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INTRODUCTION
TO
ARCHITECTURAL
PROGRAMMING
ONE APTS
uBRASy
INTRODUCTION 2
PREFACE
PROGRAMMING PARADIGM
(/)
3
5
BACKGROUND
SURVEY OF PROGRAMMING
RESEARCH
PHILOSOPHY AND FACTS
20
30
TRADITIONAL FACTS
35
10
UJ
11
25
^
#_J
PROGRAMMING 46 LL
INFORMATION GATHERING
ANALYSIS, EVALUATION
47
58
lU
71
^
"^
AND
ORGANIZATION OF FACTS
DESIGNING FROM
THE PROGRAM
PROGRAM AND
DESIGN EVALUATION
80
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2
PREFACE
INTENT
SCOPE
ORGANIZATION AND FORMAT
PROGRAMMING PARADIGM
MODELS
RELATIONSHIPS VIEW OF
DESIGN TO PROGRAMMING
DEVELOPING A
:
VIEW OF DESIGN
O
# %
^^
Q
O
PREFACE
Although
ject
its
FORM
ROLE may
and
IVIING
PROGRAM-
is
and
program has grown from
DIRECTS
Whereas
in
involvement
superficial
functions
which
had
with
more than
or
little
little
and uncomplicated
familiar
it
is
INTERFACE
number of firms
which specialize in this area is evidence of the new importance
placed on programming and its recognition as a distinct compowith
planning
operations.
The
increasing
INTENT
A. This
book
meant
is
1.
PROMOTE
2.
SERVE
3.
AID
the
II.
and
value
PROVIDE
ming
concept
programming
4.
to:
programming.
in
developing his
own
services.
needed service
as a
of
programming courses.
in facilities
planning.
SCOPE
A. Emphasis will be placed on the
aspects
of
programming,
the
VALUE
of the different
OPERATIONS
involved
in
RELATION-
Jljduti^
SHIPS between issues within programming, between programming and design synthesis, and between program and
i^^WW^
B.
Only
TRADITIONAL
is
programming operations
no treatment of mathematical models
architectural
The use of these more sophistidemands development of a clear understanding of BASIC programming concepts.
or
computer
applications.
cated techniques
C.
A^ua^
first
The contents offer an INTRODUCTORY overview of programming as an architectural activity. The book does not
claim to comprehensively cover ALL aspects and attitudes
~Ja<^J^<^^^^**^
AldUtlfil^i^t^
many TANGENTIAL
issues
which
D.
Although there
an inevitable
is
PERSONAL
view of design
assembly of HIS
E.
The
matter
subject
PRACTICAL
III.
A.
OWN
way
programming paradigm.
includes
both
THEORETICAL
BACK-
The book
is
GROUND
divided into
PROGRAMMING
B.
and
aspects of programming.
The text
in
is
issues,
directly to the
operations.
OUTLINE form
C.
table of
SUB-CONTENTS
D.
PARADIGM
is
presented below.
PROGRAMMING
>
PROGRAMMING PARADIGM
MODELS
I.
A.
Where there
large
MODELS
Models or paradigms
provide
WAY
oof
-
^fe^
^"^^
--Ttliii iiiiiiii i iiii i
^ffn"^
UA^Mia/tomi/^
understanding
of
MEANS
serve as
also
about both.
B.
Role
turn assists
in
in
RELATIONSHIPS and
ATIONS
and
NATURE
in
*o*5ji~*^ir'*'
*?
'*'
OPER-
establishing
the
II.
PROGRAMMING
OPERATIONS
A. The
PERSONAL
in
design
attitude
and values.
B.
As
PROGRAMMING
is
part of the
DESIGN
process,
it
is
the designer
is
is
-pttazfi/tMfu^_
nevertheless
direct
C. Consistency
synthesis
is
in
vital
its
values
regarding
to insuring a
SMOOTH TRANSITION
If
program
is
written with
a different
difficulty
relating
to
it
in
trying
aware of
his
ATTITUDES
more complete
he
will
this
and
awareness
VALUES
must be
in this regard,
design problem.
III.
A. In
all
professions there
is
yf/Tii^t^Oi^
PRODUCT
of the
PROCESS
the
that produced
it.
,'<'f**M^l^e^>Kf\t'^.
arrive at a
made
as
to major design
When
MAKING
PROCESS
of production. This
as
It
product
attention
VALUED?
Is
on our view of
sometimes we discover
design,
In
In
the same
issues
can be of
in general.
E.
focussed on
Is
It
DESIGN
view of
In reflecting
help
time they
In
What kinds of
D.
design."
It
"doing
of
while
much
possible.
to bring as
CONSCIOUS AWARENESS
the process to
always
Descriptions
NENTS
of what
the
Involve
we
COMPRISING COMPORELATION-
SHIPS to other things we know. Our knowledge of someis more complete the more we become aware of Its
thing
relationships or view
F.
it
from
we know how
(talking,
under
acting
tendencies
he
DIFFERENT STANDPOINTS.
know
acts
stress,
In
a person better
different
his
women's
of
all
these
in
KNOWING
when
tendencies
demands
circumstances
depressed,
civil
rights,
eutha-
It Is
the accumulation
lib.,
abortion, politics).
Another example
Is
Impossible to describe
accumulation
building can
of
it
specific
individual
be described or
ASPECTS
known
about the
(structural system,
describe as
to
make
reference to
order to arrive at an
aM0cC
adequate description.
H.
Is
a result of
with
respect to
PECTS
comprehensive the
list
more complete
we
of aspects to which
will
more
relate
our
be our description
I.
we hold
Just as
ings
as
being
important
particularly
DESCRIBING them, we
KNOWING
to
X44iAJL/
'^^'^'^^^^^iSk-
or
ISSUES
IV.
key goal
is
in
model
essentially
RELATED
and
in
mind. The
DEPENDENT
SEQUENTIALLY
events
PART
for
B.
r-r-y^^^-^?^^-
is
defining the
ROLE
of programming
is
in
PLANNING.
^tyifi^ta^m^**'^^
as follows;
1.
2.
(fact-
making).
3.
Known
4.
Gathering of facts.
5.
facts.
ingful patterns.
C.
6.
Response to facts
7.
Building product.
8.
Building consequences.
9.
Evaluation.
REALITY. Both
in
design synthesis.
research
and
awareness of them.
D.
RESEARCH.
It is
i4 .#T
.
'iyt4aayt'^A^
E.
FACTS. Out
we are never
still
they provide
|p2JfiS5^'^==^=|
.rf
8
the outcome. There are
many
categories of facts.
They range
F.
"man made"
GATHERING, ANALYSIS, EVALUATION AND ORGANIZATION OF FACTS. These form the core of programming
in architecture.
that as
many
They
are essentially
the building
G.
is
RESPONSE TO FACTS
building
is
IN
of the
ing effects or
consequences
in
most
effectively bring
H.
BUILDING. The
is
I.
BUILDING CONSEQUENCES.
effects
been, considered in
it
J.
Buildings
will
from having
its
EVALUATION.
programming or design
have
their
a fact has
will
not
not prohibit
consequences.
This
is
and building
research
and
features.
serves
as
In
effect,
is a form of
mechanism to facts,
evaluation
feedback
also occur
4^
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UIIMIIIMMMII]
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aj^
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imMi ii
..i
i*
iiii ti
/a
10
SURVEY OF PROGRAMMrNG
DEFINITIONS
PROGRAMMING ROLES
PROCESS
PROFESSIONAL ASPECTS
RESEARCH
DISTINCTIONS
ASSUMPTIONS VALUES
AND ATTITUDES
RULES
,
METHODOLOGY
ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH
TRADITIONAL FACTS
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
TRADITIONAL FACTS
^^
^^
^^
cc
11
SURVEY OF PROGRAMMING
I.
DEFINITION
A.
analysis
project
B.
The
and
evaluation
and
organized
are
form of
conclusions
specific
INTENT
the
D.
program
E.
F.
is
and
results
The program
INTENT may
operations or
facilities
better
of site
location.
be
addresses,
it
^^illiiil
and
yit^A^Z.
orderly
effi-
informed choice
new
type
is
that
facility,
pro-
forms.
present conditions,
assesses
trends and
current
project.
building,
or
OTHER
program
defining
for
new
is
(consequences).
goals
environment
1.
or project
TRADITIONAL programming
Although the
which
of
working
ciency,
is
PLAN OF ACTION
to
the
of
nature
the
takes
it
program
of a
desired
achieving
pertinent
presented.
WRITTEN AND
future
outlines
potentials
2.
involve
issues
such
as
timing,
versus remodeling.
3.
OPERATIONS ANALYSIS
can
be
applied to overall
or
ation
4.
expansion
of
or
A PROGRAM
for a
recording
client
services,
environmental
quality control
new
needs,
equipment purchases,
inventories.
insuring
that
needs are
these
G.
In
its
in
its
RECENT
is
ipSliiilipHiili^iiiiilly^
Program-
a relatively
'1yii<fid^k/Hu^
12
why programming
.
has
lagged
in
maturation as a
its
dis-
cipline.
1.
building
"Primitive"
needs
personal
oc-
SIMULTANEOUSLY.
as construction techniques
Even
cated, they
W^^E^tf"*'**^
builder,
curred virtually
2.
immediate and
dealt with
largely
(shelter).
housed
still
became more
sophisti-
3.
the building.
of
4.
art."
The view of
relatively
small.
systematic
5.
Allied
a building as a
COMPLEXITY
and
of
This
individual
concerns
in
need
the
delayed
also
NUMBER
design
to
be
in
such
fields
psychology
as
and
had
sociology
list
signer
of
CONSEQUENCES
building
must
aware
be
With
of.
relatively
few
effects
6.
Architects
RESTRICTIVE. Many
7.
the
program
the
design
see
no
program as
between
direct correlation
document and
their
own
operations
in
"'"
,t!^4-c^f^UAJ^
i\^..
liiiliL..::^
process.
as a DISTINCT
FEE STRUCTURE.
Many
service
terms
job.
programming
is
still
many improvements
recognized today as an
due to
is
largely
1.
Architects
several
factors.
now
faced with
are
must house
know
or nothing.
little
to be made,
ESSENTIAL
most design
buildings which
they
of
gramming
of the
in
situations.
part
This
the task
of designing
FUNCTIONS
about which
-p'U^'Wu^ru^
/jjiiii
13
There
2.
is
whose operations
buildings
whose
complex and
are extremely
approach to plan-
ning.
The
3.
architect
number of
more
The
becoming
is
DETAILED
and more
planning
his
in
projects.
made
individual decisions to be
is
increasingly unwieldly.
Much more
4.
of
demanded
being
is
PERFORMANCE. An
or "pleasant composition"
fication
for
the
design,
by the
costs incurred
of
buildings
in
terms
no longer sufficient
is
construction
Programming
client.
justi-
and maintenance
is
an impor-
SUBSYSTEMS
many
and
evaluated
buildings
resulted
"parts" of the
as
in
the
SYNTHESIS OF
of
identification
designed
This
for.
has
provided
pro-
SUBJECT MATTER.
gramming with
6.
of
has
in
facts in
terms of man-environment
many
have established
CONSEQUENCES
account.
7.
There
is
solving
for
problem
ful
building
much
as
linked
having a good
with
the
a succes-
PROGRAM
as in
II.
lies
directly
is
PROBLEM STATEMENT
PROGRAMMING ROLES
A.
The most
it
the
in
serves
ROLE
critical
in
the
of
This
role
Introduction.
sections.
later
of
"view
Briefly,
in
programming
design"
will
is
the purpose
system outlined
in
and
facts
GRAPHIC
translates
them from
in
VERBAL
to
turn, be trans-
Programming
is
vital
leading to the
of valued
B.
'
yi
14
ming
the
terms of their
in
is
act
planning
of
TEMPORAL
relationship
Generally
building.
to
programming
may
be
'
lllljjfi llllllllllllK
'
^^^i^^i'^^^T^l
1.
Pre-design
PRIOR
a
the
to
start
of
the
PROMOTIONAL
Serve as a
b.
as
approval
client.
MORALE.
for
discussions before
boards.
