SLAC-PUB-1011

WV
January 19 72
EVANESCENT WAVES IN POTENTIAL

SCATTERING

FROM REGULAR LATTICES

S. Twareque Ali and Marjan Ba@e

Department of Physics and Astronomy
University of Rochester , Rochester, New York 14627

Joseph H. Eberlyt
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305

(To be published in Phys. Rev. D. )

*Research partially supported by the U. S. Air Force Office of Scientific

Research and by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.
TPermanent Address : Department
Rochester.

of Physics and Astronomy,

University

of

23

ABSTRACT
A recently
structures
escent

Attention
these

is applied

approach

or far

field,

is directed

field

scattering

is

expressed

(triclinic)

centers.

-2-

lattice

in

wave'modes.

conditions

is a finitely

evan-

exactly,

lattice

at the diffraction

non-orthogonal

by regular

of diffracted

by a sum of 'plane

modes when the scatterer

dimensional

to scattering

to an investigation

The scattered

waves.

the near

developed

thick

obeyed by
three

of individual

I.

Introduction
Recent

plane

work has shown clearly

waves and especially

spectrum

lar

a helpful
1
phenomena .

spectrum

Cerenkovian

has
effects'

addition,

it

formulation

study

the past
to play

and inverse

scattering

in a study

of a diffraction

theory

of an electromagnetic

filled

with
is

in the

Within

spectrum

of a wide
several

, for

important

to realize

This

field.

modes are characterized

tion

example.

In

fields4,

and the quanti-

of holography5,
in an infinite

that

there

propagation

in which

space half-

are really

significance

or clear

physical

On the other

decay

with

great

meaning

need not

hand,

there

is already

wave.

detract,

-3-

modes associated
fact

that

evanescent
and

and the direc-

task

of assigning

This

lack

of course,

which

out.

In the

in one direction

the

are physical

singled

field.

may be undetermined.

caution

mode expansions

two aspects

directions,

decay occurs

to an evanescent

power of mathematical

to the

in the transverse

the exponential

physical

direction

is due simply
by exponential

Thus one must approach

given

to

dielectric6.

a given

plane-wave

of

the angu-

in new approaches

to the use of the evanescent

modes of a radiation
may be
there
R no unique set of evanescent
first
place,
with

range

years,

of source-free

wavefield

of

modes of the angular

been brought

zation

It

role

figured

has

the angular

the evanescent

can play

electrodynamic

that

include
problems

It

of unique
from the

evanescent
for

may happen

which
that

modes.
a
this

quasi-one-dimensionality
sion

involving

evanescent

suggests

evanescent

internally

reflecting

dielectric

surface.

reflection

and refraction

physically

suggested

Lalor

and Wolf7

treatment

quantization

In much of the previous

usually

electromagnetic

problems

the microscopic

(X-rays

scatterer

some regularity
microscopic

act

viewpoint
(electrons

the problem

of

transmitted

field;

of evanescent

and non-

to be essential

for

their

problem.

work mentioned

above,

interaction

the principal
of a material,

and spatially

homogeneous),

with

are,

large

of prob-

however,

view

scattering

and gamma rays)

that

the

for

or neutrons,
a particle-particle

for

-4-

particles

by media with

problems

example)
interaction

scattering.

at such short

In addition,

such as crystals.

seems more natural

an

Among such

individual

or scattering

independently,

classes

is more natural.

electromagnetic

or structure

wave and in which

the

There

we can include

wave lengths

particles

(isotropic

wave.

lems in which

in the

triads

has been in the"collective"

amorphous

of

by the use of the

of the

interface

outside

away from the

have treated

mode decomposition

of a field

interest

decays

at such an interface

modes at a dielectric

direct

the wave field

dielectric

and Mande16 have found

and Carniglia

Individual

way.

may have a very

For example,

a totally

of a mode expan-

modes in a particular

interpretation.

evanescent

introduction

in such situations,

modes,

physical

the

the

in which

comprise
potential

the

incident
causes

Our interest
paper

is

we extend

quantum

some earlier

mechanical

we study
sional

in this

work8

scattering

We give

scatterers.

by one of us (JHE) on the

In particular,

triclinic

(three-dimen-

by a general

up the notions

of cross

evanescent

and non-evanescent

in order

to focus

individual
section

and asymptotic

on the distinctions

(homogeneous)

between

waves transmitted

scatterer.

The remainder

of the paper

is organized

section

restates

the mathematical

Weyl angular

spectral

decomposition'

will

lattices.

of identical

amplitude

In this

of problems.

arrangement

scattering

next

group

by perfect

the waves scattered

non-orthogonal)

by the

second

be used throughout

gonal

lattice

introduce

the paper,
is

in two dimensions

our notation

is the derivation
decomposition
Section

III

certain

familiar

formalism,
for

Scattering

then

scattered

applies

field

the results

critical

angle

briefly

method.

A principal

arises

naturally

orthoto
result

lattice

discrete

of Section

that

in order

a "plane

into

the

waves,

by a plane

treated

and summation

The

especially

spherical

of what we have called

of the

as follows.

wave"

modes.
II

to show that

in our treatment

of scattering.
In Section
for

IV we apply

single-layer

multi-layer
waves"

rectangular

lattice.

is valid

the concepts

in this

lattices

In particular,
larger

context.

-5-

illustrated

in Section

to an arbitrary
the notion
Section

triclinic

of "plane

lattice

V is concerned

11

with

evanescent

many J for

arbitrary

ellipse

define

in Section
cell

type*

that

evanescent

VI scattering
of which

second

angles
all

plane

points

lattice

outside

concluding

terms

sees easily,

for

example,

be scattered

into

second

lattice

section

the paper,

order

which

-6-

each

summarizes
of the

and on the
series.

evanescent

non-evanescent

briefly

of different

we comment on the validity

how first
order

a certain

centers

in the Born scattering

infinitely

We discuss

modes.

two scattering

a short

are

of incident

from a three-dimensional

as used throughout

order

there

and direction

integer

in two Appendices

Born approximation

of which

waves,

contains

after

Finally,

our results,

of the

lattice
lattice

We find

radiation.

unit

plane

waves.

form

One

waves can

II.

