Induction Motor II

Equivalent Circuit Model

No Load Test, Blocked Rotor Test and DC resistance of Stator

Windings

Equivalent Circuit of the Induction Motor

IEEE-Recommended Equivalent Circuit

Thevenin equivalent circuit

Vth
If

2
R1

Xm

2
R1

X1 X m

V1

X1 X m

Xm
Vth
V1 K thV1
X1 X m

jX m R1 jX1
Z th
Rth jX th
R1 j X 1 X m
If ,

2
R1

X 1 X m

then,

Xm
2
R1 K th R1
Rth

X1 X m

X th X 1

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
Pmech Tmech mech

Where

R2
1 s
I
s
2
2

mech 1 s syn

nmech 1 s nsyn

or

120 f 2 4 f1
syn
*

P
60
P

Tmech

mech

mech

2 R2

I 2
syn
s

Tmech

nsyn
60

syn

2 R2
Tmech syn I 2
Pag

R2
Tmech
*
*
syn Rth R2 / s 2 X th X 2 2 s
1

2n

60

Vth2

2 1 s

Pag

At low values of slip,

R2
R2
Rth
X th X 2 and
Rth
s
s
R2
Tmech
*
*
syn Rth R2 / s X th X 2 2 s
2
Vth
2

Tmech

syn

2
Vth

R2

*s

Linear Characteristic near

synchronous speed

At larger values of slip,

R2
Rth
X th X 2
s
R2
Tmech
*
*
syn Rth R2 / s 2 X th X 2 2 s
Tmech

Vth2

R2
*
*
2
X th X 2 s

syn

2
Vth

Torque varies inversely

with s

Torque-speed profile at different voltages.

Maximum Torque

dT / ds 0

R2
Tmech
*
*
syn Rth R2 / s 2 X th X 2 2 s

R2
2
2

Rth X th X 2
STmax

Tmax

1
2 syn

Vth2

Then

STmax

2
th

Rth R X th X 2
2
th

R2

2
Rth

X th X 2

Tmax

1
2 syn

2
th

Rth R X th X 2

2
th

Torque speed characteristics for varying

R2

If

R1

is small (hence

STmax

Rth

is negligibly small)

R2

2
Rth

sTmax

Then

X th X 2

R2

X th X 2

Then

Tmax

1
2 syn

2
th

Rth R X th X 2
2
th

Tmax

1
2 syn

2
Vth

X th X 2


Tmax
Rth R2 / s X th X 2
s

*
2
2
T
Rth R2 / sTmax X th X 2 sTmax
2

If

R1

is small (hence

Rth

is negligibly small)

Tmax
R2 / s X th X 2
s

*
2
2
T
R2 / sTmax X th X 2 sTmax
2

Tmax R2 / s R2 / sTmax

2
T
2 R2 / sTmax
2

s
s
Tmax

T
2 * sTmax * s
2
Tmax

s
sTmax

Find Tst/Tmax

Effect of Rotor Resistace

STmax

R2

Rth2 X th X 2 2

ST max R Rext

Rotor I2R loss dissipated in external

resistance

Rotor heating lower during starting and

acceleration period

'
2

=163.11 N.m

motor

28022.3

*100 87.5%
32022.4

(c) (i)

(c) (ii)

A three-phase, 460 V, 60 Hz, six-pole wound-rotor induction motor

drives a constant load of 100 N - m at a speed of 1140 rpm when
the rotor terminals are short-circuited. It is required to reduce the
speed of the motor to 1000 rpm by inserting resistances in the
rotor circuit. Determine the value of the resistance if the rotor
winding resistance per phase is 0.2 ohms. Neglect rotational
losses. The stator-to-rotor turns ratio is unity.

Example

A three phase, 460 V 1450 rpm, 50 Hz, four pole

wound rotor induction motor has the following parameters per

phase ( R1 =0.2, R2 =0.18 , X 1 X 2 =0.2, X m =40). The
rotational losses are 1500 W. Find,
(a)

Starting current when started direct on full load voltage.

Also find starting torque.

(b)

(b) Slip, current, power factor, load torque and efficiency

at full load conditions.

(c)

Maximum torque and slip at which maximum torque will

be developed.

(d)

How much external resistance per phase should be

connected in the rotor circuit so that maximum torque
occurs at start?

460
V1
265.6 V / phase
3

j 40 * 0.18 0.2
o
Z1 0.2 j 0.2
0.5546.59
0.18 j 40.2
V1
265.6
o
I st

482
.
91

46
.
3

o
I1 0.5546.59
1500 1450
s
0.0333
1500
R2
0.18

5.4
s 0.0333

j 40 * 5.4 j 0.2
o
Z1 0.2 j 0.2
4.959 10.83
5.4 j 45.4

I1 FL

265.6
o

53
.
56

10
.
83
A
o
4.95910.83

Then the power factor is: cos 10.83 0.9822 lag.

o

sys

1500

* 2 157.08 rad / sec .

60

265.6 * j 40
o
Vth
264.275 0.285 V
0.2 j 40.2
Then,

j 40 * 0.2 j 0.2
o
Z th
0.28143245.285 0.198 j 0.2
0.2 j 40.2

3 * 264.275 * 5.4
2

157.08 * 0.198 5.4 0.2 0.2

2

228.68 Nm

Then, Pag T * sys 228.68 *157.08 35921.1W

Then, P2 sPag 0.0333 * 35921.1 1197 W
And, Pm 1 s Pag 34723.7W
Then, Pout Pm Prot 34723.7 1500 33223.7W

Pin 3 * 265.6 * 53.56 * 0.9822 41917 W

Pout 33223.7
Then,

79.26 %
Pin
41914
Tm

3 * 264.275

2 *188.5 0.198 0.198 0.2 0.2

sTmax

0.198

0.18
2

2 1/ 2

0.2 0.2

2 1/ 2

862.56 Nm

0.4033

(d) sTmax 1

0.198

R2 Rext
2

0.2 0.2

2 1/ 2

0.446323
Then, R2 Rext
0.446323 0.18 0.26632
Then, Rext

Example 5.6 The rotor current at start of a three-phase, 460 volt,

1710 rpm, 60 Hz, four pole, squirrel-cage induction motor is six
times the rotor current at full load.
(a) Determine the starting torque as percent of full load torque.
(b) Determine the slip and speed at which the motor develops
maximum torque.
(c) Determine the maximum torque developed by the motor as
percent of full load torque.