COMMUNICATIVE TOOL
Serve as a
between the
client
e.
staff
CATALYST
governmental
d.
process,
program may:
a.
c.
design
building
Define
the
NEEDS
client's
terms that
in
can
be
PRESENTATIONS
to interested
civic groups.
g.
h.
the
of
bilities
DOCUMENT
client
the
DECISION-MAKING
responsi-
related
to building
planning.
budget,
organiza-
client's project
tional
mended improvements.
i.
FRAMEWORK
for outlining
his future
framework for
j.
Serve
k.
the
firm
design
as
process
OVERESTIMATION
Avoid
of furniture, equipment
2.
Design
DURING
Aid
in
generating
PLANNING PROCESS.
ALTERNATIVE
viable
building
designs.
TION
in
CLIENT PARTICIPA-
Help insure a
GOOD
FIT between
client operations
BUDGET
Promote
and
a
TIME
QUALITY
and
SCOPE
based on
limitations.
to
jff
Itulhc
\p^:
..ch^.
15
needs
the
large
the
of
especially
client,
in
projects
of
g.
h.
probienn.
the
of
CREATIVE
in fostering a
Serve as a catalyst
i.
approach
to the problem,
RESOLUTION
j.
of differences with
Function as
in
3.
CONTROL
who
architectural principals
for
Postdesign
AFTER
is
a.
complete,
program may:
b.
ECONOMICAL
most
c.
In
facility
planned
GROWTH AND
for
CHANGE.
d.
new
Allow the
e.
facility.
client
to
ORGANIZE
and
DIRECT
his
f.
EFFICIENCY
operational
for
functions
client
in
and
the
new
facility.
g.
contribute
to
its
URBAN
and
ECOLOGICAL
sur-
roundings.
C.
One
role
EDUCATIONAL
and
as
is
PROMOTIONAL
programming or design
firm.
D.
form depending on
of the
document
the program.
in
different
for
III.
different
in
its
PURPOSES.
its
respective roles
PUBLISHABLE
vital in
FORMS
and
FORMATS
designing
will
because of
appear
its
use
TASKS.
PROCESS
A.
The
process
of
programming
is
composed
basically
of
GATHERING, ANALYZING, EVALUATING, ORGANIZING and PRESENTING information pertinent to the design
problem.
trigHC^
16
B.
PROCEDURES
The
intended
predicted
to
FORMATS
and
and
organize
to
programming
in
the
outline
factors
are
relevant
desired
UNDERSTAND
easily
C.
and USE.
PROGRAMMING
The
need
firm
not
be
DESIGN
the
firm.
D.
.
The
performed
operations
specific
E. In building facilities
composed
is
programming
in
will
TEAM
ming firm.
1.
sions.
The
2.
client
group
is
3.
GATHERING,
ORGANIZING per-
responsible for
is
ANALYZING, EVALUATING
and
tinent Information.
4. Together, the
organizational
IMPLICATIONS
5.
INNOVATIVE
of
changes
6.
JOINT EFFORT
of the information.
in
insures
and testing
program
that the
will
programming
be
firm.
Zly^<C^
F.
Many work
carried
tasks
within
the
programming process
SIMULTANEOUSLY
out
Tfe
are
G. In
addition
the
to
program
various
format
other
basically
introductory
includes
information,
GOALS, FACTS,
2.
GOALS
include
and
user
The
FACTS
goals
involve
information and
3.
QUANTITATIVE
codes,
the
utilities,
purpose
and the
of
project
the
project,
client
description.
issues.
data
zoning,
may encompass
project
site,
scheduling,
climate,
space
re-
.J^
ir7r-v JM^?*a*^j|jj
lltiSSiiiii
rm CHI OjZ^I
17
quirements and building quality and scope
relation
in
to budget.
4.
QUALITATIVE
mental
5.
pertain
and
to
activity
environ-
desired
IIVIIVIEDIATELY available
are
facts
client
(space
6.
may
considerations
qualities.
Some
of
information
sensory
analysis,
operation)
(description
DERIVED
be
needs).
PRECEPTS
commitments
dealing
7.
The precepts
with
the
EVALUATING
ELIMINATING
and
alternatives
design
and
programmatic
initial
issues.
ASSUMP-
design
TIONS.
8.
The precepts
are
members and
arriving
9.
Some
at
reasonable
are
while
for
them
and
on
FACE
logical
STUDY
f
"spirit of the
factors.
the
are
IMPLICATIONS
direction-giving
part
Taken
together,
overall
planning
cepts
suggested
precepts or an
CONCEPTS
by the
may
There
that
answer
the
They
commitments.
precepts
directions
general
facts
be
the
meant
are
to
suggest
or
planning
directions
suggested
and precepts.
SEVERAL
viable
concepts
possible
precepts.
The
MOST
critical
issues
and
VALID.
15.
TIVE
concepts,
and
of these be selected,
ALTERNA-
recommendation that
the program is complete.
the
pgag
program
ARCHITECTURAL
are
goals,
of the
JS^"
14.
issues.
11. Precepts
13.
and
project
assumptions.
design
as
12.
discussing
critical
demand considerable
others
accepting
before
method
DECISIONS about
precepts
VALUE
provide
ONE
jT
|fiir"iiiin
SM..,i
;.^WMt^
^2^^^
18
16.
The
responsibility
concept into
the
for
FURTHER
development of
BUILDING DESIGN
SEPARATE
is
responsibility.
good program should include more than an accumulaof NEUTRAL facts and actually extend into the
realm of DESIGN commitments and recommendations.
tion
IV.
PROFESSIONAL ASPECTS
A. The definition of programming as an
ARCHITECTURAL
how
SERVICE and
the description of
COMPENSATED
be
for
this
task
regarding
profession
gramming
service
service.
(Basic
services
SCHEMATIC DESIGN
EXTRA
B.
Some
are
performed
part
as
Additional
fee.
services
the
of
warrant
compensation).
all
services should
programming
NO
amount of
details
unreasonable to assume that the ever increasing programming time should be ABSORBED into the basic fee.
it
this
SEPARATE CONTRACT
work being
in
ADDITION
design.
often
are
C. Clients
programming
almost
their
to
taining
percentage
value
of
to the
able
programs
largely
organization and
his
D. In a
of
all
architect.
on the
ability
survey,
it
the
needed
are
capable
programming work
the
however,
Generally,
done by
The success
MEANINGFUL
limited
much of
Some
themselves.
operation.
program depends
which are
supply
to
information
executing
of
are
clients
of
perlarge
NOT
of
client-executed
client's
knowledge of
in
his
terms
to the architect.
may
vary
of the
can
CLIENT
manner in
work. Methods include
COMPLEXITY
supply.
t^C^tXKilS^
the
in
lack of agreement in
the
unclear
still
is
in
the
WP^^^^^P^^
4" iljij
19
E.
programming
Because
is
LARGER
architectural
programming
comprehensive
offer
to
the
only
F. Usually,
to
services
clients
complex organizations.
representing
Some
feel
he
be
should
ARCHITECT
an
NOT
be an architect because he
gramming.
because
be biased
will
he
he should
feel
in his pro-
Several
O'uJl^i^^^^^^^^ -pWl^i/tfi^fiUl^
ers,
It
with
architecture
of
tion
any
combina-
would be
these
of
advantageous.
programming
H. As
becoming
is
QUANTITATIVE
more
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiliiiJiy'.ga^
discipline,
it
would be
for
beneficial
prospective pro-
I.
Some
the
of
developing
people
who
very
currently
are
programming
architectural
as
active
in
DISCIPLINE
are:
1.
William Pena
2.
W.
R.
Matthews
3.
Lester
Gorsline
Caudill,
- Matthews
Lester
and
Gorsline
Associates,
Programmers
The
Agostini
4.
Gerald
5.
Edward
6.
Christopher
7.
E.
Todd Wheeler -
8.
C.
Herbert
9.
Ben
Davis
Environmental
Becker
and
Analysis
Group
Planning
Becker,
Consultants
Alexander
Center
for
Environmental
Structure
H.
Wheeler
Evans
Perkins
and
Will,
Pennsylvania
Building
Research
Architects
State
University
Institute
"^"
&
20
RESEARCH
I.
DISTINCTIONS
A. Research:
careful,
tion
B.
to establish
in
Research
the
and
in
organizing
fact gathering
is
which
done
KNOWN,
are
discovery of
the
attempting to make
is
(as
facts
former
of the
goal
The one
facts.
programming)
in
accumulating
while
from data or
distinct
is
example
for
NEW
CONTRIBUTION
is
knowledge.
II.
assumes
Man
"immersed"
is
them
the
existence
INDEPENDENT
principles) as
in
with
the task
The
"facts"
certainties.
TIES
C.
We
of
and
(laws
facts
u/iiMfinoh/-
/&n4un^~^
U/t^Ji''^Un\y
and
laws
these
governed
is
discovered
They
are
at
laws but
natural
basic
of finding
by
by
research
never
are
statements of
best,
is
faced
are.
absolute
PROBABILI-
value
research
because
cause-effect relationships
PREDICT
and
M4e^i/ic4^
in
B.
r\ t
cv^^^^ff^i^^
AND ATTITUDES
ASSUMPTIONS, VALUES
A. Research
.^-n^^/^jfl
we
and
identifying
CONTROL
by
isolating
we
upon.
D. Research
generally
QUANTITATIVE
is
in
nature.
Rela-
more exactly in this way. Probabilities can be expressed more precisely with the use of
numbers. Research in some fields lends itself to mathematical
models more readily than others. Many researchers
tionships can be stated
that
feel
have
not
this
mathematical
E.
is
developed
far
enough
to
success
EXTEND
of
to
mode.
our
research
senses
of techniques which
are
(microscope,
vital
to
telescope,
the
allow
continued
spacecraft).
^::::::::===:====:=:.
SHJH?1(ft!tiJ:::::;
-^
21
F.
VALUES
1.
ATTITUDES
charac-
conclusions
2. tentative in their
beliefs
3.
4. value
5.
and
group:
teristic of researchers as a
skeptical
6. tolerant
7.
8.
detached emotionally
reporting data
in
much
as
from
possible
as
their
work
individualists
9.
10. dedicated
knowledge
11. value
many
There are
research which
aesthetic pleasure
6. joy
STATUS
the
in
1.
stage of
2.
role
development of the
played
research
and
3. originality
dependent upon
is
SlilllHIBI
discipline
ranks
(theorist
higher
influence
higher
than applied
than
research
of
4. institution
concepts
G. Scientific
An important
themselves
issue
to
world's
of
free will
the
many
researchers
FREE WILL
research.
objects
associated
Since
of control
vs.
human
it
to
content.
resolve
for
DETERMINISM
action
is
part
not be included as
human mind?
what
determinist:
for
of
is
INTRINSIC moral
no
phenomena, should
fatalist:
have
that
is
relates
it
of the
one
research
in
basic
scientist,
as
community
research
factors:
several
H.
of
scientist.
4. escape
5.
PLEASURES
curiosity
2. delights
3.
intrinsic
itself
in
maturation of the
relate to the
1.
end
as an
a person does."
and
this
future
(to
22
decisons
some
must be
There
architecture).
in
among
I.
predictable behaviors."
"Scientific
laws are
don't
HOW
say
not
people
PRESCRIPTIVE -
OUGHT
to act.
is,
they
Scientific
laws
that
are
III.
from
free will,
things
RULES
A.
no DECISIONS
In research,
are
made on
B. Science
C.
is
actual
"fact"
the
is
and
singular
dogma
distinguished from
is
on FACT. Dogma
happens
given
it
is
After
time.
the
is
recording
It
is
occurs
it
of that fact
FACTS:
Must be
based
is
EVENT.
occurrence of an
at
in
1.
that science
in
based on BELIEF.
singular.
2. Available
to public scrutiny.
3. Different individuals
know what
can
being described.
is
laws
E. Scientific
Laws
between
kinds
any
certain
constant
relatively
phenomena.
kinds of
are established
tions
of
descriptions
are
RELATIONSHIPS between
of
events
and
by
not
rela-
singular
occurrence
of
CRITERIA
succession
of
events.
1.
directly
about
Must be
2.
and
3.
little
Must show
large
or none discounting
a functional
it.
relation
kinds of events.
4.
F.
