84
12Z.;0

45;11

'.'~iecit1

Z.60
4.95
6.59
15.01

:z

~O.34

0,

2:14
1.55
3.06
14 .15

2.30
4.37
7.59

1~.83

l7.-22

,0,
.\

20

1.SI

l.T6
J.lT
5.gS
10.31

~.:::6

99.5~

74.50

"

1 =3
~. :5

" " I'

len9ttlS in. 9;"'1'1 pip. size:

41 hbl. <\T . ~.

(')

.'

Su<tion Temp.

lineCapacit~ :

O}

~r

SaturH~

61

<q\ll~alent Len9th.

ZlO.J~

CoPper.
,'lamina I

"""
1'"
"

'00'

16320

Llr.e~

""

'IS
1'69
2840
4524

'2l

SI'

an

.,

Sl.l9

.~

liP

B'-1I
15.99
26.56
52.8\
9~ .08
145.B9
312.\1

!lischa_se

1Z

250

0,
-s

37.83

0.7S
\.43
2.AS
4.39

0.95.
U6
2.93
S.8Z
10.10
11.80
35.49
G3.34
98.13

line Size

-~O

63.8
lIS

"

110

O~ SO

L<J<

"""
"

'"
'"
'"

".

..1P. 21.70

3. iJ
6.81
)1.44
22.81
40.31
63.3.1
135.99

-zo

-JO

0.32
0:61

"
""

39.1

"
;,

IS. ;

'"

1019
,0<;8
JlB3
6111
US,9

2042
3681
5954
12195

19.3

Line~ .~T

~tur~ted Suction Temp, ~C

I
I
.." I

.40
llP19.59

Liquid tinel

19'

".'"

13.1
25.9

\622
2625
SJBl

149\
3056-

'"

IS.

56.5

OHlS ar fibre:

S09

JJ.2

'""

1ZZ

18<

.t.9

'"
'H
'"

".
."

Copper,
lIa';'lnaJ.

.....

U
U

"ao
m

"as

4T ,DC
~P 68.<0

."

AP 31.05

1"

60\

."

m,

4P'. 21.56

14.6,
30.2

2003

DiScharge Lines

"
m
'""
'"

125,

.,

'"

19.5
29.5

206
315

'"

...

l.J

"1
""
."

eo

GP 15.Ba

......

12.1
\B.2

""SO

."

I.,

l.t
3.0

"
."

Line Size

SHtrrate4 Suctian Tem~er.ture, DC

"

".

Suction

lIot

Ga.~

Lines

Notes
"

CFC Phase Out Application Guide

The timetable set by the Montreal Protocol is for production and consumption of ozone depleting
s'-Ibslances in developed counlries. Consumption is defined as the quantities manufactured and imported
less those quanlities exported or destroyed in a given year. Percentage reducUons relate to the base year
pr9duclion for the substance.
.
The following table summarises the requirements laid down under the 198 7 Montreal Protocol and the
1990 London and 1992 Copenhagen Amendments and includes fhe r~uiremenls for those CFC's and
HCFC's (HydroChloroFluroCarbons) commonly used inlhe .air conditioning and refrigeration industry.
SUMMARY OF CONTROLS UNDER THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL
Sf,.lbstance

CFCs
(11,12.113,
114 -115)
I

I HCFs

I (22 & others)

. Conlrol Measures

'R~visi~n-199i

Monlreal1987

London Revision 1990

Copenhagen

. freeze at 1986
levels by 1989
, 20% cut by mid 1993
, further 30% cut by
mid 1998

. 50% cut by 1995 (i)

' further 35% cut by
1997
, 100% phase-out by
2000

.75% cut by 1994

. 100% phase-out by 1996
(other Ihan essential users)

. nol included

. nol included but to be

reviewed in 1992

; freeze by 1996 (H)

, 35% cut by 2005
65% cui by 2010
90% cui by 2015
99.5% cuI by 2020
100% cuI by 2030

Note Dates ale 1 January unless otherwise indicated:

(i) at 1286 levels
(iiJ al 1989 levels
Source: Ellvironmenial Protection Agency. CS/RO - Div. of Atmospheric Research.
CFC Phase-ou(: From t Jonuary 1994 the Montreal Prolocol requires CFC production la be reduced la
not more than 25% of Ihe 10tal production levels established for the base year, Production 01 CFC's will
cease totally by 1 January 1996. Auslralia set a quota of30% of the base year for production and import.
of CFCs for the year commencing 1 July 1993. This quota will be reduced by a further 20%drom 1 July
1994 to 31 December 1995.
HCF's: The ph(lseou~ of HCF's uses a cap, or limit based on an ozone depletion potential,(OOP) unit
concep!. The base of lhis cap is determined via the following formuJa:.1989 CFC. prodw;:tionx ODP x 3.1 %
... 1989 HCF production x ODP '" total ODP weighted cap, The production of all'HCF's will be frozen from
1 January 1996 la the total ODP weighted cap levels established for 1 January 1989, which for Australia
equals 59157 ODP tonngs. On the basis of a draft. ANZECC report on HCF usage in Australia lhis cap
is lhought la be excessive, It is proposed to adopt an "Australian" cap that meels anticipated demand and
allows Ihe Commonwealth 10 hold a -reserve to be used if there are clear indicalions of unmet demands.
Production wdi be reduced la 55% o/Ihe 1989 ODP weighted cap levels by 2005: 35% of lhe 1989 ODP
weighted cap levels by 2010: 10% of the 1989 ODP weighted cap levels by 2015; 0.5% of the 1989 ODP
weiohled cap !lowels by 2020 and at! production will cease by 1 January 2030. As theProlocol calls on
sig;atories
limit use 01 HCFC's and as the allowable cap exceeds Australia's projected needs and
AUSlr::l1i~n Inrllr51ry quota slilrfing (It 250 00 tonnes per ye::lr on 1 January 1996 and redUcing every \wo
years aller 1999 is now a preferred option, Similarly, parties are genefallyagreedthat Australia should
ailn 10 aC,hleve VIrtual phase-oul of all HCF's b~ the year 2015.
H

10

FWlIl A/RAH Air conditioning arld Refrigeration Industry CFC Phase-out User Guide, September 1994.

,10.12