Note that the equivalent circuit parameters are not given. Therefore equivalent
circuit parameters cannot be used directly for computation.)a) The synchronous
speed is

2
I 2 R2

s syn

2
I 2 R2

Example 4.9 A 4 pole 50 Hz 20 hp motor has, at rated voltage

and frequency a starting torque of 150% and a maximum torque of
200 % of full load torque. Determine (i) full load speed (ii) speed
at maximum torque.
Solution:

Tst
Tst
Tmax
1.5
1.5 and
2 then,

0.75
TFL
TFL
Tmax
2
2 sTmax
Tst

0.75
2
Tmax 1 sTmax
Then,

2
0.75 sTmax

2 sTmax 0.75 0

Then sTmax 2.21525 (unacceptable) Or sTmax 0.451416


Tmax

2
TFL 2sTmax * s FL
2
sTmax

2
s FL

But sTmax 0.451416

Tmax
0.451416
Then

2
TFL 2 * 0.451416 * s FL
2

2
s FL

2
s FL

4 * 0.451416 s FL 0.451416 0

2
s FL

1.80566 s FL 0.203777 0

s FL 1.6847 (unacceptable) or s FL 0.120957

120 * 50
ns
1500 rpm
4
then (a) nFL 1 s FL * ns

nFL 1 0.120957 *1500 1319 rpm

(b) nTmax 1 sTmax * ns 1 0.451416 *1500 823 rpm

Example 4.10 A 3, 280 V, 60 Hz, 20 hp, four-pole induction

motor has the following equivalent circuit parameters.

R1 0.12 , R2 0.1 , X 1 X 2 0.25 , and X m 10

The rotational loss is 400 W. For 5% slip, determine (a) The
motor speed in rpm and radians per sec. (b) The motor current. (c)
The stator cu-loss. (d) The air gap power. (e) The rotor cu-loss. (f)
The shaft power. (g) The developed torque and the shaft torque.
(h) The efficiency.

Solution:

120 * 60
1800
ns
1800 rpm , s
* 2 188.5 rad / sec
4
60

0.12

j0.25

j0.25

j10

0.1
2
0.05

Z1 0.12 j 0.25 Re X e
j10 * 2 j 0.25
o
Z1 0.12 j 0.25
2.131423.55
2 j10.25
V1

208

120.1 V

120.1
o
I1
2.1314 23.55 A
o
2.131423.55
(c) P1 3 * 56.3479 * 0.12 1143.031W
2

(d) Ps 3 *120.1 * 56.3479 * cos 23.55

18610.9794 W

Pag Ps P1 17467.9485 W
(e) P2 sPag 0.05 *17467.9785 873.3974 W
(f) Pm 1 s Pag 16594.5511W

Pag

17467.9485
(g) T

92.6682 N .m
188.5
188.5
Pshaft

16194.5511
Tshaft

85.9127 Nm
188.5
188.5
Pshaft
(h)
*100 87.02%
Ps

Example 4.11 A 30, 100 WA, 460 V, 60 Hz, eight-pole induction

machine has the following
equivalent circuit parameters:

R1 0.07 , R2 0.05 , X 1 X 2 0.2 , and X m 6.5

(a)

Derive the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the

induction machine.
(b) If the machine is connected to a 30, 460 V, 60 Hz supply,
determine the starting torque, the maximum torque the machine
can develop, and the speed at which the maximum torque is
developed.
(c) If the maximum torque is to occur at start, determine the
external resistance required in each rotor phase. Assume a
turns ratio (stator to rotor) of 1.2.

Solution:

Xm
6.5
Vth
* V1
* 265.6 257.7 V
X1 X m
0.2 6.5
Rth jX th

j 6.5 * j 0.2 0.07

0.06589
0.07 j 0.2 j 6.5

0.06589 j0.1947

j0.2

257.7V

(b) Tst

Tmax

0.05
s
3 * 257.7 2 * 0.05

94.25 0.06589 0.052 0.1947 0.2 2

624.7 Nm

3 * 257.7 2

2 * 94.25 0.06589 0.06589 2 0.1947 0.2 2

2267.8 Nm
sTmax

j 0.1947

0.05
0.06589 2 0.1947 0.2 2

0.1249

Speed

in

rpm

for

which

max

torque

= 1 sTmax * ns 1 0.1249 * 900 787.5 rpm

(c) sTmax
or R2

start

R2

R12

X1 X 2

sstart 1
sTmax

* R2

1
0.1249

R2
* 0.05 0.4

Then Rext 0.4 0.05 / 1.2 2 0.243

occurs

Starting of Squirrel Cage Motor

Draws a large current at start - Low Torque and Power Factor
5 to 8 time the Full Load Current
Large Current leads to overheating of motor

Reduced Voltage Starting

Auto-Transformer
R: Running contact
S: Starting contacts

Start: S are closed & R is open

Running: S are open & R is closed

Starting of Squirrel Cage Motor

Star-Delta
Stator Windings
Running - Delta

1: Star

Starting - Star

Solid State Voltage Controller

Control Speed

Reduce Voltage Reduce Torque

2: Delta