Relation should
An important
goal in research
hypotheses
set
of
the
GREATEST
variety
any
science
G. For
rests
law
in
or
is
to develop the
principles
on INDUCTION. An
which
will
SMALLEST
account for
of events.
we
find
some level it
made that since
that at
ASSUMPTION
is
ailiill
23
the event has occurred before on several occasions, under
SIMILAR
not
conditions
guarantee
happen
will
it
and
certainty,
Regularity does
again.
induction
all
based on
is
regularity.
IV.
METHODOLOGY
A. Sequence
observation
1.
casual
2.
identification
3. suspicion
uncovered
4.
of
6.
B.
hypothesis
of concern
area
cause-effect
hypothesis
of
not
relationships
previously
experiment
through
formulation
5. testing
of
of
or
theory
tentative
hypothesis
or
accepted
basic
formal
disproved
theory
as
Remarks
1.
A THEORY
is
account
observation.
is
for
describe
to
PREDICT what
the
theory
events and to
and
explain
will
observable
conditions.
2.
tentative theory
with
scientist
3.
Experimental
a.
needed
is
in
FRAMEWORK
design
consists
independent variables
of
experimentation.
for
three
factors:
directly manipulated
by the
dependent
variables
experimental
c.
control
measures
4.
variables
should
be
develop or modify
confirmed
PREDICTED
in
getting"
actual
if
(constants)
theory.
is
used to con-
theory tends to
those
phenomena we
play an
important
of scientists.
"Concept-
and points
directing
is
the
by the theory.
Theories about
role
during
5.
taken
process
the
research
CREATIVITY
mentation
begin,
can
an
is
see
in science.
hypothesis
Before experi-
must
first
have
begin.
V.
system developed to
The purpose of
ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH
A. The rules and methodology of research
in
general apply
^m
Wmm
'^^^
24
ARCHITECTURAL
to
B.
development
The
research as well.
research
of
architecture
in
fields
more advanced
is
largely
involvement into
as scientific disciplines.
These provide
research
The
list
versities
tecture
of topics
is
which
research.
are
1.
Architectural
History
felt
more
predictability.
doctoral
of
research
those
to have enough
areas
in
at uniarchi-
"substance" for
Design
4. Behavioral
Science
5.
Urban Design
6.
Facilities
Design (specialty
7. Architectural
8.
possible
made
be
2.
3.
for
greater
good indication
may
decisions
and with
knowledgeably
D.
those
that
so
is
CONSEQUENCES
in
Operations
Man-Environment Relationships
specific
building type)
f^
25
PHILOSOPHY AND FACTS
I.
DISTINCTIONS
ARE:
reality,
actuality, truth."
B. In
between
What
about.
the
level
what
we
lying,
causative
we
scientist
facts
To
perceived.
involved
under-
in
METAPHORS.
as
This
in
terms of
have no relationship to
here
Facts
or
REFERENTS.
of
The
we know
facts
D. Facts,
the
as
cause-effect
pressed
as,
term
"IF
METAPHOR IC
composed of both
relationships.
used
is
relationships.
here
principles
always
will
connote
THEN
a given situation,
laws and
Basic
are
CAUSE-EFFECT
and actual
a resulting effect."
by our
not altered
are
failure
E.
The
that
belief
pendent
It
our
of
there
an
exists
awareness
of
objective
it
is
an
reality
inde-
ASSUMPTION.
tion
in
is
will
we can
identify repetition
assure
that
result.
the
given
All
independent
same
the
situation
same
effect
outcome and so
II.
\\ J\
GOVERN
actually
is
the
removed from
new phenomena
perceived
phenomena.
"reality"
and
sees
and categorizing
any
RESULT
is
-^ffn^a^
them
relationships.
KNOWN
distin-
conditions
perceive which
The
perceive.
definition
"surface"
the
of what
we can
DESIRABLE
experienced
is
are
facts
on
relationships.
what
are
scientist
things are,"
past
seen
is
of cause-effect
facts
or
existing
UNDERLYING
and
C.
way
guish
DEPEND upon
the
assumption of an
reality.
Philosophy
deals
why
things
plain
with
UNDERLIE
all
reality."
are the
way they
are,
not
in
terms of
'i&^"
26
research but by constructing broad explanatory
empirical
frameworks based on
B.
Man seems
need
to
and reason.
logic
EXPLAIN
to
of that which
possession
or
valued
is
form of control
often evident
is
provide
culture.
of a
philosophy
recorded
C. Earliest
good and
with
deals
pleasure,
pain,
evil
goal
oo
NATURE
the values
into
insight
in
in history.
proposed
causes
the
of
of those
causes
the
No
valued.
is
SYSTEM
it
of
proposing
D. In
begins
explanations
beyond the
just
way
proposes the
to empirically
domain,
science
at
is
discovery.
scientific
is
philosophy
of
time, research
in
philosophy usually
of events,
frontier
Philosophy
frontier.
this
things are
is
able
probe.
assumptions
philosophical
proven
are
true
its
or
otherwise.
explanations
If
more removed
the
Because
causes,
this
existing
as
on
way
of describing
religion
and science.
provides a
between
has claimed
it
of
"conflict"
so-called
thought
are
(facts)
LEVELS
different
^. ^
H^Srg^
Wc^ .eA^j^
has
science
as
advanced.
not meant
This has
Ju ""
l
that
religion
the
NUMBER
events
is
invalid,
of
levels
it
has
underestimated
concept of
the
before
only that
"first-cause"
can
be
dis-
f^
-4ciayft<e^
.^U^i^ihi^
cussed.
III.
LEVEL OF FACTS
A. Depending upon our viewpoint, there are different levels
at
which
BASIC
facts
REMOVED
One method
1.
exist.
cause-effect
from
Each
"surface
as
to
facts
do with more
become more
events."
facts laws
UNDISCOVERED
has
level
relationships
levels
Unknown
and
yet
(aspects
follows:
principles
of
which are
brain
as
chemistry,
iliBr"
D-Q-Etrtli
27
opment of our
2.
Emerging facts
to
ability
instrumental
largely
new
in
principles
be
will
discoveries.
which are
in
PROCESS
the
these prove to be
If
Emerging
comes.
3.
been
science
has
surface
events.
Known
facts
to
these are
the
represent
facts
able
all
probe
into
furthest
the
that
causes
of
relationships that
serve
as
"levels"
of
of
cause-effect
there
Each "link"
4.
relationships.
any
For
surface
event
is
in
the chain
Is
It.
__J
a fact.
Man-made facts the levels of facts up to and including "known facts" have all pertained to relationships
which have no dependence upon our awareness of
them. "Man-made facts" are our REACTION to them.
Man-made facts are principles or laws that we institute
to
regulate
structural
Man-made laws
the
of
effects of
DESIRED
known
based
facts
upon
CORRECT
made
on
In a
is
We make man-
VALUE JUDGMENT
considered
complex
society, the
if
results.
experience
-.yyy-^^^n^'.yH^^h!Ce^
assessment
The
codes,
(building
about
"natural
a positive or negative
the
man-made
cultural
^4**^f^cl^t*C'
(fC^j/ioSt>c
I
Q-^:*
...
situation).
REMOVED
far
becomes
from
their
original
intent
that
it
meaning. Man-made
ACTUAL
which are
natural consequences.
in
essence
New
the
ruptcy).
consequences
themselves
_M.
ill
ARTIFICIAL. We
begin to deal
were
(suicide
at
bank-
v#iif^a)-J^J&i^
jliiiiili
28
IV.
FACTS
ARCHITECTURE
IN
to
relevant
MAN-MADE
and
All
facts.
part of
is
we judge
as
we
B. In architectural design
it
if
may
lead
that
relationships
cause-effect
or
events
of
chain
important.
NATURAL
be viewed as "if
.-**3ttl'****'*TLr
C.
The
more
to
predetermines
he
that
result
and
confidently
and
ably
as
the
achieve
easily
desirable.
relationship
CONSEQUENCES
eval-
facts,
to
make
a physical
D.
The
facts
can
be
pertinent
classified
as
to
an
design
architectural
TRADITIONAL
situation
NON-TRADI-
and
*}5S^
TIONAL.
Traditional
on our
These
facts
list
may
are those
of concerns
include
activity
people
patterns,
involved,
and
information
form
and
environment
on
its
inhabitants.
SOME
The
effects
of these facts
we
It
may
we
Non-traditional
PERTINENT
architectural
facts
are
those
that
are
The growth of
in
programming or
synthesis.
is
largely
tation
reduction.
glare
^ua^.
29
may seem too
These
designer to concern
sions
he makes
in
"detailed"
for
If
it
is
of value to
then
it
is
non-traditional
architectural
RESULT in
CONSEQUENCES.
are,
the
know what
the
EFFECTS
of our designs
30
NON-TRADITIONAL FACTS
I.
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
C&fi&ilt-i^
any
A. For
there
building
given
CONSEQUENCES
and that
B.
pedestrian
property,
adjacent
image,
scale,
of these situations.
these
to
live
with
systems
or
patterns
One
the
of
also
"existing
in
of
the
to
existing
document
to
is
its
REACTION
is
the
to
different
great
of
what building
would be
important
is
in
them. This
altering
It
programming
of
some
include
building
events.
situation" in
situations"
many
of
change, while
little
may ALTER
"addition"
functions
the "existing
PART
permanently.
family
the
activity
work or
to
driving
is
noise,
sunlight,
functions,
The addition of
drastically.
situations can
know how
or
foilage,
as
and
drainage
site
site,
client
to an
(existing car
lunch).
to
should
existing
tempo,
activity
patterns
going
traffic
facts
ADDITION
an
as
of
will
existing
C.
context
its
to
spectrum
is
effects
desirable).
programming
and design:
1.
The omission
of
fact
in
to
negligence,
covered
(is
not a
consequences that
known
are
may
fact),
dis-
building
in
UNANTICIPATED
both
UNDESIRABLE. (Unhappy
result
inex-
and
2.
Assuming the
aware of
all
situation,
intended
of
the
if
or
rare situation
he
is
AFFECT
to
desired,
in
fully
those relationships as
CONSEQUENCES
is
the existing
knowledge
of specific design
decisions
of
workers,
effect
of
psychological
reaction
effi-
31
ciency
on
materials combinations
of
effect
or
visual
unity).
The need
for this
ON
building
the
on
materials,
the
(climate
situation
existing
activities
E.
^
illilt^
ipilillllllijpi
CATEGORIES
many
of
form,
Some
of these
really
knowing the
we
others
of these
cause-effect
individual
we assume
relationships
"rules of
as
we
groups
UNDERLYING
aware
are
or
"facts."
thumb" without
are
openings,
Within each
mechanical).
a certain
depth
which are
perti-
ooi:n!!!Z3l
Ip^
^ _^
'
F. In
it
is
distinction
facts.
we CUSTOMARILY include
when programming and designing.
^3tac^^^^n^
on our
of concerns
list
/'
vant to design
NOT
are
(they
considered
ordinarily
in
but
CZ=3i:i
thesis.
II.
NON-TRADITIONAL FACTS
A. There
is
traditional
of
sification
upon
the
fact
degree
of
one
as
or
the
other
will
NESS
the
of
of the
KNOWLEDGE
of the designer.
What
is
depend
DETAIL
UNIQUE-
in
responsible
tural
facts
engineering,
the
in
title
fields
for
ALLIED
the discovery
(psychology,
systems
to
of
architecture
MutUMl^M^uny^
common
primarily
architec-
engineering,
business
computer technology,
"architectural
these fields.
is
non-traditional
]^n^n.-i^.
i^u^^--
finance, economics,
essing).
\
j
non-tradi-
for another.
B. Research
^^,
clas-
for
tional
building type
The
facts.
management,
industrial
proc-
relationships under
32
C.
When
dealing
issue
of
temptation to try
much
though
even
the
field,
RELEVANCE
of
may
it
SCREEN
important to
not
from
facts
be
pertinent.
It
is
D. Because
these
APPLYING
important
related
not
implications
tural
tinued
generation
largely
depends
HIDDEN
E. Non-traditional
only
to
of
on
the
facts
equally
is
The con-
evident.
architectural
facts
sometimes
these
to
sensitivity
relationships.
architectural
BY
may
facts
and
ON
be applicable not
but
building
PROGRAMMING
to the process of
it
non-traditional
our
effects
architecture,
immediately
aren't
REMOTE
or
to
overlook
to
are
fields
findings
their
and
also
DESIGNING
it
III.