Weyl Expansion
In order

to introduce

dimensional,
we review

and Evanescent

finitely
here

Waves in Two Dimensions

our treatment
lattices

thick,

our earlier

of extended
8

treatment

of scattering

by three-

scatterers,

of two-dimensional

lattices.
As the

simplest

case we consider

(2N + 1) x (2N + 1) orthogonal

molecules

units

- atoms,

lying

in the x-y

units

interact

electron,

finite

plane

with

etc.

a two-dimensional

lattice

or other

of identical

microscopic

of our coordinate

the

incident

scatterers

system.

the single

which

convenience

particle

The scattering

wave or particle

- through
for

scattering

- neutron,

potential

we may imagine

to have a

range.
We assume a scalar

wave vector
Figure
speaking,

k lying
In the

1.

first

and have written

scattering

the

time

(fi2/2m)U(r")

with

z-direction,

Born approximation

of the scattered

We have suppressed

wave field,

in the positive

when multiple

the amplitude

incident

the incident
as shown in

(applicable,

is negligible

(see App.A)),

wave is

dependence

exp

for

total

-7-

the

roughly

scattering

potential
the

at point

lattice.

where

parallel

of the sum over

lattice

of coordinates

should

be noted

are the primitive

-7

and

The

in (2.2)

has been put

depart

from the usual

at all

indicates

at the central

In optical

of N&y),

some constant

the

However,

and may be exploited

very

large

adopted

our potential,
double

the

special

form of

so far

does not

Born Approximation
10 one simply

problems
times

the

special

dielectric

approach
has,

in place

susceptibility

form of our potential

significantly

in the

to

limit

is

important

of a lattice

N.

We may mention
problem,

for

our discussion

in (2.2),

scattering.

(r)

except

that,

given

with

in

the x and y axes.

to

integers

our potential

with

centers

site.
It

scattering

1, 2 and h

As in Figure

lattice,

the origin

the

is,

= sa+r$,

of the

symmetry
that

That

e(~,q)

vectors

due to all

-r'

in advance

from optics,
in the

period

one point
that

limit

of large

a and b it

will

-8-

might

of view

of our

be helpful.

N, will

Since

be periodic

have a double

Fourier

series

Each term

representation.

potential

will

will

affect

thus

be a sinusoidal

diffraction

grating

could

therefore

be viewed

coefficients
of sine

as

fineness

and y'

and
sinus-

scattered

superposition

with

by a discrete

of detail

however,

wave
complex

collection

collection

potential

of imagined

in number.

that-there

(no smallest

single-particle

be infinite

sine

We will

is no limit

structure)

Thus the dis-

U,(r').
gratings

not

pursue

in the

would,
this

in general,
point

of

further.
After

and

The final

the

of waves scattered

individual

(2.2)

the

gratings.

to the

view

of x'

for

as a two-dimensional

would.

We must keep in mind,

crete

series

function

the scattering

oidal

in the

introducing

and using

the

s = r_' - f (~,y]
temporarily

into

Eqs.

assumed ortho?onality

f ( 5 I ';! 1, one gets

- 9 -

(2.1)

and

of &

The presence
indicates,
point

of the spherical
that

of course,

source

throughout

for

scattered

wave factor

in the

each scattering

center

radiation.

our investigation

to use Weyl's

decomposition

of such a factor.

decomposition

as a double
i klR_J
e
ikfEi/

(2.4)
where

the vector

Usually

acts

find

angular

as a

it

convenient

spectral

one now writes

the Weyl

integral:'
J
SJ

We will

integrand

a h

S'

P is defined

PR

by its

Cartesian

components

(2.5)
with

the restriction

Both p and q are real

and m is

defined

so that,

for

imaginary

denoting

the opposite
After
integrand

m=

applying
of

(2.3)

positive

(when p 2 + q2>

1).

real

is

Weyl's

formula

to be chosen

out

real
the

sign

chosen

by z, of course,

of fl.

For

z <O

in each case.

to each spherical
the sums one finds

- 10 -

values,

(when p2+ q2L1)

Here,

component

convention

and carrying

possible
with

the corresponding

sign

all

JT--z

z > 0, m is either

or positive
we are

as

and run through

wave in the

where

It

is clear

become very
fact

that,

sharply

for

peaked

one has the useful

where

convergence

and q integrations
these

values

large

is

N, the

and behave

diffraction

as delta

functions
functions.

FN
In

identity:

in the

Thus the p

sense of distributions.

in (2.7)

may be exactly

of p and q contribute

performed,

to the

and only

integration

which

satisfy

where

c1 and @ are arbitrary

are

in the x and y directions,

the

z-direction,

We will
that

these

use this
this

restrictions
context

respectively,

equations

more elaborate

generalization
on the vector
of non-orthogonal

is,

and since

can be rewritten

form

since

in fact,
p which

lattices

since

Obviously,

integers.

will

in

show in Sec.IV

change

be required

and non-normally
- 11 -

k is

as:

we shall

the only

a and b

in the

in the larger
oriented

incident
for

The vector

waves.

specific

present

integers

context

radiation

c which

o. and B will

of an orthogonal

we may write

P
-aB=

satisfies

these

be denoted

by Lp.

lattice

equations
In the

and normally

k(pog9qogjmoB)

incident

where

(2.10)
Xb

eing

the wavelength

notation,

we may finally

Eq.

very

(2.1)

of the
write

incident
the

Using

this

wave function

of

radiation.

scattered

compactly:

(2.11a)
where

This

form makes evident

It

the Weyl decomposition.

radiation
call

plane

lattice

P *
-a@

waves possess
P& + q;,

waves,

with

One important
is already

+ m& = 1, it

scattered
amplitudes

property
evident

follows

words,

(02
the

which

waves,

we find

which

we will

I-- aB

and propagation

these

plane

immediately

that

the homogeneous
= 0

radiation

- 12 -

in

the scattered

lattice
Since

and may be mentioned.

satisfies
.
+ k2) e%@'1^

scattered

utility

us to express

wave separately

wave equation
other

allows

as a sum of elementary

vectors

lattice

the principal

for

each plane
free

jzI > 0.

space
In

has been decomposed

into

certain

special

particularly
It

true

wave modes,

suited
is

depends

free

for

to the geometry

interesting

on just
three

that

lattice-mode

scatterer.
given

stands

to the corresponding

in

(2.11a)
remains

One may say that

series

in (2.11%)

to a three-discrete-parameter

two-continuous-parameter

see are

cr. and B. (This

scatterers).

as the

angular
conventional

stands

Fourier

spectral

the
in

series

integral

(2.7)

three-continuous-parameter

integral.

Note also
plane

parameters

dimensional

same relation

Fourier

of the

we will

the mode expansion

two discrete

two-discrete-parameter
the

modes which

that

2 > 0, then

Fourier

if

the

scattered

field
r

the coefficients
complicated

inversion,

slightly

itself

is known on some

may be determined
by a
a@
by the non-orthogonality

of the -a and -b vectors:

Here

ra and rb

are components

and the consequent

I(a_ x l&dxdy.
course,

non-orthogonal

Knowing

the construction

2 > 0, and the whole

approach
Kirchhoff

to a solution
diffraction

of r along
area

element
r

the coefficients
of the
scattering

solution
problem

is more or less
theory,

the 2 and -b directions,

which

is

then

allows,
onany

solved.

in the

attemp

- 13 -

M
q(r)

obeys dra drb=

spirit

of
plane

Such an
of classical

to construct

the

entire

diffracted

field

from a knowledge

of the

field

itself

either

in apertures
or on edges, and is, of course,
distinct
approach inwhichwe
to describe
the field
from a knowledge
from our presentdttempt

of a scattering
in which

the potential

has been discussed

of plane

is

to emphasize

expresses

the

describes

of the

, using

The double

problem,

scattered

the angular

two types

useful
lattice

contained

lattice

the-sum

waves,
spectrum

field

of e

ikr

plane

whose dependence

/r

in

field

in (2.11)

near

which

the

by (2.11)

lattice,

The scattered

as

(for

- 14 -

(2.4):

evanescent

are exponentially

increasing

coordinates

to the

such that

which

which

form,

wave is a

corresponding

a and B are

waves
three

all

scattering

in closed

in the Weyl decomposition

on all

for

qS ) is now rather

is not

waves of two types

lattice

lattice

field.

2
is imaginary)
1 and m
P af3 +q2 a@>
aB
than oscillatory,
with
damped, rather
homogeneous

exactly

qY as expressed

words,

nevertheless.

waves (for

of plane

The conventional

0.

"radiation"

sum solution

is very

that

the "induction"

as the asymptotic

sum of plane

z>

In other

to isolate.

correctly

it

10

scattered

the coefficient

(i.e.

awkward

well

in terms

by Wolf

L in the half-space

amplitude

plane

recently

important

waves in (2.11)

but

is sought

or reconstruction

waves.

It

points

The inverse

potential.

mab

]zj

; and

is real),

is oscillatory.

and

For evanescent
(the

direction

lies

in the

z = 0 lattice
vector

is an evanescent

to the

that

since

plane

infinitely

lattice

are only

many evanescent

perpendicular

plane

into

that

there

to each lattice
the z > 0 half-space.

requires
sufficiently
small
m
a@
a finite
numberof
such homo-

By the

waves.

of the

One may verify

waves travel
a real

phase)

of constant

is no component

in the z-direction.

a and B, there

integers

surfaces

There

plane.

The homogeneous

of travel

waves the direction

wave propagating

We may observe

geneous

lattice

perpendicular

propagation

diagonal.

plane

same token

lattice

there

are always

waves in the

scattered

field.
A further
scattered

general

remark

can be made concerning

As (2.10)

wavefield.

shows,

if

the

we have

(2.13)

is certainly
m
aB
evanescence
condition
incident
x > a or

waves,

h>b,

for
It

radiation.

wave (the
non-forward

interesting

evanescent.
both

forward-travelling
scattered

lattices

lattice

except

(2.12)

the

and normally

to note

the waves,

then

exceeds

orthogonal
is

are necessarily

wavelength

so we may call

imaginary,

then

that

if

either

the o = 0 and B = 0

As soon as the radiation

spacings,

00 wave)

only

is allowed,

waves are evanescent

- 15 -

plane

one homogeneous
and all
lattice

the
waves,

which

travel

in the x-y

O" and 90 are the only

that

terms,

very

to evanescent

small

This

allowed

scattering

details

transmitted

In concluding
that

plane.

up to Eqs.

Bragg-Laue
However,

following

a picture

Eqs.

aspects

appear

of the near

traditionally

field,

overlooked

scatterer

in it

or,

give

out

are not

our results

in other
rise

that

only

we recognize
In partic-

new.

are standard

we have concentrated
in which

amplitude

naturally,

angles;

that

embody much of the traditional

(2.9),

of the scattering

same as saying

we must point

of scattering,

such as the asymptotic

do not

which

the

presented

(2.9),

picture

3,lO

section

some of the results

ular,

of the

waves

this

is

in order

some of the

and the
to focus

altogether.

- 16 -

10

on explaining
familiar

scattering

cross

our attention

such as evanescent

ones

waves,

which

features,
section,
on
are

III.