AREAS OF CONCERN
A. With
the
respect to
traditional
"levels"
at
which
facts
exist,
non-
facts are
made.
B. Related to the traditional architectural
site,
1.
whole new
CATEGORIES
of cause-effect relationships
moon
2.
concerns (function,
new developments
within
structures)
TRADITIONAL
areas of con-
3.
remote
UNDERLYING
of
levels
of "rules of
thumb"
laws
or
principles
4.
CONSEQUENCES
programmer
seldom
himself with.
on the
or
designer
effects
of the
is
able
in fact
building,
which the
to
-^iih/i^^
concern
have an impact
there are
many
facts
alone
C. Areas
where research
plicable
to
is
architecture
discovering
include
RELATIONSHIPS
ap-
man-environment, build-
r^^^^
A/l^Jlh^
33
Example
process.
as
1.
relationships
non-traditional
role
to
might
that
architecture
be
classified
are:
2. effects
decentralization of workers
on efficiency
worker group
4. effect of
5.
size
on performance
and conver-
sion distance
background brightness on
6. effect of
visual acuity
7. effect
8. effect
9.
sound frequency
between
relationship
frequency-sonic annoyance
10. noise
of
speech
and
receiver
at
intelligibility
relationships
11. relationship
performance
random
12. effects of
noise on
boredom
13. relationship
patterns
14. relationships
ment patterns of
of government involvement
15. effects
settle-
income families
high'
in
housing on con-
struction techniques
new shopping
16. effects
of
17. effects
of
CBD
new
construction
on the
municipal
budget
18. physical
19. actual
walls
20. effects
of
effects
effects
on
of
of
on
architectural
amounts of glass
equipment costs
large
mechanical
fire
sunlight
on architectural
materials
at
surfaces
exterior
34
on
machines
washing
of
21. effects
sewerage
individual
systems
disposal
new
of
23. effects
adhesives
on
traditional
architectural
materials
24. relationship
cerns
D. Given
new
of
25. effects
design
in
design
in
the
possible.
Ideally,
much
is
as
our
traditional
important to at
may
there
They
should
should
as the traditional
can
will
their awareness of
be
become
facts
have
NO
and
become.
largely
SOURCES
It
that
arises.
non-traditional architectural
FAMILIAR
predicted
IN
III
SECOND NATURE,
be familiar with
as
-pU^fiJ^m*K/Ulj.
them
to
the
designer
controlled
comprehensively.
be
be
rele-
E. Ideally,
facts.
least
facts are
it
to
as
decision
synthesis
more
accurately
and
JU^ifyiMy
35
TRADITIONAL FACTS
I.
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
^^fa;^
we
CONSCIOUSLY
a
B.
with
deal
"usually"
in
building.
The requirement of
largely
is
UNIQUENESS
the
more
The
more
dependent
planning and
in
of the project.
terms
of
be
that
required
is
of
building
in
is
it
less
is
the
programmer
and
designer
consequences
building
in
relatively
is
SUPERFICIAL.
any
C. Like
architectural
traditional
facts,
determine
facts
They
vice versa.
BUILDING CONSEQUENCES.
D. Failure to consider a fact
consequences
potential
on
may
by
or
the
NEGATIVE
building,
but also
being
in
brought
some
to
fruition.
E. Traditional
facts
situation, an
situation
FUTURE
When
may
iiil
ill
statement serves as
EXISTING
be descriptions of the
EVALUATIVE
RULE
for
making design
Precept:
In
PRECEPT.
called a
rule or
programming
a precept
to strive to achieve
F.
It
is
sometimes
maxim
some
to
is
DIRECT
actions or decisions.
DESIGNER
f^rmm^mt/^^^
mmw
convenient model
in
It
begins
in
ARCHITECT
program-
as
brought
his
evalua-
A.^!>&r4l^
36
reaction to the client's situation,
tive
PROGRAIVIIVIER
tine
As design decisons
are
the
existing
"facts"
or
situation
UNDO
G.
the
"existing
the
process
It
begin
programmer to the
instrumental
DETERMINANTS
Even
with
design
critical.
beginning
the
the
to
DIRECTIONS
of
chosen
highly
are
of design synthe-
become
come later.
for
recycling
are
situation
existing
client's
setting the
in
In the
sis.
H.
and
degrees
different
to
situation"
CONVERGENCE
the
process
leading
solution.
categories
avoid the
also
wasn't aware
I.
is
more
intrinsically belong to
important
in
situation,
EVALUATIVE
the
see
design
it.
Specific facts
than
to
is
con-
facts
in
QUALITIES
differently.
programming
is
an
"how we
prelude to how we will go
GROUPINGS may be a more
itself.
It
reflects
the conceptual
stages
syn-
of
themselves.
pertinent to conceptualization
development or vice
versa.
facts"
any "family"
their
we group them
facts
may be more
design
K. "Background
in
individual
PRIME ORGANIZERS,
are
in
Information
determinant
J.
act
problem" and
about solving
important
REDESIGN
of.
facts don't
Individual
or category.
of having to
frustration
ceptually because of a
Some
facts
SECONDARY.
governing
context
making
specific
design
decisions.
useful
for
first
decisions
may
often
37
II.
TRADITIONAL FACTS
A. Different
may
facts
be
we
screen facts
consequences,
in
terms of their
we
also
of
the
in
architecture are:
1.
master plan
2.
3.
site
4.
building program
5.
comprehensive plan
of
to building
PERTINENCE
their
of
RELEVANCE
Some
evaluate
In
types
different
to
pertinent
PROGRAMMING DOCUMENTS.
to
be contained.
will
programming documents
feasibility
6. project definition.
B.
Below
are
some TYPICAL
traditional
architectural
fact
For any specific situation some are more relevant than others. Groupings may also be different depending on the problem (pertain to and involve important
categories.
building
1.
consequences).
Similar
projects
and
past
projects
of similar function,
a.
critical
issues.
circumstance and
scope
2.
issues
b.
critical
c.
Client
a.
client goals
b.
c.
goals
main goals
d. staff
sub-goals to achieve
user goals
personnel diagram
e.
f.
g.
(people to
critical
way
it
is
struc-
tured?
i.
j.
k.
possible
improvements
with
or
committees
architect role
making
and
responsible
responsibility
for
planning
in
decision-
38
I.
(non-client) organizations
related
planning
3.
Financial
a.
budget
b.
funding methods
c.
timing
d.
ket,
weak
strong and
trades,
local
incremental con-
struction
e.
f.
been constructed
4.
Building Codes
a.
occupancy allowed
b.
c.
exits required
d. stairs
minimum
fire ratings
required of materials
f.
ventilation
g.
toilets
openings
h. fire sprinklers
i.
5.
a.
6.
alarm systems
duplication of services
b.
review boards
c.
d.
Function
a.
beyond the
build-
ing
issues in insuring success in systems' operation
b. critical
c.
needs
which
waiting,
d.
are
toilet,
supporting
to
operation
(lounge,
janitor)
departments
e.
divisions
f.
general
g.
departmental
in
the
relationship
"feeder
sequences"
system
affinities
h.
1.
39
(1
(2)
(continual
or intermit-
tent)
(3)
j.
degree of urgency
the overall operation
(4)
role
(5)
peak loads
in
(1)
(2)
frequency
and
(continual
pattern
or
inter-
mittent)
(3)
degree
(4)
role
(5)
form
of
In
urgency
the
(speed
overall
required)
operation
implications
(6)
storage
(7)
k.
peak loads
(1)
(2)
(including de-
and pickup)
livery
(continual
or intermit-
tent)
(3)
degree of urgency
the overall operation
(4)
role
(5)
form
(6)
special
(7)
in
(size,
weight)
considerations (fragile)
(including
I.
(8)
storage implications
(9)
peak loads
work nodes
where work
(stations
is
performed)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(a)
key
issues
of people at each
in
performance of
successful
tasks
(b)
(4)
performing tasks
son (including
visitors, clients)
(5)
(6)
sizes,
electrical
siderations
accessories
requirements
regarding
and
furniture,
other
con-
equipment or
40
requirements
area
circulation
material,
information)
(9)
security
requirements
node
node (people,
each
of
(7)
(8)
(open,
locked)
closed,
requirements
(10)
general
electrical
(11)
criteria
each
at
node
surfaces and
detailing
(12)
(14)
other
work nodes
control)
(visual
(13)
with
relationships
special
lighting
requirements
required
(a)
intensity
(b)
incandescent
(c)
direct
(d)
skylight
(e)
need
for
total
(f)
need
for
controlled
and
intensity
sun
indirect
vs.
vs.
task
at
fluorescent
vs.
window
darkness
lighting
sensory
(a)
type
of
stimuli
produced
netism, bacteria)
(b)
(c)
important
(mood,
(15)
air
environmental
situations
atmosphere)
conditioning
requirements
(a)
(b)
special
air
circulation
or ventilation
|-e-
temperature requirements
(c)
special
(d)
air
(e)
special
(f)
grouping
additives
controls over
of
similar
air
conditioning
air
conditioning
re-
quirements
7.
needs
(g)
total
(h)
space
(i)
vibration
(j)
heating
Site
legal
rights of
way, deed
curb
41
b.
zoning
(1
c.
setbacks
(3)
access points
(4)
(5)
density
(6)
heights allowed
(7)
parking required
utilities
(1)
locations
(2)
distances to site
(3)
depths
(4)
(5)
capacities (present
d. soil
(1)
e.
(2)
and projected)
conditions
percolation
(2)
bearing
(3)
chemicals
(4)
density
land contours
(1)
elevations
(2)
cent land)
(3)
f.
g.
blocked
(5)
visual access
ridges
(6)
flat areas
(7)
significant features
(1)
rock outcroppings
(2)
existing buildings
(3)
ditches
(4)
water
(5)
trees
existing foliage
(1)
h.
(4)
tree types
(2)
limb spread
(3)
height
(4)
sensory
42
(1)
noise
(direction,
frequency, pattern,
intensity,
probability of continuance)
(2)
(3)
visual
bility for
continuance)
(poor
good
views,
public
views,
and
i.
time-distance
pedestrian
(1)
car
(2)
(3)
time-distance on site
site
j.
(1)
on and around
site
volume
(2)
location
(3)
(4)
(5)
intermittent)
k. existing
(1)
I.
random
stroll)
volume
(2)
location
(3)
(4)
nature
(5)
(1)
surrounding zoning
(2)
and surround-
ing property
(3)
profile (skyline)
(4)
scale
(5)
image
(6)
materials
(7)
forms
(8)
density
(9)
light (shade
and shadow)
(10)
orientation
(11)
landscaping forms
(12)
details
(13)
geometry
and
rhythms)
edges
m. surrounding
(existing
heights,
social
paving
axes,
environment
other points)
patterns,
walls,
building
modules and
43
patterns
(1)
identifiable
(2)
ethnic
(3)
relationships
between groups
n.
o.
parking
and
i-d)
needs
H2)
area
(present and
projected)
required
required
at
entry
lighting
^(4)
I
adjacent buildings)
circulation
site
dropoffs
(3)
(trees,
site
(restricted
controls
parking)
(5)
special
(6)
on-site circulation
(7)
(8)
(9)
patterns
(people and
loads)
cars)
roads
existing
of
points
'^(11)
of
direction
of
departure
>(10)
access-egress
logical
types
(all
of
traffic)
surrounding
(12)
8.
a. rainfall
c.
d.
e.
snow
f.
g.
potential
Growth and
a.
present
catastrophes
natural
earthquake,
9.
values
land
Climate
(tornado,
hurricane,
flood)
Change
served
b.
c.
d.
anticipated
of
e.
deletion
of
departments
and
addition
new departments
and
projected changes
in
(disposables)
g.
influence
on
all
,^h. future
area
parking
i.
others
projected
needs
(construction,
cost,
design
and
implications)
utility
needs
44
C.