The Critical

Angle

We now apply
angle

of Evanescence

the results

By critical

may come to exist.

between

the

beyond

which

incident

of Section

wave vector

the non-forward

II

angle

k and the

scattered

to show how a critical

we refer
lattice

to an angle
normal

wave is almost

2 x b

entirely

evanescent.
For our purpose
and take

the

Then -4
k.a

= k a sin9

lattice

it

sufficiently

general

to be one dimensional
cos ok, where

8 is

(a.b
--

to let

= O,/al

the angle

k.b

= 0

= a,)bl+oo).

between

incident

the azimuthal
angle of
and 8
r\ k'
a slight
0 or 7~~ We are thus considering

and lattice
k,

simplification

normal,

is either

of the general

Now the allowed

plane

which are determined

of P
-a@
c1 and /3. We may solve Eqs.

Here,

is

bukere

wave vector
the vector

here

as in Section

II,

case sketched

lattice

modes are defined

by Eqs.
(2.9)

in Figure

(2.9)

through

LD

to find:

for

we have used k = 2~r/X

2.
by the values

the

integers

and have defined

P and 4 bY
(3.la)

(3.lb)
and we recall

that

all

modes for

which
- 17 -

p2 + q2 > 1 are purely

evanescent.
Now we take

account

assumed in this

section

of the one-dimensionality
by setting

b =

we have

uc , thereby

obtaining

(3.2)
where

the

sign

familiar

the

is

the angle
This

lattice.

At this

point

(3.2)

cosgk

is given

can be cast

into

of the outgoing
follows
2

fromg

wave transmitted
from

the

fact

and from Eqs.

= k2,

we see it

is most natural

through

that

g is

the

(3.1).

to rewrite

(3.2)

in

form:

sin a,
which

is

critical

angle

order

CI and ratio
which

that

sirI&

the familiar

a one-dimensional

for

factor

that

relation

wave vector,

by the

expression

form by recognizing

outgoing

the

carried

The resulting

explicitly.

where

ambiguity

(3.3)

/sin@,]

expression

h
z J

11 for

diffraction

grating.

is now obvious,

since

'X/a
requires
> 1.

That

there

the

for

may well

that

transmission

maxima of

The occurrence

an unphysical
is,

(3.3)

a given
be angles
transmission

value

dition
- 18 -

of 8 for

of a

diffractive
of incidence
angle
which

such
the con-

(3.4)
is

first

Since

satisfied

corresponds

(3.4)

signals

already

conventional

recognize

possible

transmission

On the other
mine which
of

hand,

incidence

of

(3.4).

That

statement

of the corresponding

CL.

> 1, it

or (3.4)

gives

to

is,

we
the

of diffraction.

around

and deter-

for

correctly

transmitted

II,

defining

order

are evanescent

Then Eq. (2.11b)

9.

amplitudes

(3.3)

of diffraction

order

p2 + q

of Section

in thebdh

0t

we can turn

orders

view

as a well-known
angles

for

waves.

in the context
converse

(3.3)

angle

to the condition

of evanescent

is more interesting,

a less

the critical

exactly

the appearance
It

take

may be called

given

angle

the complex

waves,

even if

they

are evanescent.
Perhaps

it

is unnecessary

critical

angle

(3.4)

critical

angle

for

Eq.

(3.4)

allows

not
total

at least

to point

shared

by,

out

example,
11 .
reflection

internal

for

one non-evanescent

to the never-evanescent

c1 = 0, B = 0 wave)

The internal

critical

of refraction

reflection

features

angle

the
For

wave (in
for

depends

of the
familiar
x<

a,

addition

every

value

of 8.

only

on the

index

of the dielectric:
sin0

int.refl.

1
= f; '

- 19 -

(3.5)

and so provides
8 >

For &

an absolute
eint

basic
very

on a uniform

periodicity

one cannot

homogeneous

result

(3.4)

and will
wave-length

will

(See references
in which

these

can be regarded

imagine

scattering

periodicities

give

5 and 10 for
effects

are

as

For such an
Born-approxiOne has re-

by an object

index

that

of these

periods

to evanescent

example,
important.)

- 20 -

for

but with
Our

of refraction.

to the effects

only

so weakly

may be applied,

in its

apply

rise

whose

effects.

make the known prediction

will

radiation

an object

wavelength.

the Born approximation

again

is no conflict

interaction.

diffractive,

waves.

evanescent.

for

dielectric,

to our particle-by-particle

we might

scale

is derived

hold

but not

some large

there

the radiation

fractive,

that

that

than

of the radiation-scatterer

refractive

wavesare

parameter

mate view

Finally,

clear

(3.5)

or structure

much smaller

object

Eq.

and (3.5).

of the homogeneous

transmitted

make it

however,

(3.4)

impinging

all
-

. refl.

We should,
between

cut-off

periodicities,

smaller
transmitted

discussions

than

waves.
of problems

Plane

IV.

Lattice

Waves and a Three

We now generalize
step

in the

direction

our scatterer,
of physical

treat

the case of a non-orthogonal,

three

dimensional

that

direction.
is

We require

travelling

toward

The lattice
directions,

only

is

(with

i.e.,

incident

that

ki

simple

the origin

section

we

triclinic,

we lift

the restriction

radiation

lie

be positive,

in the z

so that

the wave

space.

is assumed to be very
so that

deep,

take

In this

realism.

the z > 0 half

and N layers

potential
first

k of the

Scatterer.

and thereby

In addition

lattice.

the wave vector

Dimensional

large

in the x and y

the total

of coordinates

scattering

in the center

of the

layer)

(4.1)
where

the vector

vectors

a, b,

is composed of the primitive

ew

and c and integers

and

5 ,q,

lattice

d :

(4.2)
We orient

the coordinate

non-orthogonal

vectors

system

so that

the plane

a and b is the x-y

defined

by the

We choose

plane.

One lattice
layer is shown
a x b to define
the positive
z direction'.
in Fig. 2.
The method of reduction
of.the
scattered
wave into a sum of
plane

lattice

here,

practically

waves which
without

was explained
alteration.
- 21 -

in Sec.

II

may be followed

The introduction

of the

more general
to no very
two :
giving

lattice

lattice

rise

ones given
argument

The only

given
important

is now assumed finitely

to another

2 and b leads

2i

potential

se-Jere problems.

the

where

scattering

changes

thick

leads
are these

in the z-direction,

sum; and the non-orthogonality

lattice

to diffraction

functions

P
= a or b and L = k - -,
This

in Sec. II.

by (4.1)

FN of the

instead

straightforwa.rd

of the

of

form

somewhat

change

simpler

in the

functions
(which arise from the sums
the
) gives rise to more general
restrictions
on
over
F and 7
A
given in Eqns. (2.9)
the scattered
wave vector g
which

of the diffraction

we reproduce

here

for

convenience:

(4.4a)

2a.J

(4.4b)

= dy3

The scattered

wave is,

-t

!?-e

therefore,,

expressible

just

as

in (2.lla):

where

the plane

lattice

wave amplitude
- 22 -

in this

more general

case,

(a three-dimensional

non-orthogonal

lattice)

has the

form:

(4.6)

Here we have introduced

(4.7)

It

the abbreviations

= I g s -& I

is now possible

waves in this

general

be non-zero.

Note that

coupled,
which

and

if

to make an observation

situation

in which
(4.4)

Eqs.

a.b # 0) algebraic
--

are

about

k._a, k.b,
linear

equations

evanescent

and a.b

may all

inhomogeneous

with

(but

coefficients

real

determine

P x and P , and that Px and P are themselves

Y
Y
However, because a, B, -k.a
and k.b
necessarily
real.
--

therefore

are unrestricted

either

in magnitude,

or both

of Px and Py may

than k.
be larger

Then Pz mu&be

restrictions

in Eqs.
Just

monolayer

lattice

imaginary

(2.5)

and (2.6)

as in Eq.(2.lla)
of Sec.

(recall

II,

the plane

wave

).
for

now Eq.

the
(4.5)

two-dimensional
makes it

exponentially

damped lattice

waves are

are of course

the evanescent

waves of our general

- 23 -

lattice

clear

the consequence.
triclinic

that
These
lattice.

Diffracted

V.

Evanescent

Waves
12
Laue theory

In the classical
simple

one finds

space-lattices,

maximum to be most concisely

of diffraction

the condition

expressed

of X-rays
for

by the

by

diffraction

following

equation

(5.1)

Here

are the unit

go and fi

incident

and scattered

integers,

and a*,

reciprocal

lattice

where

is

are,

in fact,

Multiplying

where

a.aY;=
--

Laue equations
is

note

with

1,
(5.3)

translations

cell:

to the use of the

a,b
--

a.b+;=

of the

V = 2 x b . 2 .

is valid

Eq. (5.1)

equivalent

of the

by

of the unit

that

directions

o, B, y are any three

b;k, c_;k the primitive

defined

(5.1)

in the

waves respectively,

the volume

We also

vectors

and 2

a.c

9;

under
first

conditions

that

Born approximation.

one gets

have been used.

= 0, etc.

must be satisfied

simultaneously

if

The
diffraction

to occur.
We see immediately

that

Eqs.
-

24

(2.9)

and l&.4)

are exactly

equivalent

to the conditions

corresponds

in Eq.

to the condition

(4.6)

This

(5.3a)

barding

transferrable

the

while

(5.3~)

factor

in its

(5.1),

or its

component

and our relations

All

of these

momentum conservation
interaction

when (5.1)

be rewritten

reciprocal

state

particle

To be explicit,

Eq.

of course.

merely

where A*,

between
- (5.3c),

is to be expected,
pressions

that

and (5.3b),

have a maximum.

agreement

equations,

(5.3a)

with

is multiplied

(4.4)

and (4.6)

equivalent

ex-

for

each bom-

the regular

scatterer.

by 27$/x

it

may

as the momentum equation:

B*,

and C*

are the basic

by the scatterer

units

in the

lattice:

- 25 -

of crystal

directions

momentum

of the

However
(4.6))
ful

this

conventional

tends

to obscure

situations

in which

view

(5.1)

(or

the possibility

that

there

the

momentum is required

transmitted

The wave associated

be compiex

unphysical,

merely

of

with

complex

and

(4.4)

may be meaning-

an imaginary

and its

evanescent,

of

kzis

to
not

amplitude

is given

bY (4.6)
We now look
scatterer
we look

in detail

on these
for

Complex-momentum

the condition

Pz + P2y > k2;

relation

at the conditions

that

(2.12).

the condition

is,

Since

which

we look

for

is easily

found

Pz is
the

by the

Accordingly,

particles.

under

(p x 2)2

imposed

imaginary,

or

generalization

of

P2, and since z^ = (5 x l$/A,

Y
the aid of Eqs. (2.9) to be

= P;

with

(5.4)

The limiting
of Sec. II
find

since

are easily

relation

Note also
then

cases which

(2.12)

that
(5.4)

the

refer

recovered.
again,

to the
If

multiplied

k.a
--

= -k.b

(for

arbitrary

- 26 -

situation

= -a.b = 0 we

by (2~r ah/x

a = /3 = 0 wave is never

reduces

simple

) .

evanescent

_a&&) to kz > k2,

which

To get a better
first

reduce

it

is never

understanding

true.
of condition

let

(5.4)

us

to

(5.5)

where we have set

If

we consider

vector,

(5.7)

and

we may rotate

an angle
Doing

(-,

this,we

Fe

r,

the quadratic
(5.5)

g3%

>

1)

where
(5.8a)

(5.8b)

components

the corresponding

to diagonalize
have for

as the

and
(5.9)

- 27 -

of a two-dimensional

coordinate
form

system
I La

through
55 &37-;

where

is

ab

the angle

The general
Eqs.