Each
of
more
DETAIL
these
categories
fact
depending
on
may
the
be
EXPANDED
design
that
to
some
to
requirements.
listed
of the other
programming
and
fact
here
FORMS
Every
its
fact
category
has on
its
specific
CONSEQUENCES
contained
under
heading involves
upon the
building.
r-L-irr
hdi^
"~' *^'
>\ph
i_ki
cii^aavM^
^^^iF^^^m CSiii
J^
,l
^ ,U*^. ^
u^l.^^***-^
it;3;;3
^^;id6^4l^
;fi
'fUa^y^
'irJr
t(/ivgXi^^
46
INFORMATION GATHERING
CONTEXT
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
PLANNING OF PROCEDURES
OUTLINING DATA TO BE COLLECTED
DESIGN OF FORMS AND FORMATS
OF SOURCES
AND EXECUTION
DEFINITION
CONTEXT
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
ANALYSIS OF FACTS
EVALUATION OF FACTS
ORGANIZATION OF FACTS
DESIGNING
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
AND DESIGN
PROGRAM AS AN
EVALUATIVE TOOL
47
INFORMATION GATHERING
I.
CONTEXT
,
The quality of
PRODUCT
PROCESS
the
operations performed
tions
is
that produced
it.
is
the result of
Its
actual limita-
building
in
begins.
If
thought of
as
a series
of actions
OPERATIONS
B.
The
performed
operations
specific
PRODUCTS
make them.
that
programming and
in
BROADER
by
the
His
designer.
framework
views
ordering
for
his
C. Information gathering
is
building.
resulting
values, operations
as a
link
in
final
in
"gathering"
CONSEQUENCES
II.
the
it
on and by the
resulting building.
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
FACTS
wherein
the
AFFECTS
building
what surrounds
B.
it
The gathering of
and what
facts
in
designer
on
ALLOWS
his design
may
FORM
and
is
AFFECTED BY
contains.
it
can be thought of
are
be allowed to be influential
design.
in
ITSELF"
the
design
versus
"it
process
is
("let
the
the function
problem SOLVE
programmer
of the
is
essentially
48
DESIGN VIEW,
1.
Relevance
Completeness
data at hand
result
Accuracy
to
gathering,
in
p2MZ<f/u
omissions
This quality
ALL the
pertinent
designing.
BUILDING TASKS.
3.
confusion
and
important to have
It is
when
design
in
PERTINENT
and evaluation.
analysis, design
2.
this opera-
inefficiency
causes
data
about
qualities
desirable.
CONSEQUENCES
the
some
there are
seem to generally be
tion that
is
especially important
when
there
in
sions).
from
It
and
4. Clarity
users.
Clarity
is
vital
we
the designer a
giving
to
5.
CLEAR
statement of
UNDERSTAND
AGREE UPON.
Usability
be used
in
programming
analysis, organization,
it
Efficiency
D. In
it
discussing
is
re-
MINIMAL.
convenient to divide
it
into
FOUR
general groups of
concerns.
1.
planning of procedures.
2.
3. design of
4. definition of sources
III.
and execution.
PLANNING OF PROCEDURES
A. This operation
is
is
the design of
HOW
we
plan to go
B.
As
in
largely
all
VIEW
will
and design
synthesis.
6.
C&it*ct
and
communication
to insuring good
(precepts, conclu-
recording of information
all
client
FACTS
is
of the program-
\o
49
mer. There are, however, some concerns that can apply to
data gathering in general.
1.
of
plan
relate to the
FRAMEWORK
TIME
overall
construction,
They
step.
all
come
documents and
after
this first
all
overall
architect
depends on execution of
ASSIGNED
well
as
all
as
WHOLE
project.
ing tasks
critical
path planning
may
be
helpful.
2.
Before
a plan of
STAFF
process.
3.
A
It
should be stated
This
by
is
in
OPERATIONS.
people.
several
start?" and
to be
is
done
4.
It
is
projecting
or
FORMAT
of the final
a plan of procedure by
what the CONTENTS and
document will be and working
anticipating
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The definition of
usually an excellent
is
detailed
way
to organize
gathering tasks.
5.
In
are
may be
est of efficiency
it
"hard data"
first.
the basis for "firming up" the tentative facts and usually
constitutes
many
This
relates to the
issue
between
RAW
in
REACTIONS
SIONS
or
uative
statements) which
DESIGN.
made
CONCLU-
in
secondary or once-
50
removed information. The programmer must be careful
in his document between what isFIRST
to distinguish
HAND
raw
C.
The use of
is
REACTION
or
MODELS
ing information
what
and
Information
OPINION about
effect,
in
is,
his
to information.
illustrations of
how
are:
1.
2.
3.
D.
The
PARTICULARS TO GENERALITIES
and specific
individual
composed
except
as
of
all
TITLES
is
ahead
no meaning
have
Generalities
"specifics."
Individual facts
ties.
after
are gathered.
approach gathers
facts
of time
artificially set
the cate-
between
ARBITRARILY
been put
in diff-
erent categories.
In
GENERALITIES TO PARTICULARS
made
that since
we should
that
we
will
the assumption
STRUCTURE
eventually
is
the facts
mer
is
may occur
at
any
level
of facts,
general or particular.
E. Facts
or
1.
may be
AFTER
In
evaluated
AS
is
IMMEDIATE EVALUATION,
linkages, relationships,
made
"as
complete (deferred).
facts
we go." Values
are placed
AT THAT POINT
his
in
in
2.
DEFERRED EVALUATION
grouping,
sorting,
hierarchy
It
involves
linkages
putting
off
the
and relationships
assumes that
it
Is
all
of value
levels in
-e
(o
51
categories and to
all
knowledge of the
uncovered
not
are
WHOLE
here
that
we NEVER can
gathering
until
is
essentially
Is
be absolutely certain
when
all
the
F.
Fact gathering
TED
1.
may be
SEGREGATED
either
or
INTEGRA-
SEGREGATED GATHERING
gathering, organization and
FORE
design synthesis.
ALL
without
of having to
doesn't
first
It
requires a comprehensive
documentation of
is
facts BE-
the facts.
To do
so
is
made
come
it
unreasonable, for
is
2.
needed
in
the spaces.
INTEGRATED GATHERING
information
specific
In
this
method, gathering
is
it
WITH
occurs
integrated with
is
ISTIC (suboptimized) or
1.
In
the
ATOMISTIC
this case
tions
Is
to
WHOLISTIC
design
may
synthesis
ATOM-
take an
approach.
In
SUB-PROBLEMS
or
individual
He
in fact gathering.
situations
later
as
attempts
WHOLE
"works"
sum
if all
whole
is
first.
2.
SCHEMATIC CONCEPT.
Here a
WITHIN WHICH
i i
52
For
solved.
gathering
is
the sequence of
reason,
this
responded to FIRST
information
gathered and
is
solution.
H.
know
his
view of design.
m^^r^-^
important to
It is
procedures.
IV.
A.
It
in this stage
is
manner
which the
in
GROUPED
and
situation
ELEMENTS
MANIPULATED
begins
to
how
determine
The
in design.
IDENTIFIED
problem
the
is
DESIGNER
will
in
attempt
""p<.^
:::::n)ft::::;
portant that
process
entire
his
once
problem
the
parts
have
been
identified.
It
it
is
of value to
not needed
PRIOR
know what
analyzing
evaluating,
and
organizing
an
efficient
danger
of
forcing
gathering
NEW
operation
situations
NEVER
it
is
high and
even
higher.
EXPERIENCE
allows
data
to beginning data
gathering.
of
is
also
into
that
comes the
OLD
molds.
programmer should be
as
1.
2.
3. current trends
5.
and developments.
4. general
in
In
effect this
purpose
his
will
task.
fact gathering.
EFFECTIVE
Its
at
facilitate
crucial
D.
amounts to "unofficial"
is
Some
the
DEFINITION
is
to the project.
of the
WAYS
Sr^lil?^2^")^
"^!!:-!:!!:^
z\
53
1.
articles
all
In
6. writing
prominent individuals
7.
in
work.
their current
many
as
of
the
all
pertinent
publications
as
possible.
8. visiting
existing buildings
if
possible.
attending conferences on the client's process or on planning for the client's process.
what may be
problems.
programmer to
LEDGEABLY
talk
It
KNOW-
should
mer
in
o*-*
n^
jRCflMjgBttjCirid"
?a8tW(^
i^
of*
.ffpCuA^n^
E.
The TYPES of
depend upon:
1.
facts
document
make
DETAIL
required
may
compu-
ter?).
2.
3. the
4. the
5.
number
new
construction,
the
values
of
the
architectural facts
be
responded
to
programmer
and the
in
level
design
if
as
to
non-traditional
the
building
is
to
be
successful.
7.
"assume" that
process.
8. the
F.
Where the
undertake
client
a
is
PHASED
LARGE
organization
expansion
project,
intending to
there
may be
54
NATURE
and
SCOPE
of the first
construction.
G.
Some
FACT CATEGORIES
of the potential
the
in
section
on
QUALITATIVE
must
Facts.
It
is
QUANTITATIVE
"hard" facts
The program
and
are outlined
Architectural
Traditional
SENSE
V.
or information that
PERIPHERY.
DESIGN
AJlc&tUi^f*f'
A. In gathering facts, especially for more complex projects,
it
of
is
value
to
GATHERED. Do
RECORD
information
the
much
of
the
AS
IT
IS
programming
can
effort
WASTED
be
in
veri-
fications.
B.
may be
1.
FORMS
on which data
be collected
it
Does
qualitative or quantitative?
number
2.
will
of
people
other
or
it
sources
lend
to
itself
involve a large
it
of
just
few?
you gather
it
fill
out
own convenience? Can the inforyour own pace or must you record
a questionnaire at their
mation be gathered
at
3.
form
IS
TO BE USED-
How
cesses?
4.
Would the
5.
many
Is
the
could be used
building of a "data
it
in
bank" be of
Will
55
all
C.
GATHER
GANIZING
information after
are active in
It
Firms that
collected.
is
STANDARD
1.
functional matrices.
2.
sensory production
3. function
conflict matrices.
context matrices.
site
evaluation forms.
6. questionnaires.
7.
8. checklists.
9.
bubble diagrams of
affinities,
conflicts
and sequences.
form
HVAC)
(furniture, electricity,
Other
FORMS
VI.
DEFINITION OF SOURCES
AND EXECUTION
is
know
WHERE
actually needed
he can get
BEFORE
he can
B. Typical
may be
1.
2.
and operation.
4.
fund
and equip-
electrical,
mechani-
5. general
planning
Standards,
standards
(FHA Minimum
Property
planning
information
from
pertinent
associations
and
manufacturers.
7.
Uniform
8.
governmental
9. empirical
Building
Code and
local
zoning ordinances.
regulations.
situations.
56
11. city building inspector.
and
departments.
utility
county and
15. city,
state studies
done by
16. studies
local firms
books
17.
and
on cost data
publications
Outlook"
F.
("Construction
18
"CAD-LAB."
uage," or
weather bureau,
personal visits and observation.
21. school district surveys and publications.
Some
It is
often helpful to
list
ALL the
EACH
fact
can be
is
DEVELOPED
is
and
EXPANDED
as
it is
D. Don't overlook
mation.
in
It
is
YOURSELF
writing regarding
EVERY
are
issue
source of infor-
issue that
in
BRAIN STORMING
as a principle
list.
several
factors
that
may be
influential
in
having the
1.
When
SPONTANEOUS
a.
try to avoid
b.
SPECIFIC
c.
meetings or phone
set
calls.
up appointments for
purposes.
d. try
not to
OVERSTRUCTURE
an interview. Allow
comments
regarding
what he
feels
are impor-
boredom, participation
:::::::::i:::::::i:i:::;x:i
iilliiililiiillllllll
::
::::::::::::::::::!:
O
O O
O O O
o
O O o
O
57
involvement are key issues when Interviewing.
and
f.
ten").
one to
will
relative values
g.
his qualitative
a scale of
he places on
needs.
his
terms of
in
NEEDS
and not
solu-
tions.
h.
but
the situation
Always have
let
the client
make the
decision.
who
the authority to
make
have
by superiors.
i.
VERIFY
always
data collected
in
interviews by writing
all
con-
cerned.
j.
when
^**pMc^V'
know
the
will
be satisfied.
zation.
client designate
their
decision-making responsibilities.
2.
When
staff
without supervision:
a.
b.
all
involved.
PURPOSE
of
try
any
avoid
to
it.
pressed
d. relate
Their
QUANTITATIVELY.
who were
involved.
is
3.
4.
As
and
the
in
design,
in
which
Programming
largely
an
you
expect
their
analytic-synthetic
success.
still
form
ART
abilities
is
not
where
new
are
findings.
awareness
CRITICAL
to
his
creativity,
ideas are
initiative
VITAL.
and
^-^^
58
AND ORGANIZATION OF FACTS
ANALYSIS, EVALUATION
CONTEXT
A. Design
synthesis
COMMITMENTS made
involves
ADVOCATE, PROPOSE
He must
designer.
and
by the
RECOM-
MEND
:dlf^d^
are as anticipated.
The
DEFINES
and
STRUCTURES, LIMITS,
program
architectural
DIRECTS
The program
ing of relationships.
is
with synthesis."
B.
The
architectural
program
an instrument to be used
Its
made
II.
some
KNOWN
must be
to insure that
it
be
uihy
C. Analysis,
TIAL
never an
is
in
ESSEN-
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
A. Both design and programming involve
niques.
The program
CONSEQUENCES
directing
to
which
considered
are
in
tech-
Analysis,
and
desirable
REALIZATION.
mation
PREDICTIVE
is
INTENTIONS
and organization of
infor-
SUPPORT
these
m'
goals.
B. Definitions
1.
Analyze:
To
its
separate
PARTS
function
the
2.
Evaluate:
break
or
so
as
and
relations
up
into
examination of
relationships;
between
To determine
WHOLE
variables.
RELATIVE
importance;
to
appraise.
3. Organize:
C.
To STRUCTURE,
MENTALIZE
in
It
is
impossible, however, to
COMPART-
programming.
and organization.
Evaluation
There
is
needed
in
both
analysis
ir'^'""
ii i
r iii h ..! r
'-aJJ-mr-'^
59
evaluation and analysis. Analysis provides evaluation with
subject matter.
"evaluation" and
of
development),
"organization" only
kinds
similar
(program-
process
design
total
design
schematics,
TRATIONS
the
of
phases
the
Like
ming,
of
"analysis",
CONCEN-
identify
that
activity
in
ODn Ife^
oil
effect
occur
and
D.
hopefully
Whether
we
with
separate
they actually
packages
but to study
improve
and
processes
these
SEPARATE
that
refine
that
propose
to
and
distinct
as
not
here
operations
as
are
them.
INTEGRAL
considered
or
synthesis,
evaluation
of
facts).
E.
for
F.
FORM
The
may
data
or
hinder
these
processes.
FEW operations
make it USABLE for
to perform
to
tasks
as
It
is
of value
as
organizational
GATHERING
in
facilitate
analytical,
evaluative and
possible.
ANALYSIS OF FACTS
III.
ANALYSIS,
A. In
in
The process
TAILED
is
determination
to
of
relative
organization
RELATIONSHIPS between
consequences.
and
similarities
GROUPING
differences
of facts into
as
are
a
Analysis
because
uncovers
"finer
to
with
in design
it
and between
of
facts
for
facts
that
determined
BASIS
in
more
grain" which
facts
serves
to
into smaller
reduce the
general
analysis.
SORTING and
in
the
UNCOVERING
otherwise
and
establish
SYSTEMS.
data
If
components.
importance.
C.
facts
Qualities
of
its
important
building
B.
interested
principally
is
facts are
also
the programmer
DECOMPOSITION
the
BURIED
which
within broader
facts.
is
EXHAUSTIVELY
'of
hh{h
^riX^e^
60
ALL
subissues,
be
will
REPETITION
regarding
same
information
fine
grain
OVERLAP
and
information.
The
by
claimed
be
will
The resolution of
ORGANIZATIONAL
the
in
of
bits
headings.
Issue
the
and sub-
related subissues
considerable
different
this
processes
programming.
of
may be GROUPED
and ORGANIZED totally differently than when the procNEW topic headings may need to be
ess began and
After analysis, fine grain information
invented
D. Analysis
new information
the
for
not
does
finally
groupings.
the
fix
relationships
but
operation
only
deals
and
relationships
qualities
is
NOT
between
a synthesis
discovering
POTENTIAL
information,
organization
with
for
It
\(i/tuMf4'Li^
%r-^
and design.
E.
Some
means
1.
types
the
with
2.
CONSEQUENCES
economic,
ELEMENTS
the
the
building,
design
(site,
structure,
of the fact to
the client
IMPORTANCE
relative
fact
the designer
or to
SEQUENCE
4. the
future
deals
fact
psychological)
environment)
function,
3. the
the
of
the
that
physical,
which
of
which
in
(schematic,
synthesis
5.
of
(social,
FLEXIBILITY
the relative
the
design
facts
be used
will
in
development)
or
FIXEDNESS
of the fact
Also
that
F.
use
of
result
in
the
analysis
EVALUATION
from the
of the
qualities
data.
between
purposes
convenience and
of
may sometimes be
organization"
NEW
and
G. Analysis
facts
in
to
valuable
provide an
CREATIVE
is
predetermined
efficiency
to
in
gathering,
DECOMPOSE
the
it
"fact
potential relationships
between
facts.
terms of their
for
POTENTIAL IMPLICATIONS on
DO
DP
>:f}>
VL
-^D'W
t
D/5k
61
sometimes not immediately evident. The
be perceptive and thorough enough
implications are
must
programmer
data
a
on
causative
it
is
not
that
implications
MORE DATA
for
gathering
also
as
events
BUILDING CONSEQUENCE.
An important by-product
tectural
of
of the chain
part
is,
fact
event
surface
the
to
relevant,
to the
leading
H.
agent
"remote"
seemingly
even
Remoteness of
design.
building
the
of
implications
the
trace
to
that
is
may
it
certain
in
results
refinement
in
This
areas.
of
feedback
gathering
to
tech-
niques.
IV.
EVALUATION OF FACTS
A. Evaluation here
is
DISTINGUISHED from
to be
the evalua-
B.
may
relate to:
1.
^MJl!'"""
DIRECT
ir
::::::::::::::::
\,Jjjr~~-
.;i:jj::j::H:||
2.
Whether the
is
one
fact,
that
will
need
be
or
desirable
future
AUTOMATICALLY
situation
taken
care
it
atten-
3.
How SOON
operation.
4.
The
IMPORTANCE
relative
of
the
fact
in
terms of
5.
The
relative
of the
6.
The
ARCHITECTURAL
relative
FLEXIBILITY
C.
in
or
FIXEDNESS
of the fact,
"
in
firm.
ORGANIZERS are
CONCEPTS in
the forming of
identified
synthesis.
Jkmub
ft
ftx
VklS
'(>^^^
62
Also, by defining the facts that are fixed and unchanging
(site
WORK
around which
FEWER
be available
will
D.
Where
a large
number of
QUANTITIES
tion
NUMERICALLY.
it
\. o
sometimes
is
relative
promotes
This
regarding the
synthesis.
in
to assign
helpful
is
the
clarity
feedback
the
in
in
VALUE RANGE
assigned to problem
deter-
minants.
V.
ORGANIZATION OF FACTS
A. Analysis and evaluation are
process
Although
TOOLS
Both
are
of the organizational
necessary
there
degree
is
organization
of
in
as
BASES
program information.
organizing
for
B.
programming.
in
related
a
to
FORMAL
AFTER
the data
is
analysis
process.
FLECTED
in
C. Organization
operation
SYNTHETIC,
the
programming.
COMMITMENTS
DECISION-MAKING
sions and
in
design.
BEYOND
extends
projection
should
begins
qualities to
in
is
in
make
to
analysis
in
of
future
contain
desirable
statements
The
situations.
about
Involvement
"existing" to a
of the
description
HOW
this
program
might
be
achieved.
DESCRIPTIVE
ADVOCATIVE
It
is
statements
GUISHED
ming
that
cated
D.
about what
SHOULD
in
the
program.
reflects
the
values
are
as
obviously
all
be
DISTIN-
of program-
programmer, statements
of the
judgemental
should
be
clearly
indi-
process
for
such.
happen
Even though
the
gap
is
the
between the
essential
PROBLEM STATEMENT
f^^kt^
63
and
a
SYNTHETIC OPERATION
the
solution.
It
evaluated
TRANSLATED
are
will
result
in
CS^=:
.^^^^^^^
4^<4j(<.d1^
with
relationships
that
the
is
language
the
into
of
the
designer.
VERBAL
expression
is
of
the
much
is
/Id/i/roL
<n^^^3^
J^
facts
the start
is
p^4icaC'
it
GRAPHI-
of the program
DIAGRAMMATICALLY
and
largely
(visual)
problem statement
solution to the
of value to express as
CALLY
are
PHYSICAL
concepts. As architecture
DIRECT
The programmer's
cation
extent to which
communi-
programming
of
data
largely
will
NEEDS
the programming
all
determine
met
are
/UM>Ut
the
in
synthesis.
E.
when
F.
It
design.
In
This
may sometimes
DIFFERENT
helpful
is
CLEARLY
phasis.
to
the
WAYS
of the
that
difficulty
forms
design tasks.
the
if
program
format
priority
and em-
Information types,
indicates
Some
designer
create
DIFFERENT
may
be used to communi-
1.
2.
use
3.
of
4. color
5.
capital
coding of
letters.
title
or
Italics
underlining
words
6. use of receding
all
program sections
simultaneously
7.
8. tables
G. As
DESIGN INSTRUMENT,
in
the
the program
program
that
is
directly
an
APPENDIX,
DIRECT
H.
to group
separating
architectural
The use of
pertinent
Is
it
to synthesis.
all
should
be
A common
supporting Information
from the
implications.
SUMMARY SHEETS
where
all
critical
data
'^
II|A
64
under
together
in
I.
EACH
Related
summary
the
to
may
ming
concept
sheet
the
major
hours
of
saving
or
may
the
issue
of
on these
time
organization
of
the most
are
sheets
HEADINGS
information
In gathering,
is
information
the
gathering
involve
w^ith
separately
later.
J.
grouped
be
may occur
or
topic section.
STANDARD
forms
These may
relationships.
data
code requirements or
needs,
summary CHAPTER
in a
and SUCCIIMCTLY
designer. Typical
the
to
include space
functional
overall
GROUPED
is
of great help
is
might
sheets
heading
given
presented
proved
that
useful
not
CONTINUE
organizational
the
as
major headings
After decomposition
processes.
may
the
in
data
of
in
have
K.
it
little
From
the
preceeding
ORCHESTRATION
bility,
groupings,
INFORMATION
particular
issues
major headings)
itself.
manner
becomes
it
in
clear
the
that
very
as
is
important
the
as
strong determinent
the
is
ASSEMBLED
!Sa5
have
design
been
the designer
together,
promotes
the
use
of
that strongly
systems
over
OTHERS.
L.
As
in
1.
THE PROGRAM
THE DESIGNER.
IS
or concept about
final building
its
product.
A SET OF INSTRUCTIONS TO
:::::ia*T::j:{:j|:|i.
DIRECTIVES.
aspects
PROPOSING
most
of
the
building
the physical
effectively
bring
should
have
indi-
but also
them about.
MPi^MMf^
;r"Ty^iii?HiiTT!f:TT'
_,
.,.W&
65
not be concerned about INFRINGING upon the PROVINCE of the designer. The LINE
between programming and design operations is in DIF-
FERENT
on the project
places depending
may have
Different people
involved.
issue
^p^f^itmsm^
ci(li^c/yf\.e\y
on the matter
differing opinions
also.
refers
tions
ARCHITECTURAL IMPLICATIONS
the
to
of the
design
in
should
be
clearly
direc-
This tactic
indicated.