(5.6)

tionally

between

the 00 mode is always

rest

and angles

and

wave is an excepin any simple

way

Although

CXBmodes are evanescent.

(non-evanescent)

modes are not

by

wave,

even symmetrically

the
grouped

00 in the a@ plane.
We may clarify

outside

first

some aspects

Clearly

analysis.

ha

and expressed

possible

a homogeneous

of the homogeneous

about

incident

is not

which

here
spacings

of the
It

one.

explicitly

derived

the lattice

and wavelength

complicated

to determine

2 and b.

relationship,

-(5.9),

the direction

between

(5.7)

states

a certain

ellipse

all

incidence

(i.e.,

normal
which

lattice,

Eq.

of the

implies

that

situation
for

values

of

s4

= k.b
--

and

Consider

modes are evanescent.

k.a
--

= 0) and an orthogonal

The relation

@ = 0.

by a graphical

(5.7)

then

collapses

into
d2

> 1

(5.10)
and all
purely

integer

pairs

evanescent
Next,

the rotated

ellipse

of the new ellipse

the effect

the

the

incidence

we see that
of Fig.

in

normal

but

define

&or ~
347
Xa
is to shift

- 28 -

the axes

region

becomes

the axes A and B

A

incidence

Fig.

allowing

the homogeneous
Of course

4.

are no longer

of non-normal

ellipse

13

modes of radiation.

keeping

to be non-orthogonal,

a@ outside

either.
the origin

Finally,
of the

ellipse

4 to the point

of Fig.

The lengths
of the

of the axes of this

ellipse

in Fig.

Any experimental
made less
present

which

be helpful
value

than

decay very

If

is quite

the

if

are the

5.

same as those

lattice

lattices

waves will

be

one or more such waves are

with

a@ pair

increasing

leads

to the

spacing

incident

and contains

The nearest

define

the most slowly

lie

it.

small

within

which

slowly

of the

points

graphically.

as in Fig.

z.
smallest

Thus it

will

negative

is not

too much larger

beam, then

the evanescence

the wavelength

ellipse

new ellipse

of evanescent

of course,

to know which

for

k.a/27r)
--

4.
study

difficult,

(k.b/27-r,
--

decaying

For example,
much closer

than

only

CXBpoints
evanescent

a few homogeneous
outside

the ellipse

modes) are easily

in Figs.

4 and 5, we see several

one unit

to the ellipse.

- 29 -

mode
(which
found
points

VI

Lattice

of Two Types of Scatterers.

A practical
dimensional

situation

lattice

We now consider

infinite

in two directions,
cell

consisting

terized

is

more general
finite

lattice

one type

a three-

of scattering

case of a lattice
and having

scattering

potentials-U0

the

involve

in the third,

of two different

by scattering
If

most probably

composed of more than

centre.

unit

will

and Ul,

sites

charac-

as shown in Fig.

6.

diagonal

(6.1)

and
for

is defined

Lgf

our present

where

again

origin

given

the total

potential

the lattice

is
is

on a Uo.

taken

taken

to be N layers
in the

Once again

the

first

layer

forward

The

deep.

of scatterers

z-direction

is

by 5 x b.
Let

It

then

case is

of coordinates

and centered

as in Eq.(3.2)

us rewrite

is now clear

and IV,
analogous

obtaining
to that

that

the potential

mre

compactly

one can proceed exactly

wave
the scattered,,amplitude

in Eqs.

(4.5)

and (4.6)
- 30 -

as:

as in Sections
45$(r)

II

in a form

(6.4)

where

the notation
Equation

situation

consider

has zero

and since

same direction
in the usual

bility

for

experimentally
interference
of actually
how far
too

a partial

that

severe

TII the

before

incident

sense,

wave,

from scattered
measuring
particular
attentuation.

component
This

that

- 31 -

?L >

A second

and,

be possible
of the

a
out

in

possi-

of course
to measure

field

without

The possibility
is dependent

can be propagated

question

for

the corresponding

component

in this

is no scattering

case.

waves.

p$(r)

the one going

there

is

components

an evanescent

GD = k,

viz

diagonal

homogeneous

outgoing

11 that

particular

would

the evanescent

such a situation,

is no scattering

to vanish

case it

that

from the z = 0

i.e.,

in Sec.

to the lattice
first

far

= 0,

wave

in this

amplitude

be perpendicular

u. = - ul.

- @

one homogeneous

order

For the particular

Hence there

as the

at all

instrument

satisfies

we noted

is only

be no first

To envisage

waves.

amplitude.

interesting

waves we mean those

a measuring

wave which

there

there

Here by scattered

homogeneous

partial

direction,

&c8

that

the case where Ul = - Uo.

homogeneous

the

up an experimentally

is possible

of reaching

namely,

or b,

it

at all.

are capable
plane,

points

(6.4)

where

scattering

is unchanged.

upon

without

has been discussed

in Sec.

5.

Summary

VII.

gotenti al
We have attempted
to outline
an unusual approach to scattering
A
Our center of attention
by regular
but non-orthogonal
lattices.
has been on the near

field

how the Weyl angular

spectral

can be used to sum all

field.