MOST FAMILIAR
with
OPTION
designer's
problem.
the
the
ignore
to
It
the
in
the program
in
is
always the
is
content
design
suggested
at
Oo
SUB SOLUTIONS
a WHOLE. Others
t>0
FRAMEWORKS
offer concept
within
PREMISE
The fundamental
it
UNREASONABLE
seems
raw
its
state
behind
attitude
this
is
architectural implications
its
at
reasonable
to
CONTINUE
the
process to
to
project,
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
more
the
O.
his
detailed
schematic
it
is
often desira-
design
requirements
ACCOMMODATE.
more CONFIDENTLY
that
Schematic
ceed
with
decisions
against
schematics
design
must
can pro-
view toward
what
is
TO COME.
In
what
can
1.
serve
ORDINARILY
considered
of requirements
INFORMATION
be
the
analytical
tions performed
MUCH
"details"
and
on data
as a
itself
PRE-
As
Like
be
two purposes.
VIEW
2.
might
evaluative
in
f "sg3p\
of
information available
eventually
of
P.
TEST
!^^?3ii
^p__ -f
--riv**-------:
Hir**
""
CONCLU-
its
N.
-4- wm^
that
to
may
processes,
prove to
the opera-
organization depend on
its
gathering.
HOW
Some
66
example organizational operations
1.
SORTING
2.
GROUPING
and
on
based
criteria
of
use,
of
identified
qualities
to
are:
by
established
EFFECTS on
Sorting
the design
building
of individual
^^-<^^^^,.^if
(sequence
programnner
the
importance).
relative
categories
into
facts
in
data.
3.
HIERARCHY
Establishing a
attention
about
clusions
a.
ONE
and
data
should
designer's
with
deal
GRAPHI-
issue at a
what
about
proposals
accomplish.
SHORT, CONCISE,
be
should
Precepts
only
the
of
the
design
final
synthesis.
in
DEFINITIVE
4. Writing
the
and
sequence
the
direct
CALLY.
b.
Precepts should
UNIQUENESS
the
identify
of the
are
precepts
the
in
OBVIOUS
ment.
precepts
when EDUCATING
c.
should deal
Precepts
may need
with
d.
An
to avoid
help
the
of
This
difficulty.
EVALUAT-
that of
is
the
in
building
plan.
as
"extruded plan"
taken
directions
well
as
ORS
involving
issues
to be included
the client.
conceptualization
of
synthesis.
INVIABLE
SCREEN
concepts can
levels
all
will
the
most
the
statement,
statement
result
"the
the
in
solution
clearly
a
in
illustrated
response
from
is
problem.
contained
to
Hence,
the
in
problem."
CONFLICTS
CONVERGENCE
the
to
pre-
(schematics,
of design synthesis
solution
viable
of
design alternatives.
comprehensive establishment of
Theoretically
development)
e.
EVALUATE
and
cepts
at
the
design
when two
a
identify
problem.
precepts
particular
POTENTIAL
This
is
most
COMPETE
building
aspect
for
or
do-
o
0-7
Cjn*<i^
KD
^O
p'vujifi^
i^f^^^f*^
67
element where
PATTERN LANGUAGE
f.
(Alexander)
LUTION of
SYNTHESIS
DESIGNER.
in
them
can
used
be
4^^ciXUf\^y
^^l^*;^^^'
in
The RESOthe
the patterns and
a whole is left to the
into
ALTERNATIVE CONCEPTS
SUGGESTED by the
the
for
liiSSfc:^^^
i^^ii^
precepts.
building
where
implications
where data
or
^^W^wd^
all
USABLE
into
conflicts
of the
6. Putting
closely related
is
of
the
Identifying
design
the
proposes synthetic
it
which
sub-problems
to
many
designing
5.
EXCLUDES
response to one
possibility
program
the
be
to
is
special
published
is
or grouping.
Q. Oftentimes
the
the
organizational
this
is
can
processes
designing the
designing
of
discipline
LOGICAL CONTINUITY
document
be of help
programming.
in
for
c&mImum:^
i^jr^tZ^^i
structuring
in
sense
its
table
In
of contents.
R.
One programming
tactic
development of
reusable
is
used from
project to
that often
proves useful
is
the
PROGRAM OUTLINE. As it
project it may be EXPANDED
is
A comprehensive program outline
COMPLETELY applicable to every project.
It must
be TAILORED to suit the building type under
study. An outline can serve as a CHECKLIST to insure
REFINED.
and
never
usually
S.
possible but
PRIORITY
|ft0 off
effort.
as
DETAILED
as
it
respect to schematic
with
design
and design
development.
T. There
are
several
development of
1.
considerations
assist
in
process
can
programming and
READINGS
toric
the
de-
design
2.
may
that
program outline.
IN
help
in
role
in
firming
that
PROGRAMMING.
and current
papers and
its
issues in
up views about
process.
programming approach.
"
y -^M^JM -A ..^
68
REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF SAMPLE PROGRAMS.
3.
helps to
It
how
see
4.
at
detailed
and usable
on paper"
must
be
tested
relevancy
both
to
On
tasks.
the
usability,
programming and
the
basis
of
The
DESIGN.
as
outline
comprehensiveness
many
the
and
design
of these applications
many
possible,
as
for
first
organized
as
start.
PROGRAM AND
BUILDING
5.
good way to
is
be
possible.
as
The
and
"Emptying your head
should
outline
the
evaluations
and refinements.
DESIGN EVALUATION.
6.
the
The
design.
degree
many
role
this
in
program
building
It
of
is
often
to
use
evaluating
the
revealing
for
criteria
as
of
applicability
program
the
times
outline alterations.
A
It
must
be
continually
USED,
form."
"final
EVALUATED
and
IM-
PROVED.
U. Ordinarily the
MAJOR
program subsections of
organizing a
the
Some
in
are
listed
groupings
CATEGORIES
information
the
of
SUBSECTIONS
below.
They
or
are
to
AVAILABLE
the scope of
used
organizing a program.
and their
ARRANGEMENT
upon the
overall
document.
between
tural
It
this
in
program
ORGANIZATIONAL CONCEPT
is
of the
some overlap
1.
pre-programming
2.
acknowledgements
3.
forward or preface
of contents
5.
6.
7. spirit
briefly
which may be
facts.
4. table
titles
suit
not ordered
present
in
ade-
need
INTRODUC-
CONCEPTS
'fyiipa^K^ aiMi/iou
ci^4U^^
69
8. client identification
9, client
.10.
16.
17.
18.
19.
and budget
project priorities
27.
28. precepts
general explanation
32. premises
33. assumptions
34. givens
35. architectural design criteria
36. general building systems design criteria
37. mechanical systems design criteria
38. electrical systems design criteria
39. structural systems design criteria
alternatives
42. patterns
43. action plan
44. concept aspects (description)
45. evaluation of concepts (advantages and disadvantages
summary
52. appendix
53. exhibits
54. definitions
and glossary
55. index
56. bibliography
57. credits and
programming team
INFLUENCE
the nature
70
4^i/{A^ii/yuUf'j^
of the
BUILDING.
71
DESIGNING FROM THE PROGRAM
I.
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
A. Although
of
ROLES may
its
program
building
Its
validity
the
degree
C.
make
As
"design
program
the
successful
is
depends on
synthesis
in
all
of
its
pre-
aspects.
WHOLE.
event" the
response to the
of the
nature
HOW
upon
in
DESIGN TOOL.
value
its
CONSEQUENCE
putting
the
as to
that
purpose
principle
a
facilitates
it
solution
B. Synthesis:
of
USE and
its
which
design
building
in
lies
to
the
vary,
that
is
the pro-
on the amount of
D. Depending
in
design
may
SYNTHESIS
already con-
the
tained
from
range
statement
simple
of
in
desired
of
series
TURAL
E. In
way
ACTUAL
situation
needs
to
climate)
(site,
so also
STATEMENT
program
programming
that
client
DESIGN BY
Both
pattern
the same
the
as
optimum ARCHITEC-
and
an
a transition
ACTUAL
to the actual
from
existing
statement to
organized
synthesis
is
is
the
transition
from the
PHYSICAL
solution.
TRANSLATIONS
expressed
in
as
is
another.
The programmer takes the "raw situation" and TRANSLATES it into the language of the designer. The designer
in
turn
TRANSLATES
tion.
The
first
LY,
the
second
expresses
TECTURALLY.
GRAPHICALLY,
TECTURALLY.
VERBAL
expresses
If
it
concepts
GRAPHIC
concept
GRAPHICALARCHI-
concepts
cannot
be
expressed
ARCHI-
process,
BOTH
portant.
The
operations
are
of
critically
the
im-
original
t^ayi^4ii*^
Xhj^Miti^n^
72
must
situation
be
presented
programming and
both
in
synthesis.
F.
DESIGNER must
As the
situations,
and
also
the
simulate
it
PROGRAMMER
must the
of
use
experience
learned)
or
(direct
is
it
synthesis.
in
anticipate
his
upon previous
situations
in
similar
to
PROGRAMMING,
to poor
just
BUILDING may
the
as
SYNTHESIS. The
is
due
fail
a building
II.
PROGRAM
A. There
several
are
1.
DESIGN RELATIONSHIPS
QUALITIES
that are
relationship
client.
of
program-synthesis
the
of
value:
BE-
The
program
should
should
be
program,
DETERMINE
directed
as
the
solution.
completely
the
Synthesis
possible
as
the
by the
gramming and synthesis to be "filled in" by the designer's "assumptions." If the program has clearly identified the ELEMENTS to be MANIPULATED in DE-
SIGN and
the
involved
issues
determining
in
their
2.
SYNTHESIS SHOULD BE FAITHFUL TO THE PROGRAM. Sometimes when manipulating the elements
of the physical building, the designer may be tempted
to INVENT new needs, INFLATE the importance of
a determinant or DE-EMPHASIZE a critical issue to
facilitate
the
structural
or
ARCHITECTURAL
cause
should
accurate
3.
deviation
nevertheless
reflection
some
of
resolution
geometric,
problem.
aesthetic
program
strive
of
the
to
intent,
make
that
may sometimes
(physical) concerns
from
spatial,
Recognizing
his
the designer
building
an
program statement.
73
designer to
The degree of
"fill
detail
DETAIL
at
occupied
and
which
building
the
The
use.
in
function when
may sometimes
will
designer
when
tion
it
When
of
program
the
general
organize
must
either
unwarranted
details,
needed
the
situation," there
begin
will
designer
terms
in
pressure
is
concerned
gether" and
mation
zation
terms of
in
might
upon
the
its
the
to
justice
building
to-
analysis,
Here,
design.
his
in
it
have
discovered
program
of
analysis
"putting
responding to
to
the potential
that
with
seldom do
will
prior
designer
to
is
the
directly
be
to
is
When
information.
programming and go
by-pass
"original
4.
INCOMPLETE
is
or
issues
put
all
to detail
attention
through
information
reflection
are
lost.
FLOW UNINTERRUPTED
SHOULD
FROM THE PROGRAM. When the designer must
SYNTHESIS
form,
this
more data
results
UNSYSTEMATIC response
PHASED so
is
for
that
phase
pleted
of
to
segment of
given
as
synthesis
SMOOTHLY
into
Where
pro-
should
it
INEFFICIENT and
to the program.
gramming
data
or to translate
an
in
be
(schematics),
able
be com-
to
the pro-
in
gram.
efficiently used
APPENDIX
should
detrimental
be
to
"incubation,"
creativity,
even
DIVERTED
the
design
subconscious
when not
from synthetic
process.
problem
at the
The
issues
is
designer's
solving
and
(gathering
74
B.
Where there
and different
MORE
is
one designer on
than
design
the
of
aspects
project
addressed
be
will
designer
C.
determinant of
as a
and
determinant
of
"synthesis
GENERAL
are
as
DETAILS
However, the
two
of
descriptions
synthesis"
building"
the
of
cause-effect systems.
for the
SPECIFIC
The
of
aspects
building
the
design.
between
way
that affects
on
studied
are
general
particular operations
D.
It
is
level
programming and
design.
ENDS
programming
of
programming
to
organize
identify
The
of
relationships
long as
SEPARATE
as
the
fee
structure
p^tC^U^i'KyMM^
.^ifuMuU-
and to
profession
the
in
"formal"
beginning
ORGANIZATIONAL
on how
where
far
of
process
this
design
building
Depending
is
the
in
is
process of programming.
will
con-
E.