Asymptotic

and the usual

plane

waves are

expressed

to identify

amplitude

lattice

near

lattice-

for

governing

the

our

scattered

parameterization

graphically;
having
irregular

lattice

the appearance

of these

relations

of the

lattices

(5.5)

or assemblies

waves due to the collective

- 32 -

The

necessary

examples

more general

here.

and

to (5.9).

practically

simplified

to do with

spacings

of transmitted

in Eqs.

makes it

and several

have not been investigated

evanescent

of waves,

components

arbitrary

complexity

sites

set

of which

evanescent

waves has been derived

as slightly

in our analysis.

waves has been used particularly

criterion,

angle,

Questions

discrete

scattered

deliberately,

no role

The discrete

exactly.

evanescent

proceed

plays

wave

field.

The general
incidence

to the

in terms

waves,

the most important

scattered

of a spherical

have been avoided

a two-parameter

by the plane

and we have shown

of the contributions

scattering

so-called

scatterer,

decomposition

expansions

We have derived

afforded

of the

to

are given.

scatterers

such

of random scattering

The appearance
behavior

of

of scatterers

regular,

finitely

thick

derived

from our work.

topics,

are under

at a later

crystals

can be inferred

but not

and other

Some of these,

related

We hope to report

investigation.

the results

time.

Acknowledgements
We are happy to acknowledge
colleagues

Drs.

Prof.

Sherman.

C.C.

and E. Wolf

for

R. Asby,

We are

critical

a number of helpful

A.J.

conversations

Devaney,
indebted

readingsof

suggestions

and E. Lalor,
to Profs.

our
and

L. Mandel

the manuscript

agwell.

- 33 -

with

and for

APPENDIX A
We discuss
order

in the present

Born approximation,

approximation
small

in which

is meaningful

compared

only

to the incident

the potential,

i.e.,

section

the validity

we have worked
if

of the
so far.

This

'-VP(23 in Eqs. (2.1)

i k.r
e - in the region

wave

first

is
of

if

(< 1 :

(AlI
7 GO

Because

our scattered

scattered
erion

wave is a coherent

from the whole

somewhat different

gonal

lattice

with

to facilitate

"rectangular

let
a c

us again

depth.

of course

w 9

- 34 -

a.

(= const),

incidence,

the potential

U. (r)

With

the
these

for

otherwise

is the width

We assume that

so that

for

normal

ortho-

of the form

TJ,

Here

crit-

one.

consider

take

tJo
Cd=-

(A3

a validity

assume a two-dimensional

We will

b.

calculations,

well"

we may expect

from the usual

For simplicity,

and,

lattice,

sum of waves

of the potential

individual
assumptions

potentials
we find

well

and U. its

overlap

extensively,

The first
single

term within
homogeneous

the braces

is the contribution

from the

wave c1 = B = 0 (we are assuming

the prime

over

the summation

removed.

A straightforward

indicates
calculation

that

this

leads

h > a> and

term has been

to

(A4)

Since
we may rewrite
maximum values,
(A5)

- 35 -

for

any complex
(A.4),
as

replacing

numbers
all

7, y
sines

we have
and cosines

1 F - yl
by their

52 IFI + I-d,

-yqw
In the
are

-4

first

summation

for

exponential

a = +, 2, t 3,

term might

allowed

values

brackets

are

of a,B,
less

than

<pi,-*p9
Hence we are able

when

Thus a sufficient
approximation

W)

36

exceed

unity.

the first
unity.

to obtain

The quantities
(except

and
a . e
A
Je=a"/h"
. . . . . When ct = 2 1 the

reads

within

In the

second

two quantities
Further

I
< dL
(3

wd

both

6'

/TcJ <s- - a/x 1

-d

first

sum, for

within

all

the square

we have that
for

all

c@ # 0.

the estimate,

the

is very

close

condition

for

square

bracket

to a) since
the validity

are all

X-w
of the

and
first

A > a.
Born

The criterion
criterion

given
(for

in (A8)

low energies

and weak potentials)

the

familiar

for

the validity

which

h >a,

IT,wz << I *

(A%

Thus we see that

for

and for

lattices

comprised

centers

such that

lenient
It

than

those

evanescent

than

cell

the "edge"

the Fresnel

of the

range

(A8)

is

potential
somewhat

one.

to notice

under

that,

(A8) may be phrased

"The number of bound states

smaller

long

the criterion

the usual

criterion

waves for

of relatively

w-a,

is amusing

the validity

unit

with

14:

of the Born approximation

less

may be contrasted

of the potential

the conditions
as follows:

U. must be much

number of the aperture'formed

lattice,

viewed

from a distance

of the potential)".

- 37 -

stated,

w (i.e.,

by a
from

APPENDIX B
As a last
correction

q$? r J

We again
Section

remark

consider

the

We easily

2.

we indicate

on the physical
with

the aid

that

the

infinite,

orthogonal

waves

plane,

in

behavior
of the usual

of evanescent
multiple

homogeneous

half

via

diffraction

of this

0)

of

in the positive

We see here

us information

theory

scattering

into,

same as in

Interpreting

wave transformed

into
say,

15

that

if

of the transformation

image formation.

- 38 -

, we see

a homogeneous

z-direction.

a role

multiple

(Bl)

evanescent

- from homogeneous

transformation

the second half

gives

waves.

- has been shown to play

in holography5.
important,

it

scattered

B' = 0) travelling

first

lattice

p
is the
- g'B

(2.11),

because

(a,@ # 0) can be again

wave (a',

w-

order

find

is interesting

incident

second

wave function

is as defined
I- *e
Section
2 and

result

form of the

to the scattered

where

This

the

The
to evanescent

in image elimination
scattering
would

were
lead

to

REFERENCES
1.

A brief

listing

be found

in a review

in Physics,
p.41.

See also

G. Toraldo

3.

Di Francis,

technix

4.

Press,

58,

G.C.

Phys.

6.

C.K.
recent

7.

E. Lalor

and E. Wolf,

8.

J.H.

10.

E. Wolf,

11.

M.Born
1970)

(Nov.

Physics

Ann. Physik

A. Bacos,

Ref.
Optics

E. Lalor

R. Asby
and E.Wolf,

J. Fox,

J.R.