The
stronger
and
design,
the
program
should
that the
mer to
it
is
be
the
the
greater
the
be lost
will
in
CONTINUOUS
optimum
chances that
synthesis.
with
the
other.
the
spirit
of
This
implies
way
all
the subtleties
programming.
F.
G.
ONLY
Where synthesis
is
CONTINUOUS
term "response"
is
yi,
^ ^ ___.
,11 111
'
iiitt
75
there
INTERRUPTION
an
is
in
gram to design and .that they are two independent operations that are "brought together" artificially.
the same way, the use of the program as a means of
In
means
when
little
the program
the
If
is
BROKEN,
has been
for
the
evaluating
becomes
building
more appropriate
process.
Where
the
the
designer
works on design
serve
an
as
evaluator
INDIVIDUAL
of
DESIGN and
may be used
the
PROCESS
leading to
test
programming
and
the
of
it
PHILOSOPHICALLY
sequence
presented
as
of
in
the
to strength
and
clarity
of graphic ex-
of issues)
for
program
the
(related
pression
8. clarity
convenience
data
palatability"
"visual
efficiency
forms and
information
format
the
of
information
issues
the
overall
4. relevancy
9.
of the
are:
of
7.
final
both of these
OPERATIONALLY?)
3. usability
6.
"'p^j^pa^fC^'
5.
it,
PROGRAM. Some
to evaluate the
2.
design decisions
H. As the
of
also
(decisions
1.
independently
of
the
resolving
in
determin-
priorities
design
the
in
program
as
criteria
conflicts
in
synthesis
^fiiSlpluir^
Jme^
76
problem elements and
thesis of the
These
may
of evaluation
criteria
issues
ANY
apply to
ALL
or
programming.
esses in
III.
SYNTHESIS OPERATIONS
'^tpdile^ti^
A.
VALUES
No
in
how
matter
eventually
establishment
result
starting
point
working
more
im-
as
is
The
data.
involve:
issues
from
ESSENCE
the
of
out
doing an
"^C&M^e/tt
IJiSiJiiiJHi!!!!!!!!!!
the
problems
easy
ones
difficult
or
OVERVIEW
relationships
5.
program
may
concept
overall
will
problem
the
4.
that
solution.
the
designer
CRITICAL
an
relationships
as
operate
the
for
for
solving
2. deriving
3.
of
DETERMINANT
portant
may
designers
SINGULAR
in
1.
two
differently
CUMULATIVE
B.
VIEW OF DESIGN.
as reflected in his
vice
and
first
then
the
versa
attending to the
dealing with the
UNIQUE
more
6.
relationships
between spaces
C.
Some
of
the
traditional
CONTINUATION
1.
issues
possi-
concepts
related
to synthesis
as
of programs are:
of
the
he
may attempt
of the
gram.
facts
to
make
program or an
The
first
of
ROLE
his
in
the
design
process
'
i ll
n
I
r'j ij
j jj j
'
i ll
"i i
"iijjjjj
jjj jj
i ..
iii i
iiiii|
artistic
expression
these views
FACTS
of the
as
INTERPRETATION.
pro-
crucial
"^iiiiiiiiii
to
them
unit
"
77
Related to the
that
versus
literal
response issue
artistic
of
Synthesis
may
vary
both
terms
of
is
design.
programming
of program
having DIRECT relatedness to solution) and LEVEL
(relative broadness or specificness of the program issues
in
in
interface with
its
DEGREE
(percentage
responded to directly).
2.
program he
of the
part
may
designer
point of beginning
a review of the
SEQUENCE
program
HOW
for
program
be responded to
will
it
^^^^^
design.
in
PLAN
j^ip
FIRST. "One
as another." In contrast,
and then
RE-
thought to what
attend to
will
good
as
is
give little
is
and
a
real
MANNER OF
influence
/UuJUi/i^
3.
may
arranged
different
situations
are
WHOLE.
This
out the
(Ml^
the
involve
The "optimal
criteria.
<^S|^H<^
INDEPENDENTLY
to
solutions
tions
T^^f^
solutions"
approach
COMPETITION
problem determinants
very
is
these
to
individual
other to
effective
in
make
pointing
for
comThe
structure
the
for
problems then
"relating
The
The
solution.
the
involve
to the genera-
first
OVERALL
organizational
solutions
ADDED
to
jlp
sub-
gI
determinant of
to the whole."
first
derived from
building
solving
functions.
problems at the
"The
building
is
level
where the
composite of
values a
4.
different
NEOUSLY
is
form
first
categories
but
of
f^^CH
L:::::::
^ud^
the
SEPARATELY
of suboptimization.
program
(function
Eventually
SIMULTAand
site).
It
conclusions
|i!!::!j5i
78
drawn in each category and they are integrated.
The second approach studies one topic until tentative
conclusions are reached. Then another topic is studied
are
CONTEXT
together
IN
resolved
and
with
the
Conflicts
first.
drawn
conclusions
about
the
studied
5.
this
system,
all
the topics
sequence
the
are
synthesis
topics
of
vital.
is
Although alternatives
LY
^^
IMMEDIATE-
developing what
(One
MINIMAL
solution.
in
r&tr
designer attempts to
responds
to
solution
by
the
time
chosen
be
will
will
work
CONVERGES
He
program.
BEST
to
alternatives
that
"as
later.
solutions
to
taken
be
help
the
that
insure
solving
in
best
problem
the
by
direction
will
looking at the
as
criteria for
6.
The
generated
volves
forms
NOT
relating
to
each
difficult
to
SEPARATING
insofar
as
possible.
sub-
the individually
This
usually
in-
UNUSUAL
where
minimizes
solution
segregative
solution compromises by
This
is
especially
advantageous
physically
relate
to
each
other.
It
also
work on parts of
the design independently of other parts. The segregative
approach demands a strong UNITING system or element
for finally assembling the sub-solutions. The integrative
approach attempts to "weave" the form together so
the designer or designers to
allows
many
MUTUAL
relationships
between
structurally,
usually
more
Because
mechanically).
COMPROMISE
there
is
fit.
The
first
in a
The
designer's
METHODS
in
more "unified
other.
raiK
79
on
dent
his
models he
E.
The
may
designer
Even
his
everyday experience.
divide
synthesis
DECOMPOSITION
the
development
smaller
into
FREQUENCY
into
several
stages.
and
design
schematics
of
may be
increments
COMPLEXITY
depending on the
necessary
of
uses
models
in
the syn-
4di47tc^xi^
c::^e4AUpyyKU(t
thesis process.
F.
It
is
ALL
through
stages.
Vital
stages of synthesis
is
manner which
can
he
UNDERSTAND.
This
in
help
will
is
until
it
is
built (with
accompanying
criticism,
G.
To
ing
that
to the
leads
the
physical
designer
solution
architectural
be highly
ORGANIZED
re-
his
quires
that
logical
ing to
excellent test of
H. Just as the
in
the
is
an
PROBLEM ORGANIZATION.
RECORD KEEPING
programming can
tions,
in
RECORD KEEPING
jllPijiipilliijiiiiiiijjiiiiii
programming opera-
schematic
and
development
stages
in
turn
can
aid
in
work.
the following
X~t~
-ill-
80
PROGRAM AND DESIGN EVALUATION
I.
AND CONCEPTS
DEFINITIONS
"An APPRAISAL
A. Evaluation:
of the
VALUE
WORTH
or
of something."
B.
To
evaluate something
ARD
or
SCALE.
to judge
is
it
against
some STAND-
RELATION-
COULD
SHOULD
be or
be and what
IS.
+
T
1-
C.
EVALUATION
distinct
is
in
that evalua-
(not necessarily
the
in
is
whole into
position of a
ANALYSIS
from
VALUE JUDGMENT
tion involves a
its
parts.
Evaluation
may
be pre-
DESCRIPTIVE
is
is
EVALUATIVE.
D. Evaluation
can
occur
specificity.
We
can
Because
it
at
varying
appraise
of generality
levels
WHOLE
or
or
PARTS.
its
is
it
seems best
if
INDIVIDUAL judgments
COMPONENT
about specific
are
made
The
In
the same
way
parts,
evaluate the
so also
it
over-all,
SPECIFIC
E.
may
Individual
parts
criteria
evaluation.
in
be judged
Evaluations are
by totally
process just as
F. Properties
in
design
means
it
helps
DESIGN SYNTHESIS.
the elements
DIFFERENT
serves as a useful
EVALUATION
the understanding of
istic
on
is
of elements
used
is
in evaluation.
in
-iiiiitr
iiii
r!?fiT
<./i^
1
.
>
JL
Ci^.U^AC'
81
or
quality
VALUE
we
qualities
it.
may
the judgment
be
rooted
is
selected,
in
We ASSIGN positivity or
on its PERCEIVED affect on
SELF-ESTEEM. We
our own
phenomena only
attend to
psychological
well-being to
SENSITIVELY
attentive
We
some
in
physical
most
are
we have
to
0M^
h ^Ai
DAMAGE
II.
terms
in
EVALUATION
we may think
of
or
of "evaluation" as applied
designs
final
SUPPORT
relative
its
^ll4/mTi^UK^
IN
A. Although normally
to
of
our self-image.
to
its
role
cieaiot^Cfi'tr^-^tivu^i'ntuCt
extends
We are
TENTATIVE COMMITMENTS and judgDESIRED CONSEQUENCES or goals. The
them
against
criteria for
as those used to
make
the
commitments
as
numerous
(visual, functional,
"-lU/filc^Zc^p^
B.
ESSENTIAL
as
in
at
all
is
an
perience.
work with?
1.
Will
2.
3.
Is
4.
What
tactic
5.
How
What
What
are the
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
would be best
most important
issues?
C. Evaluation
that
requires
STANDARD
and
~^^ ~^^^^\^^
there
be
commitment
to
desired
judge
GOAL
against
or
that
a^-4<^i^^it**<'^
82
which
D.
Evaluation
standard.
sucii
criteria
as
EXPRESSED.
are
GEIMERAL
the very
gramming and
may
decision
design.
or
E.
iiiii/ii-t-'i
development
design
FRAMEWORK
and
how
VALUES
values
his
to
the
issue
of
the client's
Some
of the evaluations
offer
FEEDBACK
made
in
'''^'"Otij!^
EXPLICITLY
not been
gramming and
arbitrarily
H.
We
in
much
as
is
PRIOR
set
The more
when
goals have
on the
G. Evaluation
criteria
design.
EASIER
goals, the
basis
of
ARBITRARILY
determined
determined
criteria.
REVERSE. SYNTHESIS
Cwweiti*\y
we may think
of the problem
in
cerns:
may
made
be
in
example,
I.
project
CONSCIOUS
J.
f\^,M-
programmer
of the
relate
process
F.
f^--^
of
in
designer
satisfying
smallest
problem
the
evaluated
The
to the very
by
in
the Introduc-
generated
it
the desired
design prior
FORM
and
4*^Ml4ii>
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83
CONSEQUENCES.
resulting
It is
that
may
PROJECTED
or
EXPECTED
at the
of the
re-evaluation
originally
III.
A.
The
ASPECT
developing
by the inclusion of
of completed
buildings
is
is
rapidly
evidenced
many
Ovaii/ltMfv^
B.
It
(or
INTENTIONS
nowhere
C.
in
role
DIRECTION GIVING
that of a
may
it.
be judged
it
that formed
CLEARLY
as
in
device in synthesis,
EVALUATING
it
jUfy^AtM.
solution.
D.
The
FORM
EVALUATIVE
precepts should
and
It
becomes much
building
in
E. In
tool.
when
Critical
be
issues
its
use as an
should be identified
SHOULD HAPPEN
the building.
ideal
its
program that
QUENCES
PREDICTS
desired
quences do
in
fact
OCCUR
and
if
if
these conse-
ABLE.
F.
1.
an
INDIRECT EVALUATION
If
the
program
building,
it
is
of
of the
LITTLE
PROGRAM
help
itself.
evaluating the
in
in
the design
of the building.
2.
Critical
issues
which are
BURIED
in
supporting data
ifyx^^i^
84
3.
When
COVERED
in
H.
The
I.
THOROUGH.
EVALUATING
a design
is
reorganized
may
or
FORMAT
related
NOT
COMPLETE
also a
is
FORMAT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
table of contents.
of the program.
the
PROGRAM
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