21,

J.Math.

Shewell

ed.

(Poly-

and E.Wolf,

761 and 1220 (E)(1968);

Phys.

Phys.

11,

Rev.

2254 (1970).

D3, 280 (1971).

and with

by the

Some

same authors:

K. Drexhage,

J.Opt.

1971).
J.Opt.Soc.Am.,

Letters

-59,
25

60,

481 (1919).

Comm. 1,

153 (1969).

(1968)

1528 (1969).
l

See also

for

example,

1.

and E. Wolf,
4th

4.3;

1035 (1971);

in press

H. Weyl,

1966).

61 (1960);

work has been reported

Am. 61,

Eberly,

Oxford,

of

697 (1969).

and L.Mandel,

Soc.Am.,

9.

1967),

Shewell,

experimental

J. Opt.Soc.

in the Presence

52 (1971);

Rev. Letters

59,

and J.R.

Carniglia

Press,

Vol.XVII,

1596 (1968).

and J.Opt.Soc.Am.
E. Wolf

(Pergamon

on Progress

1954),

Ransom in Modern Optics,

J.Opt.Soc.Am.

5.

Radiation

may

1274 (1971).

Brooklyn,

Sherman,

London,

Dipole

61,

26,

spectrum

Bouwkamp in Reports

11 Nuovo Cim. 16,

J.Opt.Soc.Am.

and P.L.

the angular

Society,

A. Baiios,

Rev. Letters

R. Mitra

by C.J.

Half-Space

and E.Wolf,
Phys.

work using

(The Physical

a Conducting
2.

of older

Principles

ed.
- 39 -

of Optics

(Pergamon

Press,

Oxford,

12.

W. Friedrick,
Wiss.

P. Knipping

303 (1912).

(Pergamon

Press,Oxford,

as well

early

and important

Ann.

as a reprinting

der Physik

within

"inverse"

message:

if

(see,

only

for

Benjamin,

example,
Inc.

2nd Ed.,

p. 170.

See, for

example,

Publishing

Diffraction
of this

Two other

work.

field

the past

year:

Air

49,
Force

P.P.

Ewald

117 (1916);

see

Cambridge

is equivalent,
e.g.,

Ref.

Res.

so long

1966)

(McGraw-Hill

A. Messiah,

Company, Amsterdam,

- 40 -

I-O), to the

-<

4x-&

Ax,Ay,

I,

p.110;

(W.A.

or L.I.

Book Company, New York,

Quantum Mechanics
1961)

following

as

Quantum Mechanics
Vol.

inverse

of dimensions

-t (A?)-"

K. Gottfried,

in the

waves are detected,

potential

(Ax-

New York,

Quantum Mechanics

lS#

early

non-evanescent

of the scattering

(A&l
See,

Akad.

a translation

and ibid.,

by (5.10)

and AZ may be reconstructed

14.

Bayer.

Mass.

problem

details

Ber.

X-Ray and Neutron

for

in this

1 (1916).,

The message conveyed

then

p.89,

No. 84, AFCRL-70-0580,

"reconstruction"

Bacon,

of other

papers

49,

Bedford,

Labs.,

G.E.

1966),

been translated

Translation

13.

See also

paper

have

and M. Von Laue,

Vol.

II,

Schiff,
1955)

(North-Holland
p.26.

Figure
Fig.

A rectangular

two-dimensional

5 and b are
incident

Fig.

lattice

vectors,

and the
to the

plane.
of a non-rectangular

lattice.

The z-axis

the plane

defined

by the primitive

make angle

wave vector

k is directed

The evanescence
the regions
o$.

scattering
and the

ellipse

which

separates

mode index

we have chosen

the physical

lattice

to be square

will

The incident

and homogeneous

example

with

/a~

wave to be directed

modes, corresponding

8 from the z-axis.

in the a-B plane

In this

is a circle.

to

vectors

each other.

at an angle

The consequence

the circle,

perpendicular
lattice

Gab with

of evanescent

incident

lattice.

three-dimensional

has been chosen

and b which

ellipse

of scatterers.

k is shown perpendicular

One layer

pairs

lattice

the primitive

wave vector

lattice
Fig.

Captions

is

that

a small

to the

index
beyond

normal

IhI

2$2x,

to the

the evanescence

Only

propagate

number of homogeneous
pairs
the

within
scatterer

or on
into

the z > 0 half-space.

Fig.

The evanescence
Fig.

3, except

ellipse
that

for

Qab = 45'

- 41 -

the

same conditions

instead

of 90.

as in

Fig.

The evanescence
Fig.

4, except

normal

to the

to the lattice

Fig.

ellipse
that

for

the

incident

lattice,but
vector

The angle

8 (see Fig.

Schematic

diagram

different

types

the

same conditions
wave is not

such that

k is

2 and makes an angle

2) is

then

- 42 -

directed
normal

60 with

b.

45O.

of a two-dimensional
of scattering

still

as in

sites.

lattice

with

two

- .J'--

I/

- ./ ----/I---.L-

/ /-

7J-i

/
/
7J--

/ /-

- ji
/

/
/

-----

-p-m-/
/

/
/

2029Al

Figure

)1
/

---

--

#-

/
/

-A- - -- d --/
-b 8

ab

---

x
/
-+

/c

/
-

#/

---

-%

2029A2

Figure

P
Evanescent
Region

Homogeneous
Region

2029A3

Figure

P
3

CY

2029A4

Figure

4.

2029A5

Figure

--/

/
/I
// //

/
/
-- ,.L - --+---/
/

+//

- - - -pL - - - -,& /
/
//

-- ,& - - - -,p- - - - -,& - - - -t/

/
/
/
/
/
//

Figure

/
/
/
++// // //
----

- - - -pL /
/

2029A6